CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1. SUMMARY …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/33853/6/chapter6.pdfCHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1. SUMMARY OF THE STUDY ... APHA,

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CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1. SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

The sago processing industries produce high water pollution, as it generates

large amounts of wastewater with high concentrations of organic pollutants and

rich in carbohydrates, usually poses a problem for its disposal into the

environment. The most widely used biological treatment process for domestic and

industrial wastewaters is the conventional activated sludge process. However, the

disadvantage of this process is high sludge production. The cost of handling,

treatment and disposal of the excess sludge is about 40-65% of the costs of

wastewater treatment. Uncoupling metabolism was developed as an alternative

solution to decrease excess sludge production in sago processing wastewater,

which seems to be feasible ie, low-price, ease to control and non-toxic. Ozonation

is an effective method for treating sago wastewater. Since ozone is a very

powerful oxidant mainly used for disinfection process, and it has a strong cell lytic

activity, which is also studied.

Aminophenol is selected as metabolic uncoupler successfully applied for

reduction of excess sludge production. Studies were conducted to find the effect of

process variables such as pH (X1): 4-10, aminophenol concentration (X2): 1-20 mg

L-1 and retention time (X3): 20 days on analysed parameters such as VSS, MLSS,

SS, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate and starch reduction in

aerated and without aerated condition using RSM model for the optimization of

the operating condition. Also studied the combined effect of these variables using

statistically designed experiments. The statistical significance of the results

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obtained were tested for ANOVA and it showed that the coefficient determination

value, (R2) of VSS, MLSS, SS, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate

and starch reduction were 0.7992, 0.8980, 0.8827, 0.9023, 0.8678, 0.9254, 0.8179,

0.9829 and 0.8819 respectively in aeration and 0.9867, 0.9319, 0.9474, 0.9175,

0.8234, 0.9584, 0.7716, 0.8832 and 0.7904 in without aeration. It indicates that the

equation adequately represents the relationship between the response and the

significant variables and F and p values shows that the statistically significant.

By applying RSM, the optimum values were calculated. Experimental

findings were in close agreement with the model prediction. Maximum reduction

of VSS (100%), MLSS (87%), SS (100%), COD (100%), phosphate (100%),

nitrate (100%), sulphate (100%), carbohydrate (100%) and starch (100%) in

aerated and without aerated condition showed maximum reduction of VSS

(100%), MLSS (85%), SS (71%), COD (100%), phosphate (100%), nitrate (93%),

sulphate (100%), carbohydrate (100%) and starch (100%) were achieved at acidic

pH. At neutral pH, the efficiency of aminophenol was low when compared with

that of acidic and alkaline pH. Variation of aminophenol concentration and

retention time were highly effective for sludge reduction as well as parameters

reduction. Maximum reduction was obtained under aerated condition while

compare to without aerated condition. Model has been developed for observed

growth yield (Yobs) for calculating the sludge yield and maximum reduction on

sludge yield was observed in with aeration. Further more aerated and without

aerated samples showed less amount of microorganisms than control. From this

study, it was concluded that reduction of sludge production in sago processing

wastewater using metabolic uncoupler process is very effective and the variables


214

pH, concentration of aminophenol, and retention time were highly influenced the

sludge reduction.

Ozonation process was successfully employed for reduction of excess

sludge production. RSM model was used for the optimization of the operating

condition for maximizing the VSS and COD reduction in ozonation condition.

ANOVA results showed that the coefficient determination value (R2) of VSS,

MLSS, SS, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate and starch were

0.9689,0.9252, 0.8148, 0.8838, 0.8681, 0.7516, 0.8982, 0.7991 and 0.8120

respectively. The F and p values of the variables shows that the statistically

significant. By applying RSM, the optimum values were calculated. Experimental

findings were in close agreement with the model prediction. Maximum reduction

of VSS (81%), MLSS (68%), SS (84%), COD (87%), phosphate (65%), nitrate

(84%), sulphate (85%), carbohydrate (100%) and starch (100%) were achieved at

acidic pH, less ozonation time and retention time. Acidic pH has a greater

influence for all parameters reduction. At neutral pH, the efficiency of ozone is

low when compared with that of acidic and alkaline pH. Ozonation time and

retention time influenced maximum sludge reduction, MLSS, SS and COD

reduction. Ozonation process was highly effective for phosphate, nitrate, sulphate,

carbohydrate and starch reduction. In addition, ozonated sample showed less

amount of microorganisms than control. After 5 minutes ozonation, there was

Pseudomonas spp. only observed. After 20 minutes ozonation, there was no

microorganism was found in this study. It was concluded from this study that

reduction of excess sludge production in sago processing wastewater by using

ozonation process is very effective, and the variables pH, ozonation time and


215

retention time were highly influenced sludge reduction. Hence this study was a

novel attempt for excess sludge reduction using ozonation process with RSM

model, which helped to identify the most significant operating factors and

optimum levels with minimum effort and time.

In the comparative study, Aminophenol with aeration is effective for

sludge reduction when compared to without aeration and ozonation process.

Aminophenol with aeration result showed maximum 100% reduction of VSS, SS,

COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate and starch were achieved.

Maximum MLSS reduction was 87% in aerated condition. Without aerated

condition and ozonation process were less effective than with aeration. It was

concluded from this study that reduction of excess sludge production in sago

processing wastewater by using aminophenol with aeration is very effective, and

the variables pH, ozonation time and retention time highly influenced sludge

reduction.

6.2. RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

In this research, satisfactory results were obtained in sago processing

wastewater using Aminophenol and ozone treatment. Further, Electrochemical

treatment methods can be used to treat the sago processing wastewater for sludge

reduction with respect to cost. Then, the efficiency of each method used to be

compared for maximum sludge reduction. Finally, the cost efficient method to be

scaled from lab scale to industrial scale is recommended.


216

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