Chapter 6

Launching the New Nation

Look at the Chart on Page 174

• You have 5 minutes to create a symbol for the Federalists (Hamilton) and one for the Republicans (Jefferson).

New Government Takes Shape

• Judiciary Act of 1789• Constitution allowed for a court system

• Did not spell out details

• Provided a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice & 5 associate judges • 3 federal circuit courts• 13 federal district courts through the country

• Allowed for state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised• Federal laws remained “supreme law of the land”

Washington Shapes Executive Branch

• He needed people to help him make policies and carry out laws

• Each dept needed capable & trustworthy leaders

• When he took office there were only 2 officials: President & Vice-President

• Congress created 3 departments

Federal Departments

• Department of State:deals with________________• Secretary of State: __________________

• Department of Treasury: Manages _______________ • Secretary of Treasury: ________________

• Department of War: _______________• Secretary of War: ___________________

Hamilton & Jefferson: Contrasting

Views Hamilton & Jefferson: Contrasting

Views • Hamilton: strong central government led

by educated elite upper-class• Commerce and Industry were key

• Jefferson: strong state & local government wanted participation of all people • Society and farmer citizens

Hamilton’s Economic PlanHamilton’s Economic Plan

• Proposed a plan to manage the country’s debt & est. a national banking system

• 1790: national debt was millions• Revolution • Debt owed to foreign governments & private

citizens

• National government responsible for 2/3 of debt and states responsible for rest

Hamilton Cont’dHamilton Cont’d

• Proposed to pay off foreign debt and issue new bonds

• Federal government assume debt of states • Southern states did not like this because they

paid most debt off

• Hamilton thought state debt would give creditors a reason to support federal govt.

National Bank National Bank

• Funded by federal government and wealthy investors • Hamilton hoped to tie investors to the

country’s welfare • Would issue paper money and handle tax

receipts

• Opponents (Madison)- would cause an unhealthy alliance between government and wealthy business interest

The District of Columbia The District of Columbia

• Hamilton suggested moving capital to the South

• Plans drawn by French engineer Pierre L’Enfant • Fired by Washington• Replaced by Andrew Ellicott • Moved to DC by 1800- on the Potomac

between Maryland and Virginia `

Washington Monument

White House White House

Capitol Building Capitol Building

First Political PartiesFederalists and Republicans

• Formed over one key issue• Power & Size of Federal Govt to State &

Local government

• Federalist: strong central government

• Republican: strong state government • Ancestor of today’s democrats

The Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion

• Due to excise tax

• Farmers in the Western Appalachians whiskey was only profitable product• Refused to pay tax, beat federal marshal &

threatened to secede • Hamilton used event to prove federal govt.

power

US & Foreign Affairs

US Reacts to the French Revolution

US Reacts to the French Revolution

• French expected American help

• Washington was forced to stay neutral • War was not in a new

nation’s interest

Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795

• US wanted to secure land west of Appalachians & gain shipping rights on the Mississippi River

• Needed an agreement with Spain • US ambassador Thomas

Pinckney sent to strike a deal

Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795

• Spain agreed to • Give up all land east of the Mississippi • Open the Mississippi to American traffic

Northwest TerritoriesNorthwest Territories

• American pioneers assumed the ability to settle west of the Appalachians

• Problem: • British still

maintained forts• Strong Native

presence

Fights in the NorthwestFights in the Northwest

• Ohio -1790• Government sent General Josiah Harmar • Clashed with Miami Chief Little Turtle • Miami Confederacy defeated American’s

twice

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

• 1792: More capable General Anthony Wayne leads fight against Natives • Little Turtle wants to

listen to peace offers • Miami tribe replaces

Little Turtle

Anthony Wayne

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

• August 20, 1794: Miami are defeated at present day Toledo, Ohio

• Treaty of Greenville: Miami Confederacy gave up most of Ohio for $10,000 a year

Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty

• John Jay sent to London to negotiate a treaty over control of lands west of the Appalachians• British conceded to all terms

• Evacuated posts in Northwest• Did not want to fight US & France

• Allowed continued fur trade (angered Americans)

Election of 1796Election of 1796

• Federalists: John Adams President & Thomas Pinckney for VP

• Dem/Republicans: Thomas Jefferson President & Aaron Burr for VP • Adams won 71 electoral votes to

Jefferson’s 68 • Jefferson became VP

XYZ Affair XYZ Affair

• French refused new Ambassador began seizing American ships headed for Britain • Adams sent 3 men to France to negotiate

with French foreign minister, Talleyrand • French sent low level officials “X, Y & Z”

• Asked for bribe to see Talleyrand

• Anti-French sentiment • 1798-1800: undeclared war with France

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts

• Adams & other Federalists accused Republicans of favoring foreigners• Most immigrants joined the Republican Party

• Naturalization Act: raised citizenship requirement from 5 to 14 years • Alien Act: President could deport anyone

undesirable

• Sedition Act - fines and jail terms for anyone speaking out against the government

Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

• Republicans, Jefferson & Madison, wrote opposition to Alien and Sedition• Virginia & Kentucky - declared the Alien &

Sedition null and void because violated Bill of Rights

• Claimed the right to declare null & void all federal laws beyond Constitution

Section 3

Jefferson Alter’s the Nation’s Course

Election of 1800

• Republicans- Thomas Jefferson • Federalist- John Adams

• Bitter campaign

• Flaw in system • Congress passed the 12th amendment

An Informal President

• Jefferson believed in a simple government • Much more casual than

predecessors • Shrunk government and cut

costs • Reduced the size of the army &

cut plans to expand the navy • Favored free trade

Supreme Court

• Before Adams left office he got the Judiciary Act of 1801 passed • It increased the # of federal judges by 16• Filled positions with Federalists called midnight

judges• Appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice

• Jefferson claimed they were invalid because paperwork was signed but not delivered on time

Marbury V. Madison:1803

• Case cemented Judicial Review • William Marbury last minute Adams

appointee• Never received paperwork • Supreme Court ruled it was

unconstitutional

Burr/Hamilton Duel

• July 11, 1804- Weehawken NJ• Clashed repeatedly in politics• NY Governor’s race that

pushed men to violence• Burr challenged Hamilton to

refuel his career• Each man fired a shot• Burr was not hit & Hamilton was

fatally wounded• He died the next day

Questions

• How was Jefferson simplify the presidency?

• What is the significance of Marbury v Madison?

• What is judicial review & why is it important?

The Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase

• 1803: US purchased the Louisiana Territory from France

• Robert Livingston & James Monroe negotiate with the government of Napoleon I for the sale of New Orleans

Louisiana Purchase

• Purchased at the cost of $15 million or less then 3 cents per acre

• Land extended from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains • Doubled the size of the

country • 820,000 square miles

Lewis and Clark

• $2,000 to send Meriwether Lewis and William Clark into the new land

Lewis & Clark

• Sent to study the Indian tribes, botany, geology, Western terrain and wildlife in the area

• Guided by Sacajewea

• Expedition lasted 28 months and almost 8,000 miles

War of 1812War of 1812

War of 1812: CausesWar of 1812: Causes

• War raged between France and Britain• America tried to stay neutral

• Napoleon excluded British goods from Europe• Great Britain retaliated with a blockade of France

• Because of blockade US ships were seized by British & French

War of 1812War of 1812

• British: seized American ships and ordered impressment of American sailors

• 1810- US prohibited trade with both France and Britain • Total Failure

• 1812: Britain agreed to respect US neutrality • At the same time..

• James Madison goes to congress to declare war

War Declared!War Declared!

• Congress approves Madison’s request

• Madison declares war on June 19, 1812

Pro-war Position Pro-war Position • West

• Wanted to remove the English presence in hopes of better relations with Natives

• Expand further west

• South • War would justify invasion of Florida (held by

British-allied Spain)

• War Hawks

War Hawks War Hawks

• Group of congressmen determined to gain respect from from foreign powers • Henry Clay, John C.

Calhoun • Only solution was war

Henry Clay

Anti-War PositionAnti-War Position

• New England stood firmly against war • NE’s economy suffered because of trade

restrictions• Thought war would only make the situation

worse • Historical ties with Britain

American Problems American Problems

• Regional disagreements

• US had a weak military

War of 1812War of 1812

• US first focus on Canada

• 1813: Gained control of Lakes Erie & Ontario

• Pushing northward Americans landed at York (Toronto) • Poorly organized • Burned public buildings & ships

Battle of Thames

• September 1813• American win

against British & Indian forces

• Tecumseh died in battle

British Offensive: 1814British Offensive: 1814

• British planned for 3 prong attack • Invade through Canada • Attacks on the Chesapeake Bay • Attack through the Mississippi

British Burn Washington DCBritish Burn Washington DC

August 1814: British raid Washington from Chesapeake Bay

• Burned White House, the Capitol, and other buildings

Battle of Fort McHenry: 1814Battle of Fort McHenry: 1814

• Baltimore Harbor • September 1814: British

attack fort • 25 hours of attack from

ships in Baltimore

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Treaty of Ghent Belgium-1814

Treaty of Ghent Belgium-1814

• End of War• No changes in borders- just put an end to

fighting

Battle of New Orleans:1815Battle of New Orleans:1815

• Final major battle in War of 1812

• Won by the Americans after the war was over

• Andrew Jackson became an American hero

Review Questions• 1. What were the first steps taken by Washington

in the new government? • 2. Why did Washington want Jefferson &

Hamilton to be his advisors? • 3. What is the significance of the Whiskey

Rebellion? • 4. How did the expanding nation deal with the

Natives? • 5. In what ways did Jefferson make changes to

the President’s office?• 6. How did the Louisiana Purchase change the

US? • 7. What led to the War of 1812?