Chapter 6 Differences in Europe

Chapter 6 Differences in EuropeParagraph 1: Highs and lows in France

Altitude differences in FranceIn France you see big differences in altitude. This is called relief.

Types of relief:lowland: lower than 200mHills: between 200-500 mLow mountain ranges: between 500-1500mHigh mountain ranges: higher than 1500m

Specific types of landBasin: lowland surrounded by hillsCoastal plain: a region with very little relief lower than 500mPlateau: a region with very little relief higher than 500 mGlacier: an ice field in a high mountain range that moves slowly downhill.Peninsula: a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.Indented coast: a coast with deep bays and inlets.Chapter 6 Differences in EuropeParagraph 2: Landscape and climate in France and Europe

Kppens Classification SystemKppen identified 5 climate zones. And to describe each climate zone in more detail, he added extra letters for the amount of precipitation.

capital letters normal lettersClimate zonesLetters for precipitationA: tropical climatef: fehlt precipitation all yearB: dry climates: sommer dry in summerC: sea climatew: winter dry in winterD: continental climateE: polar climateKppens Classification SystemA-climate: Tropical climate a very hot climate, mostly around the equator minimum temperature in winter 18C Tropical rainforest and Savannah

Kppens Classification SystemB-climate: Dry climate a very dry (warm or cold!) climateMaximum annual precipitation 500mm Desert and Steppe

Kppens Classification SystemC-climate: sea or maritime climate a very moderate climate, highly influenced by the temperature of the sea.summer temperature above 15CWinter temperatures above -3CDeciduous forest belt

Kppens Classification SystemD-climate: a moderate climate influenced by the temperature of the continent summer temperatures between 10C and 15C winter temperatures below -3C Taiga

Kppens Classification SystemE-climate: Polar climate a very cold climate, mostly in high mountain range all year below 10C TundraTo this climate, capital letterscan be added:F: snow in polar regionsH: snow on high mountain rangesT: tundra

Climates in EuropeIn Europe we mostly see the following climates:

Cf: in countries along the Northsea coastlineCs: in countries along the Mediterranean coastlineDf: in countries north of 55NL and in countries east of 10ELET: in countries north of 66NLEH: in the high montain ranges of the Alps and the Pyrenees

How to draw a climate diagram?Because the temperature is about the average of a month, draw a dot in the middle of the month. Then link them together with a (red) line.The precipitation is the total of rainfall in a month. Therefore, you draw a horizontal line on the whole width of the month and make a bar of it.

LatitudeHow far away is a place from the equator? Definition: the distance in degrees of a place from the equatorPlaces with a low latitude have a higher temperature than places with a high latitude

Latitude and temperature When the sun shines vertically the heat is more intense, because it has to warm a small surface.

When the sun shines diagonally, the heat is less intense, because the heat is diverted over a bigger surface. diagonallyhigh latitudeverticallylow latitude

Angle of the sunThe more diagonally the angle of the sun, the bigger the part that has to be warmed up.

AltitudePlaces on a higher altitude are colder than places on a lower altitude. Air is warmed up from the earth.When you go 1000 metres up, the temperature goes 6C down.

Distribution of land and seaLand warms up quickly and cools down quickly; water warms up slowly and cools down slowly.

Direction of the windOnshore winds: come from the sea and give a temperature moderation.

offshore winds: come from the land and give very high (summer) or very low (winter) temperatures.

Onshore winds:In summer sea is cooler than land cool winds

Offshore winds:In winter: land is cooler than sea cool winds

Ocean currentsIn the oceans there are warm and cold gulf streams, which make the temperature on land go up or go down.

Location of the mountainsA mountain range can stop (moisture) air and therefore cause a different climate on each side of the mountain range.For example the Alps mountain range: on the west side the climate is cooler and moister. The south side on the other hand is warmer and drier.

Chapter 6 Differences in EuropeParagraph 3:People in France and Europe

Population sizeA population size is constantly changing, influenced by two factors:

Natural changes: caused by births and deathsSocial changes: caused by immigration and emigration

Natural changes: natural population growthBirth rate: the number of births in a year per 1,000 peopleDeath rate: the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

If there are more births than deaths there is a birth surplusIf there are more deaths than births there is a death surplus

Social changes:social population growthImmigration: people from other parts of the world who come to live in foreign countries permanentely.Emigration: people who leave their country to live permanentely in another of the world.

Immigration surplus: when the number of people who come to live in a foreign country is greater than the number of poeple who leave that country. Otherwise there is a emigration surplus.

The future of France