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2 0 6 | Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam
CHAPTER 6 QUESTIONS
Multiple-Choice Questions
Use the following information to answer questions 1-4.
A multi-step reaction takes place with the following elementary steps:
Step I. A + B C
Step II. C + A → D
Step III. C + D → B + E
1. What is the overall balanced equation for this reaction?
(A) 2A + B + 2C + D → C + D + B + E(B) A + B → B + E(C) A + 2C → D + E(D) 2A + C → E
2. What is the function of species B in this reaction?
(A) Without it, no reaction would take place.(B) It is a reaction intermediate which facilitates the progress of the reaction.(C) It is a catalyst which changes the overall order of the reaction.(D) It lowers the overall activation energy of the reaction.
3. If step II is the slow step for the reaction, what is the overall rate law?
(A) Rate = k[A]2[B](B) Rate = k[A][C](C) Rate = k[A][B](D) Rate = k[A]/[D]
4. Why would increasing the temperature make the reaction rate go up?
(A) It is an endothermic reaction that needs an outside energy source to function.(B) The various molecules in the reactions will move faster and collide more often.(C) The overall activation energy of the reaction will be lowered.(D) A higher fraction of molecules will have the same activation energy.
Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates | 2 0 7
5. SO2Cl2 → SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
At 600 K, SO2Cl2 will decompose to form sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas via the above equation. If the reaction is found to be first order overall, which of the following will cause an increase in the half life of SO2Cl2?
(A) Increasing the initial concentration of SO2Cl2(B) Increasing the temperature at which the reaction occurs(C) Decreasing the overall pressure in the container(D) None of these will increase the half life.
6. A + B → C + D rate = k[A][B]2
What are the potential units for the rate constant for the above reaction?
(A) s–1
(B) s–1M–1
(C) s–1M–2
(D) s–1M–3
7. The following mechanism is proposed for a reaction:
2A ↔ B (fast equilibrium) C + B → D (slow) D + A → E (fast)
Which of the following is the correct rate law for compete reaction?
(A) Rate = k[C]2[B](B) Rate = k[C][A]2
(C) Rate = k[C][A]3
(D) Rate = k[D][A]
8. 2NOCl → 2NO + Cl2
The reaction above takes place with all of the reactants and products in the gaseous phase. Which of the following is true of the relative rates of disappearance of the reactants and appearance of the products?
(A) NO appears at twice the rate that NOCl disappears.(B) NO appears at the same rate that NOCl disappears.(C) NO appears at half the rate that NOCl disappears.(D) Cl2 appears at the same rate that NOCl disappears.
2 0 8 | Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam
9. H2( g) + I2( g) → 2HI( g)
When the reaction given above takes place in a sealed isothermal container, the rate law is
Rate = k[H2][I2]
If a mole of H2 gas is added to the reaction chamber and the temperature remains constant, which of the following will be true?
(A) The rate of reaction and the rate constant will increase.(B) The rate of reaction and the rate constant will not change.(C) The rate of reaction will increase and the rate constant will decrease.(D) The rate of reaction will increase and the rate constant will not change.
10. A proposed mechanism for a reaction is as follows:
NO2 + F2 → NO2F + F Slow stepF + NO2 → NO2F Fast stepWhat is the order of the overall reaction?
(A) Zero order(B) First order(C) Second order(D) Third order
11. A + B → C
Based on the following experimental data, what is the rate law for the hypothetical reaction given above?
Experiment [A] (M) [B] (M) Initial Rate of Formation
of C (mol/L×sec)
1 0.20 0.10 3 × 10−2
2 0.20 0.20 6 × 10−2
3 0.40 0.20 6 × 10−2
(A) Rate = k[A](B) Rate = k[A]2
(C) Rate = k[B](D) Rate = k[A][B]
Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates | 2 0 9
12. A solution of Co2+ ions appears red when viewed under white light. Which of the following statements is true about the solution?
(A) A spectrophotometer set to the wavelength of red light would read a high absorbance.
(B) If the solution is diluted, the amount of light reflected by the solution will decrease.
(C) All light with a frequency that is lower than that of red light will be absorbed by it.
(D) Electronic transmissions within the solution match the wavelength of red light.
13. A + B → C
Based on the following experimental data, what is the rate law for the hypothetical reaction given above?
Experiment [A] (M) [B] (M) Initial Rate of Formation of C (M/sec)
1 0.20 0.10 2.0 × 10−6
2 0.20 0.20 4.0 × 10−6
3 0.40 0.40 1.6 × 10−5
(A) Rate = k[A](B) Rate = k[A]2
(C) Rate = k[B](D) Rate = k[A][B]
14.
Time (Hours) [A] M0 0.401 0.202 0.103 0.05
Reactant A underwent a decomposition reaction. The concentration of A was measured periodically and recorded in the chart above. Based on the data in the chart, which of the following is the rate law for the reaction?
(A) Rate = k[A]
(B) Rate = k[A]2
(C) Rate = 2k[A]
(D) Rate = 12 k[A]
2 1 0 | Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam
15. A → B + C rate = k[A]2
Which of the following graphs may have been created using data gathered from the above reaction?
(A)
Time
[A]
(B)
Time
[A]
(C)
Time
In [A]
(D)
Time
[A]1
16. After 44 minutes, a sample of 1944 K is found to have decayed to 25 percent of the
original amount present. What is the half-life of 1944 K?
(A) 11 minutes(B) 22 minutes(C) 44 minutes(D) 66 minutes
Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates | 2 11
Free-Response Questions
1. A + 2B → 2C
The following results were obtained in experiments designed to study the rate of the reaction above:
Experiment
Initial Concentration (mol/L)
[A] [B]
Initial Rate of Disappearance of A (M/sec)
1 0.05 0.05 3.0 × 10−3
2 0.05 0.10 6.0 × 10−3
3 0.10 0.10 1.2 × 10−2
4 0.20 0.10 2.4 × 10−2
(a) Determine the order of the reaction with respect to each of the reactants, and write the rate law for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the value of the rate constant, k, for the reaction. Include the units.(c) If another experiment is attempted with [A] and [B], both 0.02-molar, what would
be the initial rate of disappearance of A?(d) The following reaction mechanism was proposed for the reaction above:
A + B → C + DD + B → C
(i) Show that the mechanism is consistent with the balanced reaction. (ii) Show which step is the rate-determining step, and explain your choice.
2 1 2 | Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam
2. 2NO( g) + Br2( g) → 2NOBr( g)
The following results were obtained in experiments designed to study the rate of the reaction above:
Experiment
Initial Concentration (mol/L)
[NO] [Br2]
Initial Rate of Appearance
of NOBr (M/sec)
1 0.02 0.02 9.6 × 10–2
2 0.04 0.02 3.8 × 10–1
3 0.02 0.04 1.9 × 10–1
(a) Write the rate law for the reaction.(b) Calculate the value of the rate constant, k, for the reaction. Include the units.(c) In experiment 2, what was the concentration of NO remaining when half of the
original amount of Br2 was consumed?(d) Which of the following reaction mechanisms is consistent with the rate law
established in (a)? Explain your choice.
I. NO + NO N2O2 (fast)
N2O2 + Br2 → 2NOBr (slow)
II. Br2 → Br + Br (slow)
2(NO + Br → NOBr) (fast)
3. 2N2O5( g) → 4NO2( g) + O2( g)
Dinitrogen pentoxide gas decomposes according to the equation above. The first-order reaction was allowed to proceed at 40°C and the data below were collected.
[N2O5] (M) Time (min)
0.400 0.0
0.289 20.0
0.209 40.0
0.151 60.0
0.109 80.0
(a) Calculate the rate constant for the reaction using the values for concentration and time given in the table. Include units with your answer.
(b) After how many minutes will [N2O5] be equal to 0.350 M?(c) What will be the concentration of N2O3 after 100 minutes have elapsed?(d) Calculate the initial rate of the reaction. Include units with your answer.(e) What is the half-life of the reaction?
Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates | 2 1 3
4. The decomposition of phosphine occurs via the pathway below:
4PH3(g) → P4(g) + 6H2(g)
A scientist observing this reaction at 250 K plots the following data:
20
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.20
0.14
0.10
0.071
0.050
0.035
0
20
40
60
80
100
[PH3]
(M)
[PH3](M) Time (sec)
40 60 80 100
Time (sec)
(a) (i) What order is this reaction? Why? (ii) What would the concentration of the PH3 gas be after 120 sec?(b) If the rate of disappearance of PH3 is 2.5 × 10–3 M/s at t = 20 s: (i) What is the rate of appearance of P4 at the same point in time? (ii) How will the rate of appearance of P4 change as the reaction progresses
forward?(c) The experiment is repeated with the same initial concentration of phosphine, but
this time the temperature is set at 500 K. How and why would the following values change, if at all?
(i) The half-life of the phosphine (ii) The rate law (iii) The value of the rate constant
5. A( g) + B( g) → C( g)
The reaction above is second order with respect to A and zero order with respect to B. Reactants A and B are present in a closed container. Predict how each of the following changes to the reaction system will affect the rate and rate constant, and explain why.
(a) More gas A is added to the container.(b) More gas B is added to the container.(c) The temperature is increased.(d) An inert gas D is added to the container.(e) The volume of the container is decreased.
2 14 | Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam
6. Use your knowledge of kinetics to answer the following questions. Justify your answers.
(a)
PotentialEnergy
1
2
Reaction Coordinate
The two lines in the diagram above show different reaction pathways for the same reaction. Which of the two lines shows the reaction when a catalyst has been added?
(b)
Fractionsof
Molecules
1
2
Energy
Which of the two lines in the energy distribution diagram shows the conditions at a higher temperature?
Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates | 2 15
(c)
ln[A]
Time
1
2
Which of the two lines in the diagram above shows the relationship of ln[A] to time for a first order reaction with the following rate law?
Rate = k[A]
(d)
Concentration(moles/L)
Concentration(moles/L)
Time
Time
BA
1
2
AB
Which of the two graphs above shows the changes in concentration over time for the following reaction?
A → B
2 1 6 | Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam
7. Hydrazine (N2H4) can be produced commercially via the Raschig process. The following is a proposed mechanism:
Step 1: NH3(aq) + OCl–(aq) → NH2Cl(aq) + OH–
Step 2: NH2Cl(aq) + NH3(aq) → N2H5+(aq) + Cl–
Step 3: N2H5+(aq) + OH– → N2H4(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) What is the equation for the overall reaction? (ii) Identify any catalysts or intermediates from the reaction mechanism.(b) The rate law for the reaction is determined to be rate = k[NH3][OCl–] (i) Which elementary step is the slowest one? Justify your answer. (ii) If the reaction is measured over the course of several minutes, what would
the units of the rate constant be?
8. The reaction between crystal violet (a complex organic molecule represented by CV+) and sodium hydroxide is as follows:
CV+ + OH– → CVOH (violet) (colorless) (colorless)
As the crystal violet is the only colored species in the reaction, a spectrophotometer calibrated to a specific wavelength can be used to determine its concentration over time. The following data was gathered:
[CV+] (M) Time (s)
5.5 ´ 10–5 0
3.8 ´ 10–5 60
2.6 ´ 10–5 120
1.8 ´ 10–5 180
(a) (i) What is the rate of disappearance for crystal violet from t = 60 s to t = 120 s? (ii) If the solution placed in the spectrophotometer 30 s after mixing instead
of immediately after mixing, how would that affect the calculated rate of disappearance for crystal violet in part (i)?
(b) Given the path length of the cuvette is 1.00 cm and the molar absorptivity of the solution is 26,000 cm/M at the wavelength of the spectrophotometer, what would the absorbance reading on the spectrophotometer be at t = 60 s?
Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates | 2 17
(c) This reaction is known to be first order with respect to crystal violet. On the provided axes, graph a function of [CV+] vs. time that will provide you with a straight line graph.
The following data was also gathered over the course of three experiments:
Experiment [CV+]init (M) [OH–]init (M) Initial rate of formation of CVOH (M/s)
1 5.5 ´ 10–5 0.12 3.60 ´ 10–7
2 5.5 ´ 10–5 0.24 7.20 ´ 10–7
3 4.1 ´ 10–5 0.18 ?
(d) Write the rate law for this reaction.(e) What is the rate constant, k, for this reaction? Include units in your answer.(f) Determine the initial rate of formation of CVOH for experiment 3.
