Chapter 6 Telecommunications and Networking Slide 1 Well, Sort-of

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6 Telecommunications and NetworkingTelecommunications and NetworkingTelecommunications and NetworkingTelecommunications and Networking

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The exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video) over networks

What is Telecommunications??What is Telecommunications??

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• A network is an interconnected or interrelated chain, group, or system

Network ConceptsNetwork Concepts

• The number of possible connections on a network is N(N–1) or N2 –N

• N = number of nodes (points of connection)

• Example: 10 computers on a network = 10(10–1) =10x9 = 90 possible connections

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• Metcalfe’s Law


• The usefulness, or utility, of a network equals the square of the number of users

• The more users on a network, the more useful it becomes

• Until critical mass is reached, a change in technology only affects the technology

• Once critical mass is attained, social, political, and economic systems change

• Example: The Internet is growing exponentially. We can expect more value, for less cost, virtually every time we log on.

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• Open Systems


• use common standards for hardware, software, applications, and networks

• Internet networking technologies are a common standard for open systems

• Connectivity

• Open systems provide greater connectivity and network interoperability

• Middleware may be needed to help diverse systems work together

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• Middleware


• A general term for any programming that mediates between two separate programs

• Allows a particular database to access other databases without custom programming

• Commonly known as the “plumbing” of an information system

• routes data and information between back-end data sources and end user applications

• An essential component of any IT infrastructure

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Digital Network TechnologiesDigital Network Technologies

• Local Area Network (LAN): networks connecting information processing devices within a limited physical area

Star: ties end user computers to a central computer (hierarchical) Ring: ties local computer in a relatively equal basis Bus: computers share the same communications channel

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What Types of Telecommunications are What Types of Telecommunications are there??there??

• Wide Area Network (WAN): networks that covers a large geographic area

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• Virtual Private Network (VPN): secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other security features of its Internet and intranet connections and those of participating organizations

• Creates a private network without the high cost od a separate Proprietary Connection

• UTEP VPN

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What Types of Telecommunications are What Types of Telecommunications are there??there??• Client Server Networks: PCs and

workstations, called clients are interconnected by local area networks and share application processing with network servers

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• Network Computing: Thin clients provide a browser-based user interface for processing small application programs

A thin client, sometimes also called a lean client, is a computer (client) in client-server architecture networks which depends primarily on the central server for processing activities.

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• Peer-to-Peer: file-sharing software connects each PC to a central server or to another online user’s PC

A pure peer-to-peer network does not have the notion of clients or servers, but only equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network.

Some networks and channels use a client-server structure for some tasks (e.g. searching) and a peer-to-peer structure for others.

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?

• Terminals: any input/output device that uses telecommunications networks to transmit or receive data

• Telecommunications Processors: devices that perform control and support functions

Include:

• Modems

• Switches

• Routers

• Others

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Telecommunications Processors:

Modems (MOdulation-DEMolulation): convert digital signals from a computer into analog frequencies that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines

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Multiplexers: allows a single commun-ications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals

Switches: makes connections between telecommunications circuits in a network In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that

channels incoming data from multiple input ports to the specific output port taking data to its intended destination.

Regular telephone services rely on circuit switching where a switch opens a link between a sender and receiver

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Switching alternatives:

Message Switching: a message is transmitted a block at a time from one switching device to another

Packet Switching: messages are divided into fixed or variable length packets, and packets are sent across networks

Cell Switching: breaks voice, video and other data into fixed cells of 53 bytes and routes them to their next destination in the network

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Router: intelligent communications processor that interconnects networks based on different protocols

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Hub: a port switching communications processor

Gateway: connects networks using different communications architectures a network node equipped for

interfacing with another network that uses different protocols.

a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together, making them act in unison

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Telecommunications Channels: media over

which data are transmitted and received

Twisted Wire: copper wire twisted into pairs

From 2M bits/Second (BPS) (unshielded) to 100M BPS (Shielded)

Coaxial Cable: sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it

From 200Mbps to 500Mbps

Fiber Optics: one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket Up to Trillions BPS (Tbps) ½ inch cable can carry 500,000 Channels Future: Each fiber can be split into 1,000 channel

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Telecommunications Channels:

Bandwidth: Classification of communications speed and capacity of telecommunications networks

Narrow Band: low-speed (BPS) Broadband: High-speed (BPS)

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Wireless Telecommunications Channels:

Terrestrial Microwave: earthbound microwave systems that transmit high-speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path between relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles apart

Communications Satellites: high-earth orbit communications satellites placed in stationary geosynchronous orbits

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Communications Satellites:

More than 21,000 orbital debris larger than 10 cm (3.94 in.) are known to exist. The estimated population of particles between 1 and 10 cm in diameter is approximately 500,000. The number of particles smaller than 1 cm exceeds 100 million. (Source: NASA)

The worst know collision occurred on 10 February 2009 when an operational U.S. Iridium satellite and a derelict Russian Cosmos satellite collided.

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Wireless Telecommunications Channels:

Cellular and PCS Systems: a geographic area divided into cells with one low-power transmitter device per cell used to relay calls from one cell to another

Wireless LANs: high- or low-frequency radio technology installed in an office or building

Wireless Webs: wireless, Web-enabled information appliances accessing the Internet, intranets and extranets

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Telecommunications Control Software: programs that

control telecommunications activities Traffic Management: manage network

resources and traffic to avoid congestion and optimize telecommunications service levels to users

Security: provide authentication, encryption, firewall, auditing and enforcement

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What are the components of a What are the components of a Telecommunications System?Telecommunications System?• Telecommunications Control Software:

Network Monitoring: troubleshoot and watch over the network, informing network administrators of potential problems before they occur

Capacity Planning: survey network resources and traffic patterns and users’ needs to determine how best to accommodate the needs of the network as it grows and changes

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What are Network Architectures & What are Network Architectures & Protocols??Protocols??

• Protocols: standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network

• Network Architecture: the use of standard protocols, standard communications hardware and software interfaces and the design of a standard multilevel interface between end users and computer systems with the goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment

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What are Network Architectures & What are Network Architectures & Protocols??Protocols??• Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI): model is a seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for network architectures

• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): is a five layer telecommunications protocol used by the Internet

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How are telecommunications applied??How are telecommunications applied??

• Business Uses of the Internet:

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• Business Value of the Internet:

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• Intranet: A network inside an organization that uses Internet technologies to provide an Internet-like environment within the enterprise for information sharing, communications, collaboration, and the support of business processes

Includes firewall for security

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• Extranet: Network links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the intranet of a business with the intranets of its customers, suppliers, or other business partners

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• Business Value of Telecommunications:

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What are the trends in What are the trends in Telecommunications??Telecommunications??

• Open Systems: Information systems that use common standards for hardware, software, applications, and networking

• Connectivity: The ability of networked computers and other devices to easily access and communicate with each other and share information

• Interoperability: The ability of an open system to enable the many different applications of end users to be accomplished using the different varieties of computer systems, software packages, and databases provided by a variety of interconnected networks

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• Digital Network Technologies: Digital transmission technologies that transmit information in the form of discrete pulses

• Benefits: Higher transmission speeds Movement of larger amounts of information Greater economy Lower error rates

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QUESTIONS???QUESTIONS???

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Chapter 6 Telecommunications and Networking Slide 1 Well, Sort-of