•Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception

•Questions compiled by Sue Boland, LHU of PAProgram developed by Dan Hosey, Bucknell U.

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To Round Two!

Common sense?

Sense detectives

Measure by Measure

The eyes have it

Turn on the lights

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It’s the detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical

objects.

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You and a friend see some hovering shapes in the sky. You say they are weather balloons, your friend says

they are flying saucers. The two of you share a

sensation, but differ in this.

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A category of body organs that contain cells that

detect physical energy.

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The reason why a dog can hear a “silent” dog whistle

than a human can’t.

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A rare condition in which a stimulation of one sense

causes a sensation in another. For example, a person may a smell the

color purple.

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Cells that detect physical energy.

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Part of our anatomy that contains light receptors.

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Type of sensory code base on pattern of cells firing (sending

nerve impulses).

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Most people can’t see a light shown in their ear according

to this doctrine.

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The type of code our sensory systems use

according to the doctrine of specific nerve energies

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Smallest amount of energy a person can detect reliably.

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Smallest difference between two stimuli that can be

detected reliably.

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The percent of time a person can detect a stimulus if detection is “reliable”.

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Type of people who are likely to report that they detect a stimulus even if they aren’t

sure.

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Theory that says that sense detection varies depending on

a persons’ decision, alertness, motivation.

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The part of the eye that focuses objects on the retina.

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A clear covering that protects the eye.

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When my driver’s license says my eyes are brown, it is

referring to this part of the eye.

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If the sun is too bright, this part of the eye will constrict to let in less light. It looks like a black dot in the middle of your eye.

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It’s where the optic nerve leaves the eye. You can’t see an

image if it is projected here.

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Hue is another name for this psychological property

of light.

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An index of how intense a light is.

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The small fraction of the electromagnetic energy that humans can detect with their

eyes.

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Long light wavelengths are perceived as this color.

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Term for whether a light is make up of a single

wavelength (pure) or multiple wavelengths (complex).

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DAILY

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To Final Jeopardy!

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To Round One

Inside the eye

Color & Form

Deep, constant, illusions

Powers of perception

Extrasensory power

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Interior lining of the back of the eye. Contains light receptors.

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Without these light receptors you’d see the world in black

and white.

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Very sensitive to light, these receptors help you find

your seat in a dim movie theatre.

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Located at the center of the retina, it is the spot with the heaviest concentration of

cones.

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The axons of these cells gang up to form the optic

nerve.

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The theory that there are three types of cones in the retina that

are sensitive to different wavelengths of light.

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We don’t see reddish green because cells that detect

red and green are antagonistic according to

this theory.

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The principle that things that are alike tend to be seen as

going together.

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The German word for form. A group of psychologists who

studied form perception used it as their label.

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These cells in the visual cortex are sensitive to very specific aspects of a visual

stimulus

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You only need one good eye to use this type of depth cue.

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Although a partially open door projects a trapezoidal image

on your retina, you will tend to say the door is a rectangle

because of this psychological phenomenon.

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The fact that one eye doesn’t see exactly what the other eye sees is the basis for this depth cue.

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A systematic error in perception.

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It’s the depth cue that describes why in this picture you conclude that person “A” is closer to you because she is partially

obscuring your view of person “B”.

AB

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An apparatus used to test whether or not babies

have depth perception.

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Even an infant can tell a sweet taste from a salty

taste because some sense abilities are this.

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A certain time window during development during which

an organism must have certain experiences in order

to develop normal perception.

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An illustration of this influence on perception is that a hungry person will respond more quickly than others to food

related words that are flashed on a computer screen.

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It may explain why many people won’t notice that this this sentence has repeated a word.

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It’s not a type of sandwich. It’s the name for detection of

a stimulus that is below one’s absolute threshold.

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The branch of psychology that studies extrasensory

perception.

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It’s your textbook’s answer to whether or not you should invest in a set of tapes that promises to improve your

memory by playing them while you sleep.

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The term for the ability to directly communicate with

another person via the mind alone.

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It’s the reason scientists had doubts about a Russian girl’s

ability to see colors and objects while she is blindfolded.

DAILY

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FINAL JEOPARDY CATEGORY

Sensational Senses

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When a stimulus is unchanging, our neurons fire less frequently, and we stop responding to the stimulus.

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What is:

Sensation?

What is:

Perception?(Perception is the process of interpreting sensations

and giving them meaning. So even though you and your friend are “seeing” the same stimulus, your

interpretations are different.)

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What is:

Sense organs?(Examples include the eyes, ears,

tongue, skin, nose.)

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Absolute thresholds vary?(Dogs have sound receptors that can pick up higher frequency sounds than do humans. This

means that dogs have a lower absolute threshold for sound than do humans. That is,

dogs’ sound receptors are more sensitive. Give yourself credit for any related explanation. )

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What are:Synesthesia?

(Apparently this is due to some people have an atypically large number of connections between brain areas that process different senses. Imagine feeling a sound, or tasting a picture!)

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Sense receptors?

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What is:

The EYE?(More specifically it is the inside

lining of the back of the eye, called the retina, that contains the light

receptors.)

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What is:

Functional code

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Doctrine of specific nerve energies?

(Detection of a stimulus depends on the part of the anatomy that is stimulated. The ear does not have sense receptors for light,

hence we cannot hear a light.)

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What is:Anatomical code?

(If a certain part of the anatomy is stimulated (e.g., eyes) then we will detect

stimulus (e.g., see light) and a specific part of the brain (e.g. visual cortex) will

interpret the stimulation. If our ears were stimulated we would hear a sound and the auditory cortex would interpret it.)

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Absolute threshold?

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What are:Difference threshold?

(also called “just noticeable difference” or jnd)

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What is:

50% ?

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What is:

Yea-sayers(Some people show the opposite decision

bias and tend to say they don’t detect a stimulus when they aren’t sure. These

people are call nay-sayers.)

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What is:Signal detection theory?

(According to this theory, when we try to measure the sensitivity of human senses we are not only

measuring the ability to detect a sense. We are also measuring a person’s decision about

whether or not they think they detected a stimulus.)

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The lens?

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What is:The cornea?

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What is:

The iris?

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The pupil?(The iris controls the size of the pupil.)

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Blind spot?(There are no light receptors (cones or rods)

at this location.)

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What is:

Color?

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What is:

brightness?(Related to the amplitude or height of a wave of light. Taller waves are perceived as brighter or

more intense. )

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What is:

The visible light spectrum?

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What is:

Reds?(or oranges. Medium length wavelengths are seen as greens, short wavelengths as blues.)

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What is:

Saturation?(A pure light consisting of a single wavelength

will be seen as a highly saturated color (e.g. deep red) A light that is more complex and

has multiple wavelengths will be seen as less saturated, (e.g., pink)).

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What is:

Retina?

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What is:

cones?(These light receptors allow for the perception of color.

It’s more accurate to say you’d see the world not only in black and white, but also as a series of grays. )

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What is:

rods?

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What is:

fovea?

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Who is:

Ganglion cells?

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What is:

Trichromatic color theory?(red – long wavelengths, green – medium

wavelengths, blue – short wavelengths)

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What is:

Opponent process theory?(When pairs of cells are antagonistic or opponents, when one cell is firing, the other one cannot fire. Thus if the cell sensitive to red is firing, the green cell cannot fire – so we can’t perceive

a reddish green.)

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Similarity?

X 0 X

X 0 X

X 0 X

For example, most people describe the array at the left as a column Xs, column of 0s, column of Xs. That is, tend to see similar objects as grouped.

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What is:

Gestalt? (The Gestalt psychologists studied form and shape

perception.)

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Feature detectors?(For example, some cells in the visual cortex only

respond or fire when a horizontal line is part of the visual stimulus. Some cells only respond to

vertical lines.)

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What is:

Monocular?

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What is:

Shape constancy?

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Retinal disparity?

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What is:

illusion

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What is:

interposition?

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What is:

The visual cliff?

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What is:

Inborn or innate?

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What is:

Critical period?(For example, if a person is born blind and his or her sight is corrected during about the first nine months of life, that person is likely to develop normal sight. If the cause of the blindness is corrected later, however, when the person is older, he or she may recover some abilities, but probably won’t see normally.)

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Needs?(When we want something, or need

something we are especially quick to perceive it.)

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Perceptual set?(Our perceptions can be affected by our expectations and by our habitual ways of

perceiving. We expect sentences not to have repeated words, so we may overlook them when

they appear. )

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subliminal?(There is evidence that simple visual stimuli that you are exposed to so briefly that you aren’t aware of it, can affect your behavior. There is not support for the idea that more complex information is effective if presented at a subliminal level. )

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What are:

Parapsychology?(Some research by parapsychologists has been

criticized for not being well designed and not properly testing ESP claims.)

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What is:

NO?(There is no evidence that such tapes work.)

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What is:

Telepathy?(This is a form of ESP or extrasensory perception. There is no reliable evidence

that any person has this ability.)

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She was peeking? (For example, she could only identify objects that were held low – where she could see them if she was peeking from under the blindfold. Her tricks only worked when she wore the

blindfold her “teacher” gave her.)

Final Jeopardy

(For example, you may get used to the smell of the fish you had for

dinner and no longer notice it.)

What isSensory adaptation?