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CHAPTER 6: BRIEF SURVEY OF SELECTED INDIAN
AND MULTINATIONAL AGROCHEMICAL COMPANIES
AND THEIR PRODUCTS
6.1 INTRODUCTION: Brief Survey of Selected Indian and Multinational
Agrochemical Companies and their products.
Indian agrochemical industry is highly fragmented with large number of players
(Reference 69). There are about 130 technical grade pesticide manufacturers and more
than 800 formulators all across the country. The distribution chain is as follows:
Raw materials supplier
Technical grade manufactures
Formulators
Distributors / retailer
End-user
Some of the leading Indian companies are listed in Appendix 2 and 3. For our study, we
decided to select few companies based on the following criteria:
A. The company should be engaged in pesticides, and related products. There are
companies which sell many products in addition to pesticides. For example: Hikal
ltd (Pharmaceuticals), Meghamani Organics Ltd (Pharmaceuticals and organic
intermediates), Sudarshan Chemical industries (Pigments) etc.
B. Strong presence in Indian market with turnover more than Rs 100 crores in the
financial year 2011-12.
C. Listed in stock exchange so that detailed financial information is available.
Companies like Gharda Chemials Ltd are not listed and excluded from the list.
The following companies were shortlisted:
1. Bharat Rasayan
2. Sabero Organics
3. Insecticides India ltd
4. Nagarjuna Agrichem
5. Excel Crop care
6. PI Industries Ltd
7. Rallis India Ltd
8. United Phosphorus Ltd
The information about these companies was collected from different sources (Please see
Appendix 6).
6.2 Bharat Rasayan
6.2.1 Introduction
Bharat Rasayan was established in the year 1989. It manufactures technical grade
pesticides and their formulations. It has a capacity of more than 10,000 metric tons per
year. For quality and environment management, it has got ISO 9001: 2008 and ISO
14001: 2004 accreditations. It has Government of India recognized R&D centre and a
pilot plant facility to scale up. The company took major expansion of manufacturing
facility by setting up new plant at Dahej, Gujarat in 2012 (Reference 11).
6.2.2 Product Range
Insecticides
• Phenthoate
• Bifenthrin
• Cypermethrin
• Dichlorvos
• Temephos
• Thiomethoxam
• Lambda cyhalothrin
• Fenvalerate
• Permethrin
• Chlorpyrifos methyl
• Ethion
• Chlorpyrifos
• Alphacypermethrin
Herbicides
• Pretilachlor
• Pendimethalin
• Clodinafop propargyl
• Sulfosulfuron
• Isoproturon
• Metribuzin
• Diuron
• Triclopyr butoxy ester
Fungicides
• Captan
• Hexaconazole
Public health
• Dichlorros
• Lambdacyhalothrin
• Permethrin
• Deltamethrin
• Cypermethrin
• Malathion Temephos
• Alphacyper methrin
Financial result for last
The detailed financial result
We can see from the graphs
net profit during the la
managerial talent.
6.2.3 Sales turnover of B
in
mephos
thrin
5 years
sult of Bharat Rasayan for last 5 years is given
phs below that there has been significant increas
ast financial year, because of new products a
Bharat Rasayan: Fig. 72
given in Appendix 8.
se in turnover and
and induction of
6.2.4 Net profit of Bhar
6.3 Sabero Organics
6.3.1 Introduction:
Sabero Organics Gujara
company has recently
Murugappa group. It manu
insecticides (Reference 80
6.3.2 Products
Insecticides
Chlorpyriphos
Acephate
Monocrotophos
Dichlorvos (DDVP) Methamidophos
Cypermethrin Alphamethrin
rat Rasayan: Fig. 73
s Gujarat
rat Limited is in the crop protection business
been taken over by Coromandel Internation
t manufactures a wide range of fungicides,
0).
since 1991. The
onal belonging to
ides, herbicides and
Deltamethrin
Permethrin Lambda
cyhalothrin Acetamiprid
Herbicides
Glyphosate
Fungicides
Mancozeb
Maneb
Zineb
Propineb
Financial result for last
The detailed financial
8. We can see from
turnover and net pro
regulatory issues due
change in top managem
last 5 years
ial result of Sabero Organics for last 5 years is given
the graphs below that there has been signifi
rofit during the last financial year. The compa
to closure of the factory by pollution control bo
ment and finally it was taken over by Coromand
given in Appendix
ficant decrease in
ompany faced major
board. There was
omandel International.
6.3.3 Sales Turnover of
6.3.4 Net profit of Saber
6.4 Insecticides Indi
6.4.1 Introduction
Insecticides India Ltd i
turnover of more than r
Nissan of Japan and AM
In 2012, the company sta
Sabero Organics (Fig. 74)
bero Organics (Fig. 75)
ia ltd
is one of the leading agrochemical companies
rupees 500 crores. It has tied up with foreign
MVAC of USA to introduce new products for the
arted new technical and formulation plants in Da
nies in India with
ign companies like
the Indian market.
ahej (Gujarat) and
Udhampur (J&K). It has also set up a new R&D centre in Bhiwadi (Rajasthan).
Some of the objectives of the company are: (a) maximizing utilization of indigenous raw
materials and imports substitution. (b) development of safe and environment friendly
products (c) minimizing water, air and soil pollution and (d) process development for
existing and new products (reference 40).
6.4.2 Products:
Insecticides:
Imidacloprid
Chlorpyriphos
Cypermethrin
Acetamiprid
Cartap hyderochloride
Lamdacyhalothrin
Fungicides:
Hexaconazole
Tricyclazole
Metalxyl
Mancozeb
Carbendazim
Thiophanate methyl
Herbicides:
Pretilachlor
Pendimethalin
Metsulfurn methyl
Clodinafop
Isoproturon
Butachlor
Paraquat
Financial result for last
The detailed financial result
8. We can see from the g
during the last financial
introduce new product “
Bhiwadi, Rajasthan with
6.4.3 Sales turnover of
5 years
sult of Insecticides India td for last 5 years is giv
graphs below that there has been significant inc
year. The company has tied up with a Japan
“Pulsar” for paddy. It is also setting up a new
n with Japanese collaboration for discovery of new mole
of Insecticides India Ltd (Fig. 76)
given in Appendix
crease in turnover
nese company to
R&D Centre at
w molecules.
6.4.4 Net profit of Insec
We can see that there is s
6.5 Nagarjuna Agri
6.5.1 Introduction
Nagarjuna Agrichem Lim
started operations in 1994.
Nagarjuna Agrichem Lim
situated in the East Goda
have in a single location,
pesticide formulations su
This unit has the formulation
emulsions.
The category wise annual
• Technicals
• Formulations (liquids /: wettables / granule
cticides India Ltd (Fig. 77)
steady growth in turnover and profit of Insecticides
ichem Ltd
mited is one of the largest agrochemical comp
ons in 1994. (Reference 55).
mited formulates its formulations in a modern f
avari district of Andhra Pradesh. This unit is o
on, integrated multi-line facilities capable of produ
uch as liquids, wettable powders and granules
ulation technology to produce dry flowables
l installed capacities are:
ls : 9,500 mt
ons (liquids /: 38,000 kl/mt nules)
ides India Ltd.
anies in India. It
formulation plant
one of the few to
ucing a variety of
nules simultaneously.
and water based
6.5.2 Products
Fungicides
Tricyclazole
Propiconazole
Myclobutanil
Carbendazim
Mancozeb
Hexaconazole
Validamycin
Herbicides
Pretilachlor
Clodinafop
Glyphosate
Metsulfuron methyl
Paraquat
Pendimethalin
Metribuzin
Oxyfluofen
Insecticides
Profenofos
Acephate
Acetamiprid
Buprofezin
Carbofuran
Cartap hydrochloride
Chlorpyriphos
Fipronil
Lamda cyhalothrin
Phorate
Finacial result for last 5 y
The detailed financial result
8. We can see from the g
during 2011 which again
transition phase due to c
also dipped in 2011 due to the s
6.5.3 Sales turnover of Naga
last 5 years
sult of Nagajuna Agrichem for last 5 years is giv
graphs below that there has been significant dec
in increased in 2012. During 2011, the company w
change in Management which stabilized in 2012.
d in 2011 due to the same reason.
Nagarjuna Agrichem Ltd (Fig. 78)
given in Appendix
ecrease in turnover
y went through a
2012. The net profit
6.5.4 Net profit of Naga
6.6 Excel Crop Car
6.6.1 Introduction
Excel Crop Care offers
different parts of the world.
soil, plants, and seeds, in v
meet the requirement of t
In 2012, Excel Crop Care h
strong R&D department
efficient and environmen
6.6.2 Products
Insecticides
• Acephate
• Acetamiprid
Nagarjuna Agrichem Ltd (Fig. 79)
re
solutions based on the needs and practices of
rld. . Products are created after studying the req
n varying soil conditions and in different climate
the farmer.
re had a turnover of rupees 677 crores. Excel
which has the objective of harnessing Chem
ntally safe products and services (Reference 32).
of the farmers in
quirements of the
mate and regions to
Crop Care has a
mistry for creating
• Alphamethrin
• Cartap hydrocloride
• Chlorpyriphos
• Cypermethrin
• Emamectin benzoate
• Fenpyroximate
• Fenvalerate
• Imidacloprid
• Indoxacarb
• Lambda cyhalothrin
• Monocrotophos
• Profenofos
• Thiamethoxam
• Triazophos
• Fenpropathrin
• Pyridalyl
• Metiram
• Dinocap
Herbicides
• 2,4-d
• Atrazine
• Clodinafop-propargyl
• Glyphosate
• Imazethapyr
• Metribuzin
• Oxyflurofen
• Pendimethalin
• Pretilachlor
• Sulfosulfuron
• Cyhalofop-butyl
Fungicides
• Dimethomorph
• Hexaconazole
• Metalaxyl
• Propineb
• Sulfur
• Tebuconazole
• Tricyclazole
Financial result for last
The detailed financial result
We can see from the graphs
during the last financial
products by competitors in
6.6.3 Sales turnover of
6.6.4 Net profit of Exce
5 years
result of Excel Crop Care for last 5 years is given
raphs below that there has been decrease in turnov
l year, because of intense competition and in
s in the same category.
of Excel Crop Care Ltd (Fig. 80)
cel Crop Care Ltd (Fig. 81)
given in Appendix 8.
turnover and net profit
introduction new
6.7 PI Industries
6.7.1 Introduction
PI industries Ltd was established
PI Industries manufactu
products. It has state-of-
plants and two multiprodu
(Gujarat) and one formu
approach and has strong b
6.7.2 Products:
Insecticides:
Acephate
Buproffezin
Chlofenapyr
s
stablished in the year 1947.
ures plant protection products, and specialit
f-the-art manufacturing and R&D facilities. Th
iproduct technical manufacturing plants are based
ulation unit in Jammu (J&K). The company is
brand building capability (Reference 62).
ty plant nutrient
Three formulations
d in Ankleshwar
innovative in its
Cypermethrin
Dinotefuran
Ethion
Flubendamide
Imidacloprid
Phorate
Profenofos
Propargite
Thiamethoxam
Fungicides:
Dimethomorf
Pyraclostrobin
Metiram
Tricyclazole
Herbicides:
Atrazine
Bispyribac sodium
Glyphosate
Imazethapyr
Financial result for last 5 years
The detailed financial result of PI Industries for last 5 years is given in Appendix 8. We
can see from the graphs below that there has been significant increase in turnover and net
profit during the last financial year, because of new products and new contracts. The net
profit crossed one hundred crores, which has so far been achieved by very few
agrochemical companies in India. The contract manufacturing business segment had a
significant contribution in the performance of PI Industries.
6.7.3 Sales turnover of
6.7.4 Net profit of PI indu
of PI industries (Fig. 82)
ndustries (Fig. 83)
6.8 Rallis India Ltd
6.8.1 Introduction
Rallis India Limited, belonging to Tata group, is one of the top leaders in the Indian
agrochemical industry. It has entire range of pesticides, namely, insecticides, herbicides
and fungicides. The company has tie ups with multinational companies such as
FMC, Syngenta, Nihon Nohyaku and Dupont which helped them to introduce
internationally proven products in the Indian market.
Rallis India has manufacturing in 5 locations with 10,000 tons per annum technical grade
pesticide and 30,000 ton/kl of formulations. Rallis India has 1500 dealers and 30,000
retailers covering 80% area of India. There are regional offices, area sales offices, depots
and field staff headquarters across the country, which enable them to reach to a vast
number of farmers across the country.
The company crossed turnover of Rs 1000 crores in January 2012. It acquired 22.8%
stake in “Zero Waste Agro Organics Private Limited” in October, 2012.
Rallis India limited has taken many innovative steps. To help the farmer, an option is
given to the farmer to sell his produce back to a Tata company. For example through the
''grow more pulses'' programme, Rallis and Tata Chemicals have joined hands to help
farmers of pulses.
To understand the farmers needs and preferences it has conducted numerous focused
group discussions (FGDS) covering over 20,000 farmers across 4,000 villages across
multiple crops.
Rallis has close to 3,000 direct and indirect employees working across 16 locations across
the country. They constantly engage with more than 2,500 dealers and approximately
37,000 retailers to take our products and services to millions of farmers.
Rallis has for long built solid customer relationships and in recent years, the activity has
been formalized under the umbrella of Rallis Kisan Kutumb (RKK). They have compiled
a digitized database of over 700,000 RKK farmer members, enabling them to
communicate with them (via mobile, internet, newsletters) and offer products and
services.
Farmers in some regions are given a toll free number to discuss their issues with an agri-
expert. Rallis aspire to soon reach out to one million farmer members through optimum
mix of technology and physical connect. Their endeavor has been to deliver up-to-date
information in form of improved agronomic practices coupled with efficient use of agro-
chemicals to improve productivity and lower costs.
Crop seminars with experts, farmer meetings and demonstration plots are some initiatives
integral to RKK. ''Prerna visits'' are organized to facilitate knowledge transfer: farmers
from one area are taken to other locations, to observe and learn good crop management
practices from other farmers (Reference 74).
6.8.2 Products
Insecticides
Acetmiprid
Acephate
Buprofezin
Carbofuran
Cartap hydrochloride
Chlorpyriphos
Fenvalerate
Flubendamide
Imidacloprid
Profenofos
Monocrotosphos
Herbicides
Isoproturon
Pendimethalin
Pretilachlor
Sulfosulfuron
Fungicides
Hexaconazole
Mancozeb
Isoprothiolane
Financial result for last
The detailed financial result
can see from the graphs b
the last financial year, due to
However, the net profit d
6.8.3 Sales turnover of
5 years
result of Rallis India for last 5 years is given in
below that there has been significant increase in
r, due to introduction of new products and better m
fit declined due to climatic and market conditions.
of Rallis India Ltd (Fig. 84)
Appendix 8. We
in turnover during
r market penetration.
6.8.4 Net profit of Rallis
6.9 United Phospho
6.9.1 Introduction
United Phosphorus Lim
agrochemicals and India is proud of
The headquarter is located
CAGR of 26% over the la
UPl has spread its wing
successful companies:
� UPL- USA
� Advanta
� Riceco
� ULL Brazil
� United Phoshorus
� Evofarms
� Decco
is India Ltd (Fig. 85)
orus Ltd
mited (UPL) is one of the top companies
is proud of this organization.
ted in Mumbai. The revenue of the company
ast 5 years.
gs across the globe, and under its fold are a
horus de Colombia
in the field of
has grown at a
large number of
� Cequisa
� Agrichem
UPL is the 4th largest producer generic agrochemical producer in the world.
6.9.2 Products
Insecticides:
Acetamiprid
Cypermethrin
Dichlorovos
Indoxacarb
Alpha cypermethrin
Imidacloprid
Triazophos
Cartap hydrochloride
Phosphamidon
Acephate
Monocrotophos
Emamectin benzoate
Thiamehoxam
Phorate
Quinalophos
Herbicides:
Clodinafop propargyl
Metsulfuron methyl
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl
Sulfosulfuron
Glyphosate
Paraquat
Fungicides:
Metalaxyl
Hexaconazole
Carbendazim
Mancozeb
Tricyclazole
Metalaxyl
Mancozeb
Rodenticides:
Zinc phosphide
Post harvest products:
Grain fumigant. It protects the grains from the attack of insects and pests during storage
and contains 15% Aluminum Phosphide.
Financial result for last 5 years
The detailed financial result of United Phosphorus for last 5 years is given in Appendix 8.
We can see from the graphs below that there has been steady increase in turnover over
the last five years, because of new products and increased market penetration. The net
profit increased significantly during last financial year because of introduction of new
products and operational efficiency. It is worth mentioning that United Phosphorus has
acquired many companies abroad and as a group, the turnover is close to Rs 10,000
crores. It is one of the jewels in the agrochemical industry.
6.9.3 Sales turnover of
6.9.4 Net profit of Uni
6.9.5 Awards
UPL has received innume
of the Year Award”, “
Sullivan Award for Man
Award” etc.
of United Phosphorus Ltd (Fig. 86)
ited Phosphorus Ltd (fig. 87)
erable awards for its performance. It includes “
“Lifetime Achievement Award”, “Agrow Aw
for Manufacturing Excellence”, “Outstanding Expo
“Business Leader
ward”, “Frost &
Export Performance
6.10 COMPARATVE
6.10.1 Comparison
(Fig. 88):
It can be seen United P
coming from export busin
6.10.2 Comparison
It can be seen that 3 com
commendable. Sabero O
change of management.
E DATA OF DIFFERENT COMPAN I
n of 2012 Sales Turnover of Different
Phosphorus is leading the chart, with significa
ness.
of 2012 Net Profit of Different Compan
mpanies has achieved more than Rs 100 crore ne
Organics had poor performance due to polluti
IES:
rent Companies
cant contribution
nies (Fig. 89):
et profit, which is
ion problem and
6.10.3 Comparison o
It can be seen that Rallis
Margin %.
6.10.4 Comparison o
It can be seen that Rallis
%, followed by PI Industri
of 2012 Gross Profit Margin(%) (Fig. 9
is India belonging to Tata group showed highest
of 2012 Operating Profit Margin (%) (
is India belonging to Tata group showed highest
ries.
90):
highest Gross Profit
(Fig. 91):
highest operating profit
6.10.5 Comparison o
It can be seen that PI Industries h
time, the problem of Sa
company has been taken ov
6.10.6 Comparison o
It can be seen that Tata
of 2012 Net Profit Margin (%) (Fig. 92):
ustries has demonstrated its managerial compete
abero Organics, as mentioned earlier is clear
over by Coromandel International.
of Return on Capital Employed (Fig. 93
Group company Rallis India gave the highest
):
ence. At the same
rly visible. The
3):
return on capital
employed followed by PI
6.10.7 Comparison o
It can be seen that the s
India are at par with inte
are showing very low cur
6.10.8 Comparison o
I Industries.
of Current Ratio – 2012 (Fig. 94):
short term solvency of United Phosphorus Ltd
ernational standards. Both Sabero Organics and
rrent ratio.
of Quick Ratio – 2012 (Fig. 95):
td and Insecticides
nd Bharat Rasayan
It can be seen that 7 out
to 1. Only Rallis India is fol
6.10.9 Comparison o
It can be seen that the
solvency, is very high f
earlier. Rallis India has ve
of 8 companies have quick ratio either more th
is following a different model.
of Debt – Equity Ratio – 2012 (Fig. 96):
debt equity ratio, which is a measure of long
for Sabero Organics, the reason for which has
ery low debt equity ratio compared to others.
han or very close
:
long term financial
s been explained
6.10.10 Comparison
It can be seen that the invento
for Bharat Rasayan, follo
6.10.11 Comparison
of Inventory Turnover Ratio – 2012 (F
inventory turnover ratio (Net sales/ Average inve
owed by UPL.
of Debtor’s Turnover Ratio – 2012 (Fig
Fig. 97)
inventory) is highest
g 98):
6.10.12 Comparison of
It can be seen that Insecti
6.10.13 Comparison of
It shows that the material
India Ltd. Efficient conve
to the success of agroch
jobs, the ratio is least for
n of Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio – 2012
icides India is utilizing its fixed assets efficiently
n of Material Cost Composition – 2012 (
l cost is the major cost component, being highest
ersion of raw materials to products and efficient
hemicals companies. Since PI Industries is invo
this company.
2 (Fig. 99)
y.
(Fig. 100)
highest for Insecticides
ient purchase is key
involved in contract
6.10.14 Comparison
(Fig. 101):
It can be seen the exte
imported raw materials, p
n of Imported Composition of Raw Ma
ent of dependency of the Indian agrochemica
particularly from China.
aterial – 2012:
cal companies on
6.11.1 Overview of Indian Agrochemical Industry
India is the fourth largest producer of agrochemicals globally, after United States, Japan
and China. The agrochemicals industry is a significant industry for the Indian economy.
The consumption of agrochemicals in India is one of the lowest in the world with per
hectare consumption of just 0.60 Kg.
6.11.2 Agrochemical Industry Structure in India
In India, there are about 125 technical grade manufacturers, 800 formulators, and more
than 145,000 distributors. Technical grade manufacturers sell high purity agrochemicals
in bulk (generally in drums of 200-250 Kg) to formulators. Formulators, in turn, prepare
formulations by adding inert carriers, solvents, surfactants etc. These formulations are
packed in small containers for retail sale and bought by the farmers.
India due to its inherent strength of low-cost manufacturing and qualified low-cost
manpower is a net exporter of pesticides to countries such as USA and some European &
African countries. Exports is about 50% of total industry turnover.
6.11.3 Competitive Landscape:
The Indian agrochemicals market is highly fragmented in nature with over 800
formulators. The competition is fierce with large number of organized sector players and
significant share of spurious pesticides. The market has been witnessing mergers and
acquisitions, with large players buying out small manufacturers.
Key market participants include United Phosphorus Ltd, Bayer Cropscience Ltd, Rallis
India Ltd, Gharda Chemicals Ltd, Syngenta India Ltd, BASF India Ltd, Indofil
Industries, Insecticides India Ltd, Excel Crop Care , Crystal Phosphate, Dhanuka
Agrochem, PI Industries etc.
The market share of large players depends primarily on product portfolio and
introduction of new molecules. Strategic alliances with competitors are common to
reduce risks and serve a wider customer base.
Analytical Model:
Inter-firm Rivalry –Medium to High
Highly fragmented industry with HIC being 0.048. More than 30-40 large manufacturers
and 400 formulators.
Barriers to Entry –Medium
Capital requirement low, however with onset of patent, companies need to invest heavily
on R&D for new molecule development. Also, highly working capital intensive industry
Bargaining Power of Buyers –High Due to competition and low off-take, buyers have
high bargaining power and the industry is credit based.
Threat of Substitutes –Medium IPM, GM and Biopesticides poses threat to the
industry. However, chemical pesticides will still remain vital ingredient in plant
protection.
Bargaining Power of Suppliers –
Low Most of the raw materials easily available, however prices are fluctuating.
6.11.4 Key Trends in Indian Agrochemical Industry:
• Focus on developing environmentally safe pesticides by the industry as well as
the Government.The Department of Chemicals has initiated a nationwide
programme for “Development and production of neem products as Environment
Friendly Pesticides” with financial assistance from United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP).
• Focus by larger companies on brand building by conducting awareness camps for
farmers and providing complete solutions.
• Increase in strategic alliances among large players for greater market reach and
acquisitions of smaller companies globally to diversify product portfolio. For
example: Rallis has a marketing alliance for key products with FMC, Dupont,
Syngenta, Bayer and Nihon Nohayaku. In addition, UPL has had a series of small
acquisitions globally to enter new geographies and gain product expertise.
6.11.4 Key Growth Drivers:
1. Growth in demand for food grains: India has 16% of the world‟s
population and less than 2% of the total landmass. Increasing population and high
emphasis on achieving food grain self-sufficiency as highlighted in the budget, is
expected to drive growth.
2. Limited farmland availability and growing exports : India has 190 Mn
hectares of gross cultivated area and the scope for bringing new areas under
cultivation is severely limited. Available arable land per capita has been reducing
globally and is expected to reduce further. The pressure is therefore to increase
yield per hectare which can be achieved through increased usage of
agrochemicals. Indian agrochemical exports accounted for 50% of total industry
size.
3. Growth of horticulture & floriculture : Buoyed by 50% growth
experienced by Indian floriculture industry in last 3 years, Government of India
has launched a national horticulture mission to double production by 2012.
Growing horticulture and floriculture industries will result in increasing demand
for agrochemicals, especially fungicides.
4. Increasing awareness: As per Government of India estimates, total value of
crops lost due to non-use of pesticides is around USD 20 Billion every year.
Companies are increasingly training farmers regarding the right use of
agrochemicals in terms of quantity to be used, the right application methodology
and appropriate chemicals to be used for indentified pest problems. With
increasing awareness, the use of agrochemicals is expected to increase.
6.11.5 Key Challenges:
1. High R&D costs: R&D to develop a new agrochemical molecule takes an
average of 9 years and USD 180 Mn Indian companies typically have not focused
on developing newer molecules and will face challenges in building these
capabilities, while continuing to remain cost competitive.
2. Threat from Genetically Modified (GM) seeds: Genetically modified
seeds possess self-immunity towards natural adversaries which have the potential
to negatively impact the business of agrochemicals.
3. Need for efficient distribution systems: Since, the number of end users is
large and widespread, effective distribution via retailers is essential to ensure
product availability. Lately, companies have been directly dealing with retailers
by cutting the distributor from the value chain thereby reducing distribution costs,
educating retailers on product usage and offering competitive prices to farmers.
4. Support for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) & rising demand
for organic farming: Promotion of IPM, zero budget farming and usage of
bio-pesticides by Indian Government and NGOs is gaining momentum. With
increasing demand for organic food, farmers in certain states like Karnataka have
reduced chemical usage and have adopted organic farming. Agrochemical
companies will have to tackle the rising environmental awareness and address
concerns on negative impact of pesticide usage.
5. Counterfeit Products: The spurious pesticides market size in India is
estimated to be USD 233 Mn in 2009. This negatively impacts the revenues of the
organized sector.
6.11.6 Key Opportunities:
1. Scope for increase in usage: With 35-40% of the total farmland under crop
protection, there is a significant unserved market to tap into. By educating farmers
and conducting special training programmes regarding the need to use
agrochemicals, Indian companies can hope to increase pesticide consumption.
2. Huge export potential: The excess production capacity is a perfect
opportunity to increase exports by utilizing India‟s low cost producer status.
3. Patent expiry: Between 2009 and 2014 many molecules are likely to go off
patent throwing the market open for generic players. The total viable opportunity
through patent expiry is estimated at over USD 3 Bn.
4. Product portfolio expansion: Threats like genetically modified seeds,
Integrated Pest Management, organic farming etc. can be turned into opportunities
if the industry re-orients itself to better address the needs of its consumers and
broadens its product offering to include a range of agri-inputs instead of only
agrochemicals.
6.11.7 Safety Aspects in Pesticide Industry
The human body has an inherent tolerance for small amounts of pesticides. Therefore,
though pesticides enter the food chain, as long as the residues in the food products remain
below a safe limit (known as Maximum Residual Limit – MRL), these are not harmful to
human health. Pesticides also affect the health of the soil by killing the vital microbial
fauna present in the soil. However, its non usage would lead to the loss of crop due to
pest attacks.
A quote from the Nobel Laureate, Dr. Norman Borlaug aptly signifies its importance, “a
complete ban on pesticides in agriculture might result in 50% reduction in the global
food production and four to five times increase in food prices.
The judicious use of pesticides have lot of benefits, however the non-judicious use can
adversely impact crops as well as the environment.
Impact of Non-judicious use of pesticide
The non-judicious use of pesticides can lead to Pesticide Resistance, Pest Resurgence and
Pesticide Residues in the food.
i) Pesticide Resistance: Pesticide resistance was first noticed in India in 1963 when a
number of serious pests were reported to have become resistant to DDT (Dichloro-
diphenyl-trichloroethane) and HCH (Hexa-chlorocyclo-hexane), the two most commonly
used pesticides during the 1960s and 1970s. Since then the number of pests with pesticide
resistance has increased, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera in cotton, BPH (Brown Plant-hopper)
in rice, Spodoptera litura in groundnut; they have developed manifold resistance because
of the excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides. Pesticides of spurious quality have
also contributed to resistance in many areas.
ii) Pest Resurgence: Pesticides do not always kill all the pests present; it‟s the surviving
pests that have a tendency of passing on genes for higher resistance to new generation.
With passing of each generation, they become more immune to pesticides. The overuse
of pesticides also kills the pests‟ natural enemies, leaving the pests unhindered in their
reproductive efforts. Eg. The excessive use of Monocrotophos leads to resurgence of
Whitefly and American bollworm in cotton.
6.11.8 Industry Features: Pesticide Industry
Low / Medium Capital Intensive
Entry barrier in the industry is medium because of the low capital requirements.
Approximately Rs.10-15 crore would be required for setting up a Greenfield plant (with a
modern laboratory) with a capacity of 100-200 tonnes per annum (tpa) of technical grade
material as compared to multi product plants which earlier cost Rs.20 crore. The
capacities of the plant and hence the capital required has significantly reduced over the
years because of the manufacture of high quality pesticides which are effective in small
doses.
Fragmented Industry
The earlier process patent regime encouraged many players to set up manufacturing
facilities in India. Moreover, the low capital requirement for a formulation unit led to the
mushrooming of a large number of such units. As a result, today the industry has about
400 formulators in addition to 30-40 large manufacturers. The organized sector comprises
Multinational Corporations (MNC) such as Monsanto, Bayer and Syngenta apart from
Indian players such as United Phosphorous, Excel Crop Care and Rallis India. The
formulators operate mainly in the semi/unorganized sector.
Seasonal Demand
The demand for pesticides emanates from agricultural production. As in India, the crops
are mainly sown in two cropping seasons, namely Kharif (July - November) and Rabi
(October - February), the demand for pesticides is seasonal. The demand is skewed in
favor of kharif crops with about 70% of annual pesticide consumption.
High Working Capital Requirement
The Industry requires high working capital investment due to --
i) High Inventory
ii) Long Credit Period
Because of the seasonal demand, companies have to stack up inventory well before the
season. This increases the inventory holding cost.
The industry has to extend a long credit period because of intense competition among the
players and the low off-take. Pesticides are the last link in the agricultural operation.
After having invested in seeds and fertilizers, farmers have little surplus money for
purchasing pesticides and therefore, providing credit is necessary to stimulate demand.
Research and Development (R&D) - A Need
Of the total turnover of the Indian players, the R&D expenditure is at about 1% compared
to the 8-10% of the global players. Historically, the Indian players have concentrated on
marketing generic and off-patent products by focusing on applied research. This included
developing 1) processes to manufacture off-patent products, 2) effective methods of
delivering existing products and 3) new formulations (or combinations) of generic
products. The MNCs have focused on high-end specialty products thus dominating the
market for proprietary products (patented new molecules). Now with the implementation
of product patents, Indian companies will necessarily have to increase their investment in
R&D.
Increasing Export Orientation
India is a net exporter of pesticides with exports for FY09 being to the tune of Rs.8978.15
crore. Because of low manufacturing cost, domestic overcapacity, better price realization
in export markets and global sourcing from India have led to an increase in focus of the
industry‟s exports.
Low Brand Awareness
As of now, the market for pesticides remains a low brand conscious and highly price
sensitive market. Most of the farmers do not buy products because of the brand name and
generally consider price an important factor. They depend on dealers for making their
purchases, which in certain cases, may prove detrimental to their interests. Interestingly,
according to industry sources, approximately 30% of the domestic market is catered to by
spurious pesticides.
In order to educate the Indian farmers and spread awareness about the use of quality
pesticides, many large companies have started creating brand awareness among farmers
for their products by organizing campaigns and adopting extensive marketing.
Regulatory Framework
Pesticides are toxic and hazardous to man (as these enter the food chain) and the
environment. The Government of India (GoI) regulates the manufacture, sale, transport,
export/import under the guidelines of the Insecticides Act, 1968. As per this Act, no
pesticide is allowed for production/import without registration. The Insecticide Act is
enforced through two high-powered bodies – the „Central Insecticides Board‟ and the
„Registration Committee‟ (RC). Apart from recommending the registration for individual
chemicals, the Committee also lays down the details of packaging, labeling, approved
quantities of use, restrictions and precautions.
The industry is also governed by two Ministries -
i) The Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, through Department of Chemicals and
Petrochemicals, promotes production of pesticides
ii) The Ministry of Agriculture regulates and monitors the quality and supply of pesticides
in the country.
6.11.10 Quality Assurance of Pesticides: Role of GLP
Analysis results of pesticides regarding its quality are accepted globally if the analysis is
done in an OECD accreditated GLP laboratory. The term “GLP” stands for “Good
Laboratory Practices” as per OECD guidelines. This is a very important aspect in
pesticide manufacture and marketing. For export of pesticides, the registration data must
be generated in a GLP laboratory. It is therefore necessary to understand in detail the
concept of GLP as per OECD guidelines.
OECD guidelines of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) for regulatory
studies in Pesticides
SIGNIFICANCE OF GLP IN PESTICIDE TESTING
There is no doubt that after implementation of GLP, the laboratories are much better
controlled and generate trustworthy reports. Moreover, the management is also assured
through the quality assurance program that studies are performed as per laid down norms.
The quality and efficiency of the testing laboratories have gone up significantly. It is
therefore not surprising that the number of studies that have been disqualified since the
introduction of GLP have drastically come down. The credibility and public image of the
testing laboratories and industries have also improved considerably with the introduction
of GLP.
Finally, with the implementation of GLP by many countries, mutual acceptance of data
has become a reality. Studies conducted in one country under GLP norms need not be
repeated in other countries, thereby saving precious time and resources.
S
o
N Formulation
Name
Technical Name 1 Asataf Acephate 75% SP 2 Cartox G Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G 3 Manik Acetamiprid 20% SP
4
Nagata
Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
5 Reeva 2.5 Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5% EC 6 Reeva 5 Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 7 Sedna Fenpyroximate 5% SC 8 Spiro Thiodicarb 75% WP 9 Tafaban Chlorpyriphos 20% EC 10 Tafgor Dimethoate 30% EC 11 Takumi Flubendiamide 20% WDG 12 Tatamida SL Imidachloprid 17.8% SL 13 Tatafen Fenvalerate 10% EC
6.11.11 Formulations of a few Agrochemical Companies based
in India:
RALLIS INDIA LTD
INSECTICIDES
S Formulation
Name
Technical Name 1 Blitox Copper Oxychloride 50% WP 2 Captaf Captan 50% WP 3 Contaf Hexaconazole 5% EC 4 Contaf Plus Hexaconazole 5% SC 5 Fujione Isoprothiolane 40% EC 6 Ishaan Chlorothalonil 75 %WP
7
Master
Mancozeb +Metalaxyl(64%+ 8%) WP
8 Samarth Hexaconazole 2% SC 9 Sultaf Sulphur 80% WP 10 Tata M-45 Mencozeb 75% a.i
11
Taqat
Taqat is Contact+Sytemic fungicide in Wettable Powder (WP) formulation which controls most of the diseases in most of the crops like fruits, vegetables & cotton crops.
14 Tefethion Ethion 35% EC
HERBICIDES S
o
N Formulation
Name
Technical Name 1 Atrataf Atrazine 50% WP 2 Dhar Isoproturon 50% WP 3 Fateh Sulfosulfuron 75% WG 4 Preet Pretilachlor 50% EC 5 Sartaj Piroxofop - Propinyl 15% WP 6 Tata Panida Pendimethalin 30% EC 7 Tata Metri Metribuzin 70% WP 8 Teg Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WP
FUNGICIDES
S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 ACETA Acetamiprid 20% SP 2 CYRUX Cypermethrin 25% EC 3 DOOM Dichlorvos 76% EC 4 FEGO Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 5 GURU Alphacypermethrine 10% EC 6 IMIDA GOLD Imidachloprid 17.8% SL 7 IMIGO 600 FS Imidacloprid 48% FS 8 JOSH Triazophose 40% EC 9 KAARDON 4G Cartap Hydrochloride 4G 10 KAARDON 50 SP Cartap Hydrochloride 50 SP 11 KINADONPLUS Phosphamidon 40% SL 12 LANCER Acephate 75% SP 13 PHOSKILL Monocrotophos 36% SL 14 SPOLIT Emamectin benzoate 5% WG 15 RENOVA Thiomethoxam 25% WG 16 UMET Phorate 10 CG 17 USTAAD Cypermethrin 10% EC 18 VIRAAT Quinalphos 20% +
UPL Limited PRODUCTS
INSECTICIDES
S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Acefex Acephate 75 SP 2 Excel Acetacel Acetamiprid 20 SP
Cypermethrin 3%
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
JHATKA Clodinafop Propargyl 15%
WP 2 METSY Metsulfuron Methy 20% WP 3 SAATHI Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP 4 SF - 10 Sulfosulfuron 75% WG 5 SWEEP Glyphosate 41% SL
6
TOTAL
Sulfosulfuron 75%+ Metsulfuran Methyl 5%
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 RAMPART Metalaxyl 35% WS 2 CONQUER Hexaconazole 5% EC
3
SAAF
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP
4 SAMAR Tricyclazole 75% WP
5
UNILAX Metalaxyl-8% + Mancozeb-
64% WP 6 UTHANE M 45 Mancozeb 75% WP
EXCEL CROPCARE LTD PRODUCTS
INSECTICIDES
3 Farmex Alphamethrin 10 EC 4 Celtap Cartap Hydrocloride 4G 5 Tricel Chlorpyriphos 48 EC & 20 EC 6 Cypercel Cypermethrin 10 EC / 25 EC 7 Bang-X 505 CPP 50 EC + Cyper 5 EC 8 Robot Emamectin Benzoate 5 SG 9 Pyromite Fenpyroximate 5 EC 10 Fencel Fenvalerate 20 EC 11 Fencel Dust Fenvalerate 2 DP 12 Imida Cel Imidacloprid 17.8 SL / 20 SL 13 Dezire Imidacloprid 70 WG 14 Sarvada Indoxacarb 14.5 SC 15 Excel Glow Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 16 Super Glow Lambda Cyhalothrin 2.5 17 Crotocel Monocrotophos 36 SL 18 Cecron Profenofos 50 EC 19 Hitcel Profenofos 40 + Cypermethrin 4 20 Trizocel Trizophos 60% LC 21 Trizocel Triazophos 40 EC 22 Wonderex Thiamethoxam 25 WG 23 Mighty Fenpropathrin 30 EC 24 Leo Pyridalyl 10 EC 25 Metacel Metiram 70 WG
26 Karilex Dinocap 48 EC
WEEDICIDE S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Dcel 2,4D 80 Sodium Salt 2 Weedcell Super Dimethyl 58 SL Amine Salt 3 Atracel Atrazine 50 WP 4 Vidvansh Clodinafop-Propargyl 15 WP 5 Glycel Glyphosate 41 SL IPA salt 6 Take 5 Glyphosate 5 SL Ammonium Salt
7
Gambay
Glyphosate20 SL A mmonium Salt
8
Excel Mera71
Glyphosate 71 SG Ammonium Salt
9 Sugam Imazethapyr
Page | 152
Page | 153
10 Metrex Metribuzin 70 WP 11 Garden Clean Oxyflurofen 23.3 EC 12 Excel Plus Pendimethalin 30 EC 13 Excel Merit Pretilachlor 50 %EC 14 Excel Lalkar Sulfosulfuron 75 WG
15 Cyhalofop-butyl 10 EC
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Sulfex Sulphur 80 WP 2 Sulfex Gold Sulphur 80 WDG 3 Emisan 6 MEMC 6 4 Promcel Dimethomorph 50 WP 5 Fungicel Mancozeb64+Metalaxyl8 WP 6 Hexzol Hexaconazole 5 EC 7 Hexzol Gold Hexaconazole 5 SC 8 Propinex Propineb 70 WP 9 Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25 WB 10 Triblast Tricyclazole 75 WP
PI INDUSTRIES LTD PRODUCTS
Insecticide s
S No Formulation Name Technical Name
1 Acephate 75% WP OVAL 2 Buprofezin 25% SC PI BUPRO 3 Chlorfenapyr 10% SC LEPIDO 4 Chromafenozide 80% WP DODGER 5 Cypermethrin 25% EC COLT 6 Dichlorvos 76%EC DIVAP 7 Dinotefuran 20% SG OSHEEN
8
Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
COLFOS
Page | 154
9 Ethion 50% EC FOSMITE 10 Flubendiamide 20% WG FLUTON 11 Imidacloprid 17.8% SL JUMBO 12 Metaldehyde 2.5% DP SNAILKIL 13 Phorate 10 % CG FORATOX
14
Profenofos 40%+Cypermethrin 4%EC
ROKET
15 Profenofos 50% EC CARINA 16 Propargite 57% EC SIMBAA 17 Spiromesifen 22.9% SC VOLTAGE 18 Thiamethoxam 25% WG MAXIMA
Fungicides
S No Formulation Name Technical Name 1 Copper Oxychloride 50%WG CUPRINA 2 Dimethomorph 50% WP LURIT 3 Kitazin 48% EC KITAZIN 4 Propineb 70% WP SANIPEB
5
Pyraclostrobin 5%+Metiram 55% WG
CLUTCH
6 Tricyclozole 75% WP LOGIK
Herbicides
S No Formulation Name Technical Name 1 Atrazine 50% WP SOLARO
2
Bispyribac Sodium 10% SC
NOMINEE GOL D
3 Glyphosate 41% SL PI GLYPHO 4 Imazethapyr 10% SL INRO
5
Imazethapyr 35% + Imazamox 35% WG
BINGO
6
Metsulfuron methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP
PIMIX
7 Pinoxaden 5.1% EC MELSA
Page | 155
S No
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1 TARGA SUPER Quizolofop ethyl 5% EC 2 QURIN Chlorimuron ethyl 25% WP 3 ZARGON Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC 4 NABOOD Carfentrazone-ethyl 40% DF 5 HOOK Metsulfuron-methyl 20% WP 6 SULTOP Sulfosulfuron 75% W.G.
DHANUKA
INSECTICIDES
S No Formulation
Name
Technical Name 1 OMITE Propargite 57% EC 2 CALDAN 4 G Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G
3
CALDAN 50 SP Cartap Hydrochlori de 50%
SP 4 DUNET Methomyl 40% S.P 5 MARKAR Bifenthrin 10% EC 6 AAATANK Carbosulfan 25% EC 7 Dhawa Gold Indoxacarb 15.8% EC 8 EM-1 Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 9 DHANPREET Acetamiprid 20% SP 10 AREVA Thiamethoxam 25% WG 11 APPLE Buprofezin 25% SC 12 MEDIA Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 13 AD-FYRE midacloprid 70% WG 14 FAX Fipronil 0.3% GR 15 Fax SC Fipronil 5% SC 16 GHATAK Triazophos 40% EC
17
SUPERKILLER Cypermethrin 10 EC and 25
EC 18 ONEUP Spinosad 45% SC
HERBICIDES
7
DYNOFOP
Clodinofop-propargyl 15% W.P
8 CRAZE Pretilachlor 50% EC
9 WEEDMAR
SUPER 2,4 D, Dimethyl Amine Salt
58% SL 10 WEEDMAR 2,4 D Ethyl Ester 38% EC 11 NOWEED Glyphosate 41% SL
12
DERA
Ammonium Salt of Glyphosate 71% S.G.
13 DHANUZINE Atrazine 50% W.P.
14 DHANUTOP Pendimethalin 30% E.C
15 BARRIER Metribuzin 70% W.P
16 OZONE Paraquat Dichloride 24% SL
FUNGICIDES
S No Formulation
Name
Technical Name
1
Vitavax Power Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram
37.5% WS
2
Vitavax Ultra FF Carboxin 17.5% + Thiram
17.5% WS 3 Kasu-B Kasugamacyin 3% SL
4
Sixer
Mancozeb 63% W.P. + Carbendazim 12% W.P.
5 Cursor Flusilazole 40% EC 6 Hi-Dice Copper Hydroxide 77% WP
7
Qurate Gold
Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% W.P.
8 Hexadhan Hexaconazole 5% EC 9 Dhanuka M-45 Mancozeb 75% WP 10 Dhanustin Carbendazim 50% WP 11 Dhan Team Tricyclazole 75% WP 12 Dhanucop Copper Oxychloride 50% WP 13 Zerox Propiconazole 25% EC
Page | 156
Page | 157
Insecticide India
INSECTICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 LETHAL Chlorpyriphos 20% EC 2 VICTOR Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 3 MONOCIL Monocrotophos 36% SL 4 THIMET Phorate 10% CG
5
LETHAL SUPER 550
Chlorpyriphos 50% EC
6 NUVAN Dichlorvos 76% EC(DDVP) 7 SHARP Acetamiprid 20% SP 8 BRAVO 2500 Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5 % EC 9 BRAVO 5000 Lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC
10
AFLATOON
Chlorpyr iphos16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC
11 ARROW Thiamethoxam 25% WG 12 INDAN 4G Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G 13 SARGENT SC Fipronil 5% SC 14 SARGENT GR Fipronil 0.3% GR 15 INDAN SP Cartap Hydrochloride 50% SP 16 NAYAK Alfamethrin 10% EC 17 SUMO 3G Carbofuran 3% G
18
SUPER FIGHTER
Cypermethrin 25% EC
19 TITAN Triazophos 40% EC
20
BANJO SUPER Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin
4%EC 21 METACIL Methyl Parathion 50% EC 22 CYPERMIL Cypermethrin 10% EC 23 MILUX Quinalphos 25% EC 24 MILTAF Acephate 75% SP
25
RIM JHIM
Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
26 HAWK Permethrin 25% EC 27 ROGORIN Dimethoate 30% EC 28 JADOO Phosphamidon 40% SL
Page | 158
29 BANJO Profenofos 50% EC 30 AVVAL Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 31 MILTHION Malathion 50 % EC 32 VICTOR PLUS Imidacloprid 70% WG
33
VI CTOR SUPER
Imidacloprid 30.5% SC
34 PLUTO Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 HAKAMA Quizalofop-ethyl 5% E.C. 2 TWISTER 2-4-D, Amine Salt 58% SL 3 KAISER/GURU Sulfosulfuron 75% WG 4 MILRON Isoproturon 75% WP 5 SELECT Imazethapyr 10% SL 6 OMEGA Cladinofop 15% WP 7 ORBIT Oxyfluorfen 23.5%EC
8
MILCHLOR GR
Butachlor 5 % GR
9 PENDAMIL Pendimethalin 30% EC 10 WEGO SUPER Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC 11 WEED GRIP Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WP
12
WEED GRIP PLUS
Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WP (With Surfactant)
13 RACER Pretilachlor 50% EC 14 MILCHLOR Butachlor 50% EC 15 STRIKE Attazine 50% WP 16 ANCHOR Metribuzin 70% WP 17 HIJACK Glyphosate 41% SL
18
FLITE 71
Ammonium Salt of Glyphosate 71% SG
19 MILFAST Butachlor 50% E W 20 ARMY Anilophos 30% EC 21 SUPERHIT 2-4-D Sodium Salt 80% WP 22 HIT-44 2-4-D Ethyl Ester 38%EC
FUNGICIDES S Formulation Technical Name
Page | 159
S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 CHETTAK Acephate 75% SP
2
CYKLON
Chlorpyr iphos 20% EC
3 SIMCRON Profenofos 50% EC
4 TRIZO Triazophos 40%EC
Name
1 PULSOR Thifluzamide 24%SC
2
CARE Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb
63% WP
3
STREPTOMIL
Streptomycin Sulphate + Tetracycline Hydrochloride 9:1 SP
4 AVONE Hexaconazole 5% EC 5 AVONE PLUS Hexaconazole 5% SC 6 FORCE 11 Tricyclozole 75% WP
7
HIMIL
Metalaxyl 8% +Mancozeb 64% WP
8 HIMIL GOLD Metalaxyl 35% WS 9 PRISM Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP. 10 SULFIN PLUS Sulphur 80% WDG 11 SAHARA Carbendazim 50% WP 12 LEO M-45 Mancozeb 75% WP 13 SONA Propiconazole 25% EC 14 AMAZE Dimethomorph 50% WP
15
BACTRIMIL
2-Bromo-2-Nit ro Propane-1,3- Diol
16 SEATHMIL Validamycin 3%L 17 SPARCLE SPARCLE Metiram 70% WG 18 ULTRA Carbendazim 46.27% SC
GSP Crop Science LTD PRODUCTS
INSECTICIDES
Page | 160
S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 ALERT Hexaconazole 5% EC 2 ALERT PLUS Hexaconazole 5% SC
5 NIZE Acetamiprid 20%SP
6
RUBY Diafenthiuron
50%WP
7 DECLARE Diafenthiuron 50%SC
8
SLAYER Thiamethoxam
70%WS
9 REFREE Fipronil 5%SC
10
- Fenpyroximate 5%
EC
11
- Bifenthrin 2.5%
&10% EC
12
SAMURAI Lambda-Cyhalothr in
5%EC
13
- Deltamethrin 2.8%
EC
KOBRA Cypermethrin 25%
EC
15
CYPERCIL Cypermethrin 10%
EC 16
DOLPHIN
Alpha-cypermethrin 10% EC
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
PENDIFIX Pendimethalin 50%
EC
2
- Propanil 36% & 48%
EC
3 VERDICT Metribuzin 70% WP
4
-
Tr iclopyr Butoxy Ethyl Ester 25% & 60% EC
FUNGICIDES
Page | 161
S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Fipronil FIPRONIL 5% SC w/w &
Granules 0.3% w/w
2
Acetamiprid ACETAMIPRID Water soluble
powder 20% w/w
3
Chlorpyrifos CHLORPYRIFOS 50%EC &
25%WP w/w
4
Quinalphos QUINALPHOS 25%EC &
Granules 5% and Dust 1.5%
5
Temephos
TEMEPHOS 50%EC(w/w) & (w/v), 44% (w/w) and 1% (w/w) G
6 Triazophos TRIAZOPHOS 40%EC w/w
7
Indoxacarb INDOXACARB 14.5 %SC w/w.
(as active ’S’ isomer)
8
Alphacypermethrin
ALPHAC YPERMETHRIN (2%, 3%, 5%, 10% w/w,10%w/v)EC & 5%WP w/w & 10%SC w/v, ULV
3
FINAL
Propiconazole 25% EC
4
-
Difenoconazole 25% EC
5 STANZA Tricyclazole 75% WP
6
- Azoxystrobin 25%
SC, 50% WG
7
-
Cyproconazole 10% & 40% SC, 25% EC, 10% WG
8 METAL Metalaxyl 35% WS
9
METAL PLUS
Mancozeb +Metalaxyl(64%+ 8%) WP
GHARDA CHEMICALS LTD PRODUCTS
INSECTICIDES
(0.8%), Chalk (0.5%) depending on local requirements.
9
Cypermethrin
CYPERMETHRIN 5%,5.5%, 10%, 20% and 25% (w/w) and (w/v)EC and wettable powder (10% WP) 1.0% chalk, 1.8% ULV are available.
10
Deltamethrin
DELTAMETHRIN 2.5%, 3%, 5% (w/v) & 1.8%, 2.8% & 11.0% (w/w)EC &2.5% (w/w)WP & 2.5% (w/w & w/v)SC & ULV-(0.3%, 1.25%), and Tablet 25%(w/w)
11
Fenvalerate
FENVALERATE 20%ECw/w and Dusting powder 0.4%
12
Permethrin
Permethrin 25%,50% EC w/w
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Anilofos
ANILOFOS 18%, 30% (w/w)EC, granules and DP 50% (w/w)
2 Clodinafop-propargyl CLODINAFOP 15%WP w/w
3
Dicamba DICAMBA Aqueous solution as
dimethyl amine salt (480 g/l)
4
Isoproturon
ISOPROTURON 50% WP (w/w), 75% WP (w/w), 500 SC (w/v), 75% WDG (w/w) and 83% WDG (w/w)
5
Metamitron
METAMITRON 700 WDG and 700 SC
6 Napropamide NAPROPAMIDE 450 SC
7
Sulfosulfuron SULFOSULFURON 75% WDG
w/w
8
Triclopyr Butoxy
Ethyl Ester
TRICLOPYR BUTOXY ETHYL ESTER 25% , 32% and 60% EC
Page | 162
Page | 163
S
Technical Name
Brand
Name 1 Acephate 75% SP Vega 2 Acetamiprid 20% SP Patron 3 Cartap Hydrochloride 4 G Captor 4G 4 Cartap Hydrochloride 50% SP Captor 50 SP 5 Chlorpyrifos 20 % EC Lynch
6
Chlorpyriphos 50%+Cypermethrin 5% EC
Lynch + Combi
7 Dichlorvos 76% EC Drone 8 Endosulfan 35% EC Dhira 9 Fipronil 0.3 GR Avtar 10 Imidacloprid 17.8% SL Radiant 11 Imidacloprid 70% WDG Eka 12 Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC Ray 13 Monocrotophos 36%SL Shura 14 Profenophos 50% EC Kombat
9 Mepiquat chloride MEPIQUAT CHLORIDE
Aqueous solution 5% (w/w)
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Carbendazim CARBENDAZIM Wettable
powder 50% (w/w)
INDOFIL INDUSTRIES LTD PRODUCTS
INSECTICIDES
Page | 164
S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Furadan 3G Carbofuran 3%
Granules 2 Furadan Ultra -
FUNGICIDES S
Technical Name
Brand
Name 1 Carbendazim 46.27% SC Nakshatra 2 Carbendazim 50% WP Tiara
3
Carbendazim 12%+Mancozeb 63% WP
Dasma
4 Hexaconazole 5% SC Remo 5 Metalaxyl 8%+MANCO 64% WP Duet 6 Metalaxyl 35% Pcmetal 7 Mancozeb 75% WP Veera 8 Tricyclozole 75% WP Yodha 9 Sulphur 80% WDG Nanthion DF 10 Sulphur Flw 55.16% SC Nansulf 11 Sulphur 85% DP Five Star
HERBICIDES S
Technical Name
Brand
Name 1 Atrazine 50% WP Citra 2 Clodinafop Propargyl 15% WP Ohm 3 Glyphosate 71% SG Veto Plus 4 Glyphosate 41% S Veto 5 Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WP Siege 6 Pendimethalin 30% EC Klean Up 7 Pretilachor 50 EC Klean Out 8 Sulfosulfuron 75% WDG Blanket
FMC INDIA PRODUCTS
INSECTICIDES
Page | 165
S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Lucid 75 Acephate 75 SP 2 NUMETHRIN Alphamethrin 10 EC 3 Classic-20 Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 4 NUROCOMBI CPP+Cyper 50 + 5 EC 5 Chemida Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 6 Pactus Imidacloprid 70 WG
3 Talstar Bifenthrin 10% EC 4 Athena Bifenthrin 8 % SC
5
Brigade
Bifenthrin 8 % SC advanced generation termiticide/insecticide
6 Marshal Carbosulfan 25% EC 7 Durmet Chlorpyrifos 20% EC
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Affinity Carfentrazone-Ethyl 40
DF 2 Fiesta Pretilachlor 50 % EC
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Furazole Tricyclazole 75% WP 2 Addit Propineb 70% WP 3 Tebustar Tebuconazole 250 EC
CHEMINOVA INDIA PRODUCTS
INSECTICIDES
Page | 166
7 AURIFOS Profenofos 50 EC 8 SHAKTI - 10 Cypermethrin 10% EC 9 SHAKTI - 25 Cypermethrin 20% EC 10 Trifos 40 Triazophos 40 EC 11 Splendour Thiacloprid 21.7 SC
12 Vazrz 25 Quinolphos 25 EC
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Glyfos Glyphosate 41% SL 2 Dakar Glyphosate 71% SG
3
RAKSHAK PLUS
Clodinafop Propargyl 15% WP
4 DINAMAZ Imazathapyr 10% SL
5
METCIL M Metsulfuron Methyl
20% WP 6 PENDIHERB Pendimethalin 30% EC 7 PRETTY HERB Pretilachlor 50% EC
8
RIFE
Pyr ith iobac Sodium 10% EC
9 SUMET Sulfosulfuron 75% WP
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 CARZIM-50 Carbendazim 50% WP 2 Danzole Hexaconazole 5% EC 3 Danzole Plus Hexaconazole 5% SC 4 BLAST-OFF Tricyclozole 75% WP
MAKHTESHIM AGAN INDIA
INSECTICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
ACARIT Propargite 57%
EC 2 ACEMAIN Acephate 75% SP 3 AGADI G Fipronil 0.3% GR 4 AGADI SC Fipronil 5% SC
5
AJAX
Thiodicarb 75% WP
6
BIPIMAIN
Buprofezin 25% SC
7
BIPIMAIN PLUS
Deltamethrin 0.72% w/w + Buprofezin 5.65% w/w EC
8
BOREGAN SP
Cartap Hydrochloride 50% SP
9
CARBOMAIN
Carbofuran 3% CG
10
COHIGAN
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL
11
COHIGAN WG
Imidaclopr id 70% WG
12 DACOMAIN Dicofol 18.5% EC
13
DOXAGAN Indoxacarb 14.5%
SC
14
HARRIER Acetamipr id 20%
SP
15
IMPERIAL Bifenthrin 10%
EC
16
LAMDEX
Lambda Cyhalothrin 2.5% EC
17
LAMDEX SUPER
Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% EC
18 MAINPHORATE Phorate 10% C.G.
19
MONOMAIN Monocrotophos
36% SL 20 PEDESTAL Novaluron 10 %
Page | 167
EC
21
PREMAIN Chlorpyr ifos 20%
EC
22
PREMAIN SUPER
Chlorpyr iphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
23
PROFIGAN
Profenophos 50% EC
24
PROFIGAN PLUS
Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC
25
SUCKGAN
Thiamethoxam 25% WG
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
2,4 D AGAN 2,4-D Sodium Salt
80% WP
2
2,4 D MAIN 2,4-D amine Salt
58% S.L.
3
AGIL Propaquizafop
10% EC 4 ATRANEX Atrazine 50% WP
5
CLODINAGAN
Piroxofop- Propanyl ( Clodinafop- propargyl) 15% WP
6
CLUMAIN
Chlor imuron Ethyl 25% WP
7 DIUREX Diuron 80% WP
8
GALIGAN Oxyfluorfen
23.5% EC
9
GLYPHOGAN Glyphosate 41%
SL
10
GLYPHOGAN SG
Ammonium salt of Glyphosate 71% SG
11
METRIAGAN
Metr ibuzin 70% WP
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12
NICANOR
Metsulfuron Methyl 20% WP
13
OXIMAIN
Oxadiargyl 80% WP
14
PARANEX
Paraquat Dichloride 24% SL
15
PENDIGAN
Pendimethalin 30% EC
16
PRETIGAN
Pretilachlor 50% EC
17
PRETIGAN S
Pretilachlor 30.7% EC
18
SULFOMAIN
Sulfosulfuron 75% WG
19
TRIFOGAN
Tr ifluralin 48% EC
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
BENMAIN Carbendazim 50%
WP
2
BLASTOGAN Tr icyclazole 75%
WP
3
BUMPER Propiconazole
25% EC
4
CYMAGAN
Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP
5
ISOMAIN
Isoprothiolane 40% EC
6
MACOBAN
Mancozeb 75% WP
7
MACOBAN C
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP
8
MAINCOP
Copper Oxy Chloride 50% WP
9
MAINEX EC
Hexaconazole 5% EC
Page | 169
Page | 170
S Formulation
Name
Technical Name 1 Rifit pretilachlor 50% EC 2 Gramoxone glyphosate 24% SL 3 Topik Clodinafop 15% WP
10
MAINEX SC
Hexaconazole 5% SC
11 MAINSUL Sulphur 80% WG 12 MERIMAIN Captan 50% WP
13
MIRADOR
Azoxystrobin 23% SC
14
MYCLOMAIN
Myclobutanil 10% WP
15
OO-MAIN
Dimethomorph 50% WP
16
ORIUS
Tebuconazole 25.9% EC
17 PROXIMAIN Propineb 70% WP
18
SYSCON
Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP
Syngenta
INSECTICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Actra Thiamethoxam 25%
WDG
2
Proclaim Emamactin Benzoate 5%
SG 3 Cigna 4 Pegasus diafenthiuron 50% WP 5 Vertimec Abamectin 1.8% EC 7 Matador Lamdacyhalothrin CS
HERBICIDES
Page | 171
S Formulation
Name
Technical Name 1 Admire Imidacloprid 70%WG 2 Alanto 240SC Thiacloprid 21.7% w/w SC 3 Confidor Imidacloprid 17.8%SL
4
Confidor 350 Super
Imidacloprid 35%SC
5 Dadeci Buprofezin+Deltamethrin 6 Decis 2.8 Deltamethrin 2.8%EC 7 Decis 100 Deltamethrin 10% EC 8 Fame Flubendiamide 480SC
9
Glamore
Ethiprole 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG
10 Jump 80% WG Fipronil 80% w/w WG 11 Larvin Thiodicarb WP 12 Oberon 240 SC Spiromesifen 22.9% w/w SC 13 Regent SC Fipronil 5%SC 14 Regent GR Fipronil 0.3% GR 15 Sevin Carbaryl WP 16 Spintor Spinosad 24%SC
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Amistar Azoxystrobin 25% SC 2 Redmil Metalaxyl 3 Score Difenoconazole 25% EC
4
Redomil mz
Metalaxyl+mancozeb 72% WP
5 Tilt Propicoanzole 25% EC 6 Kavach Chlorothalonil 75% WP 7 Thiovit Sulphur 80% WP
8
Blue Copper
Copper oxychloride 50% WP
Bayer India
INSECTICIDES
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S Formulation
Name
Technical Name
1
Caesar
indoxacarb 14.5% + acetamiprid 7.7% w/w SC
2
Ferterra
chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR
3 Jawaa buprofezin 25% SC 4 Lannate methomyl 40% SP
Tamaron Gold 17 75SP Acephate 75% SP
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Atlantis
Mesosulfuron methyl 3% + iodosulfuron methyl Sodium 0.6% WG
2 Basta Glufosinate ammonium 15 SL 3 Topstar Oxadiargyl 80 % WP
Whip super Fenoxaprop p ethyl 9% EC
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name 1 Antracol Propineb 70% WP 2 Baycor Bitertanol 25% WP 3 Bayleton Triadimefon 25% WP 4 Folicur Tebuconazole 25%EC 5 Moncern Pencycuron 25%SC
6
Quintal
Iprodione + Carbendazim 50%WP
DUPONT
INSECTICIDES
Page | 173
5
Magister 10% EC
fenazaquin 10% EC
6 Rekord acetamiprid 20% SP 7 Seamer imidacloprid 17.8 SL
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Algrip Metsulfuron Methyl
20% WG
2
Almix
metsulfuron methyl 10% + chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP
3
Chopper
clodinafop - propargyl 15% WP
4
Kloben
chlori muron ethyl 25% WP
5
Londax
Power
bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% GR
6
Pantera
quizalofop -P-tefuryl 4.41% w/w EC
7 Segment azimsulfuron-50% DF
FUNGICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Curzate cymoxanil 8% +
mancozeb 64% WP
2
Kocide 101 copper hydroxide 77%
WP 3 Nustar flusilazole 40 EC
DOW
INSECTICIDES
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S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Beam Tr icyclazole 75%
WP
2
Bengard Carbendazim 50%
WP 3 Dithane* M45 Mancozeb 75% WP
4
Systhane
Myclobutanil 10% WP
S
Formulation Name Technical Name Chlorpyrifos 20%
1 Dursban* 20EC
2 Imiden*
3 Nurelle* D505
4 Predator 50EC
5 Pride
EC Imidacloprid 17.8%
SL Chlorpyrifos +
cypermethrin 55% EC
Chlorpyrifos 50% EC
Acetamiprid 20% SP
6 Success spinosad 2.5% SC 7 Tracer spinosad 45% SC
HERBICIDES S
Formulation Name
Technical Name
1
Clincher Cyhalofop butyl
10%EC
2
Goal Oxyfluorfen 23.5%
EC
3
Weedall Glyphosate IPA
41% SL
FUNGICIDES
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Syngenta, World’s Largest Agrochemical Company:
In December 1999 AstraZeneca and Novartis conducted a strategic review of
their respective businesses and subsequently reached an agreement to
merge their agribusiness operations into a new independent company,
Syngenta. The main elements of this agreement comprised AstraZeneca
contributing its global crop agrochemical business with Novartis contributing
its crop protection and seed operations to the new venture. However, neither
AstraZeneca‟s 50% holding in the seed company Advanta, or Novartis‟ animal
health business were included in the new venture.
The crop protection and seed activities of Novartis were originally formed in
1996 through the merger of the two Swiss companies, Ciba and Sandoz. Prior
to this merger both companies had operated independently in a variety of
chemical and life science based industries including the crop protection and
seed sectors.
The origins of AstraZeneca lie in the demerger of the UK based chemical
company ICI, a move which resulted in the formation of a free standing
pharmaceutical, seed and agrochemical company, Zeneca. In early 1999
Zeneca merged with the Swedish pharmaceutical company Astra to form
AstraZeneca.
The formation of Syngenta effectively terminated the involvement of the parent
companies in the agricultural sector leaving them to concentrate on the
pharmaceutical industry. Syngenta itself began operations in November 2000
following approval for the merger from competition regulators, primarily in the
EU and USA.
Since the formation of the company, Syngenta has made a number of
Page | 176
strategic acquisitions which have both expanded the company‟s product range
as well as its distribution platform. These are discussed on the following page.
Sales Analysis : Syngenta Group
During 2010, total group sales for Syngenta, including intersegment sales and
sales within the business development unit, increased by 5.8% to reach
$11,706 m.
During 2010 the agrochemical sales total of Syngenta rose by 4.6% to reach
$8,878 m.
With this sales level the company has retained its position as the leading
company in the agrochemical industry in 2010.
6.11.12 Azoxystrobin, world’s largest selling fungicide
Broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide that is now the leading fungicide globally. Has been
introduced in over 100 countries and on over 120 crops. The major crop markets for the
product is on soybeans, cereals, rice, maize and fruit & vegetables.
Also achieves significant sales in the seed treatment sector where it is sold in many
mixture formulations. Also significant in the turf sector where it is sold as Heritage.
Syngenta increased manufacturing capacity in 2009 and entered into supply agreements
with MAI (2009), Rallis and Nufarm (2010) regarding the product. Currently under
registration review in the USA. Now suffering patent expiry and generic competition,
with Cheminova receiving Brazilian approval for the product as Authority in a mixture
with flutriafol in . Also now widely manufactured in China.
Page | 177
6.11.8 Glyphosate, world’s largest selling pesticide
The largest selling agrochemical on the world market which, despite generic competition,
continues to achieve significant sales.
The product continues to exploit new markets, such as usage in reduced tillage systems
and on Roundup Ready crops, however sales were held back between 2009 and 2011 due
to an oversupply of generic material from China resulting in price erosion.
Monsanto has reached agreements with a number of companies to allow usage of own-
label product in the USA and on Roundup Ready crops. Glyphosate is off patent in all
markets, with many companies now involved in the manufacture and supply of the
product. Volume demand continues to increase each year, with market value
affected by the level of supply that has a significant impact on pricing.
6.11.9 Products going off patent before 2015:
A large number of products are going off patent till 2015. If Indian companies can
develop cost effective methdos for manufacture of these molecules, there will great scope
for export. Some of these products are described below:
Page | 178
AZOXYSTROBIN
APPLICATIONS
Quinone outside Inhibitor. Inhibits mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron
transfer between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1, at the ubiquinol oxidising site.
Controls pathogenic strains resistant to the 14-demethylase inhibitors, phenylamides,
dicarboxamides or benzimidazoles.
Mode of Action Fungicide with protectant, curative, eradicant, translaminar and systemic
properties. Inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth, and also shows antisporulant
activity.
Uses Controls the following pathogens, at application rates between 100 to 375 g/ha:
Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia spp., Leptosphaeria nodorum, Septoria tritici and
Pyrenophora teres on temperate cereals; Pyricularia oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani on
rice; Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator on vines; Sphaerotheca fuliginea and
Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucurbitaceae; Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria
solani on potato and tomato; Mycosphaerella arachidis, Rhizoctonia solani and
Sclerotium rolfsii on peanut; Monilinia spp. and Cladosporium carpophilum on peach;
Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani on turf; Mycosphaerella spp. on banana;
Cladosporium caryigenum on pecan; Elsinoë fawcettii, Colletotrichum spp. and
Guignardia citricarpa on citrus; Colletotrichum spp. and Hemileia vastatrix on coffee.
Phytoxicity Good crop safety, except on some varieties of apple (e.g. McIntosh, Cox).
Formulation types GR; SC; SE; WG.
Selected mixture names: 'Amistar Admire';'Quadris'
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AMICARBAZONE
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Photosynthesis inhibitor.
Mode of Action Plant uptake occurs via roots; leaf absorption also occurs on emerged
weeds, leading to contact action. This provides burndown as well as residual weed
control.
Uses Under development for pre-emergence control of annual dicotyledonous weeds,
such as Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus spp., Xanthium
strumarium, and Ipomoea spp., in maize, at rates up to 500 g/ha. Also for pre- and post-
emergence control of annual dicots. and grasses, such as Euphorbia heterophylla,
Brachiaria plantaginea and Cenchrus echinatus, in sugar cane, at rates up to c. 1000
g/ha.
Formulation types WG.
COMMERCIAL:
Developed for broadleaf weed control in maize and sugar cane.
Potential estimated to be $200 million.
Arysta Life Science acquired the global rights from Bayer for this maize and sugar cane
herbicide.
Launched in Brazil, US and approved in Australia.
Arysta acquired amicarbazone from Bayer and has re-positioned the product in the sugar
cane
Page | 180
CLOTHIANIDIN
.
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, affecting the synapses in
the insect central nervous system.
Mode of Action Translaminar and root systemic activity.
Uses Soil, foliar, paddy and seed treatment insecticide, for control of sucking and
chewing insects, such as planthoppers, stink bugs, aphids, whiteflies, in rice, maize, rape,
fruit and vegetables, and citrus.
Formulation types FS; GR; WG.
COMMERCIAL:
Developed for use on rice, vegetables, tea, ornamentals and fruit by Takeda in
collaboration with Bayer.
Takeda submitted application for EU review system for New Active Substances.
Fullswing launched in Japan by Takeda.
Arvesta has distribution rights in North America for Clutch for foliar and soil use.
Takeda and Sumitomo formed a JV, Sumika Takeda Agrochemical.
US and Canadian approval for Poncho granted for maize and canola. Gustafson will
market seed treatment applications as Poncho 250 and Pocho 125.
UK approval as seed treatment for sugar and fodder beet, was first EU approval and
extended for wheat and barley.
Launched in UKas a sugar beet seed treatment, Poncho Beta (clothianidin + beta-
cyfluthrin).
Page | 181
CYPRODILNIL
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Proposed inhibitor of the biosynthesis of methionine and the secretion of
fungal hydrolytic enzymes. There is no cross resistance to benzimidazoles, carbamates,
dicarboximides, imidazoles, morpholines, quinolines, strobilurins or triazoles.
Mode of Action Systemic product, with uptake into plants after foliar application and
transport throughout the tissue and acropetally in the xylem. Inhibits penetration and
mycelial growth both inside and on the leaf surface.
Uses As a foliar fungicide for use in cereals, grapes, pome fruit, stone fruit, strawberries,
vegetables, field crops and ornamentals; and as a seed dressing on barley. Controls a wide
range of pathogens, such as Tapesia yallundae and T. acuformis, Erysiphe spp.,
Pyrenophora teres, Rhynchosporium secalis, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp., Venturia spp.
and Monilinia spp., at 150-1500 g/ha, depending on the crop, pathogen and application
method. Formulation types EC; WG. Compatibility Some incompatibility problems
have been reported when added to liquid formulations. Selected mixture names: 'Acanto
Prima';'Switch'
Page | 182
ETHOXYSULFURON
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS or AHAS) inhibitor. Acts by
inhibiting biosynthesis of the essential amino acids valine and isoleucine, hence stopping
cell division and plant growth. Selectivity is due to differential metabolism in crop and
weed (H Köcher & G Dickerhof, Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Conf. - Weeds, 1995, 1, 249).
Metabolic basis of crop selectivity in sulfonylureas reviewed (M. K. Koeppe & H. M.
Brown, Agro-Food-Industry, 1995, 6, 9-14).
Uses Under development for broad-leaved and sedge weed control in cereals, rice and
sugar cane, at 10-120 g/ha.
Formulation types OD; SC; WG.
COMMERCIAL:
. New mixture product (Topran) with pyrazolynate and pretilachlor approved in Japan.
One shot herbicides launched by Aventis - Bingo (anilofos +ethoxysulfuron
+benfuresate + daimuron); Kita-bingo (anilofos +ethoxysulfuron +benfuresate) and
Goku-Jumbo (anilofos +ethoxysulfuron + daimuron).
Lonza has a manufacturing deal with Aventis for its range of sulphonylureas.
Approved for use on turf in Japan.
Page | 183
FLORASULAM
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Branched chain amino acid (leucine, isoleucine and valine) synthesis (ALS
or AHAS) inhibitor. Selectivity in wheat is due to differential metabolism.
Mode of Action Taken up by root and shoots, and translocated in both xylem and
phloem.
Uses Herbicide for post-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds, especially Galium
aparine, Stellaria media, Polygonum convolvulus, Matricaria spp., and various
cruciferae, in cereals and maize, at rates up to 7.5 g/ha.
Formulation types SC.
Selected mixture names: 'Frontline';'Spectrum'
COMMERCIAL:
Post-emergence cereal herbicide.
Dow submitted application for EU review system for New Active Substances.
Registered in Israel, Launched in Belgium for use on cereals. Approved and launched in
UK.. Launched in Germany, France, The Netherlands, Spain and UK.. Uses on cereals in
Canada and on turf in Japan.
Major launch in USA as Gold Sky (pyroxsulam, florasulam and fluoroxypyr).
Page | 184
INDOXACARB
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry DPX-KN128, the active component, blocks sodium channels in nerve
cells.
Mode of Action Insecticide active by contact and ingestion. Affected insects cease
feeding, with poor co-ordination, paralysis and ultimately death.
Uses DPX-MP062 is used for broad-spectrum control of Lepidoptera in cotton,
vegetables and fruit, at 12.5-125 g/ha. Also controls cockroaches and ants, at low rates.
Formulation types EC; SC; WG.
COMMERCIAL:
Insecticide for use on grapevines and brasicas.
.
Du Pont submitted application for EU review system for New Active Substances.
Approved in Spain for use on vines.
Insecticide for the control of lepidopteran pests on cotton, fruit and vegetable crops.
Launched in South Africa for vegetable crops and in Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin and Togo
for use on cotton.
Launched in Germany and Austria .
Introduced as Tornado into Japan by Kumiai.
Indoxacarb, used mainly on cotton and speciality products, has taken market share from
carbamate and organophosphorus a.is due to its safer handling and environmental profile.
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IPROVALICARB
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Proposed inhibitor of phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall synthesis.
Affects growth of germ tubes of zoospores and sporangia, growth of mycelium and
sporulation of Oomycete fungi.
Mode of Action Protective, curative and eradicative, systemic fungicide, distributed in
the transpiration stream.
Uses For protectant and curative control of Oomycete fungi, such as Plasmopara viticola
in grapes, at 120-150 g/ha, Phytophthora infestans on potatoes and tomatoes,
Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumbers, and Peronospora tabacina on tobacco, all at
180-220 g/ha. Used only in combination products.
Formulation types WG; WP.
Selected mixture names: 'Melody Med';'Melody Compact'
COMMERCIAL:
Tested world-wide with an emphasis on the European market. Target crops include vines,
potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco and citrus at 120 - 240 g ai/ha.
First sales in Indonesia and Cuba now sold in many Asian and Latin American countries.
Bayer manufactures iprovalicarb at Dormagen, Germany.
Registered in Germany and Ireland.
Page | 186
KRESOXIM METHYL
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Quinone outside Inhibitor. Inhibits mitochondrial respiration by blocking
electron transfer between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1, at the ubiquinol oxidising
site. Selectivity is partly due to enzymic de-esterification within plants.
Mode of Action Fungicide with protective, curative, eradicative and long residual
disease control; acts by inhibiting spore germination. Redistribution via the vapour phase
contributes to activity.
Uses Control of scab in apples and pears (Venturia spp.); powdery mildew on apples
(Podosphaera leucotricha), vines (Uncinula necator), cucurbits (Sphaerotheca fuliginea)
and sugar beet (Erysiphe betae); mildew (Erysiphe graminis), scald (Rhynchosporium
secalis), net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) and glume blotch (Septoria nodorum) on cereals;
mildew (Leveillula taurica, Erysiphe spp., Alternaria spp.) on vegetables.
Formulation types SC; SE; WG.
Selected mixture names: 'Allegro';'Mentor'
COMMERCIAL:
Production at Guarantingueta, Brazil (plant capacity 600 tpa) and Ludwigshafen,
Germany.
Approved as mixtures with epoxiconazole (Allegro - Belgium, Juwel - Germany).
Approved in Germany as a mixture with fenpropimorph (Brio
Page | 187
MESOTRIONE
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry p-Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor, which ultimately affects
carotenoid biosynthesis. Selectivity in maize derives from differential metabolism (to the
4-hydroxy derivative) and also possibly from slower foliar uptake.
Mode of Action Uptake is foliar and via the root, with both acropetal and basipetal
translocation. Symptoms are whitening of leaves, followed by necrosis of the
meristematic tissue.
Uses Under development for pre-emergence (at 100-225 g/ha) and post-emergence (at
70-150 g/ha) control of broad-leaved weeds, such as Xanthium strumarium, Ambrosia
trifida, Abutilon theophrasti, and Chenopodium, Amaranthus and Polygonum spp., and
some grass weeds, in maize.
Formulation types SC.
Selected mixture names: 'Calaris';'Camix'
COMMERCIAL:
Developed alone and in combinations for pre- and post-emergence use on maize for the
control of broadleaf weeds and some grasses.
Registration approved by US .
Page | 188
PICOXYSTROBIN
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Quinone outside Inhibitor. Inhibits mitochondrial respiration by blocking
electron transfer at the Qo centre of cytochrome bc1.
Mode of Action Preventive and curative fungicide with unique distribution properties,
including systemic (acropetal) and translaminar movement, diffusion in leaf waxes and
molecular redistribution in air.
Uses For broad-spectrum disease control, including Mycosphaerella graminicola,
Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Puccinia recondita (brown rust), Helminthosporium tritici-
repentis (tan spot) and Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (strobilurin-sensitive powdery
mildew) in wheat; Helminthosporium teres (net blotch), Rhynchosporium secalis,
Puccinia hordei (brown rust) and Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei (strobilurin-sensitive
powdery mildew) in barley; Puccinia coronata and Helminthosporium avenae in oats;
and Puccinia recondita and Rhynchosporium secalis in rye. Application rate typically
250 g/ha.
Formulation types SC.
Selected mixture names: 'Acanto Prima';'Credo'
COMMERCIAL:
Analogue to azoxystrobin with good environmental profile.
Syngenta expanded its production facility at Grangemouth, Scotland to produce
picoxystrobin. Acanto (250 g/l) approved in Germany, Ireland and Austria .
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PROPOXYCARBAZONE
Biochemistry Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS or AHAS) inhibitor. Acts by
inhibiting biosynthesis of the essential amino acids valine and isoleucine, hence stopping
cell division and plant growth.
Mode of Action Uptake is by leaves and roots. Translocated acropetally and basipetally
within both xylem and phloem. Symptoms include stunting, discolouration and necrosis.
Uses The sodium salt shows post-emergence control of annual and some perennial
grasses, including Bromus spp., Alopecurus myosuroides, Apera spica-venti and Elymus
repens, and some broad-leaved weeds, in wheat, rye and triticale, at 30-70 g/ha.
Formulation types WG.
COMMERCIAL:
Post-emergence control of grass weeds in wheat, rye and triticale, also some braodleaf
control when mixed with other active ingredients.
Launched in Kenya, Switzeralnd and Hungary. Approved in UK and in Germany.
Stähler acquired the EU rights, excluding Germany, for propoxycarbazone..
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SULFENTRAZONE
APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor (chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway).
Mode of Action Herbicide absorbed by the roots and foliage, with translocation
primarily in the apoplasm, and limited movement in the phloem.
Uses Control of annual broad-leaved weeds, some grasses and Cyperus spp. in soya
beans, sugar cane and tobacco. Applied pre-emergence or pre-plant incorporated.
Formulation types SC; WG.
COMMERCIAL:
Approved in Brazil, and Paraguay, in US (Authority) and launched as a mixture with
chlorimuron (Authority Broadleaf).
Production at a new plant ($88 million) on FMC's Baltimore, USA site.
FMC granted exclusive marketing rights to Du Pont who introduced combination
products with chlorimuron.
In 2006, Dow and FMC entered into a joint supply agreement in order to develop
combination products of sulfentrazone and cloransulam-methyl for soybeans, giving
growers a pre-plant and pre-emergence treatment prior to glyphosate application.
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SPINOSAD
APPLICATION
Production Derived from the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Following
fermentation, spinosad is obtained from a whole broth extraction.
History The spinosyns were first identified, in a soil sample discovered by Eli Lilly &
Co. (agrochemical interests now Dow AgroSciences), in 1982. Commercially introduced
during 1997. Patents US 5202242; EP 375316 Selected tradenames: 'GF-120
Naturalyte' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Entrust' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Conserve' (Dow
AgroSciences); 'SpinTor' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Success' (Dow AgroSciences); 'Tracer'
(Dow AgroSciences)
COMMERCIAL:
Derived from actinomycete fungus.
Used on cotton, fruit, vegetable and turf for control of bollworm, tobacco budworm, armyworms and loopers.
Biochemistry Acts as an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the central nervous system, thus disturbing synaptic signal transmissions. Mode of Action Acute contact and stomach poison, with systemic properties. Uses For use by foliar application against sucking and biting insects, at 48-216 g/ha, in pome fruit, stone fruit, small berries, cotton, vegetables, sugar beet, potatoes, rice and ornamentals. Pests controlled include aphids, whiteflies, beetles (e.g. Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Anthonomus pomorum, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus) and Lepidoptera such as leaf miners and Cydia pomonella. Formulation types GR; OD; SC; SE; WG. Selected mixture names: 'Monarca'
\
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Trifloxystrobin
COMMERCIALISATION
History Reported by P. Margot et al. (Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Conf. - Pests Dis., 1998, 2, 375). Introduced by Novartis Crop Protection AG (became Syngenta AG) in Switzerland, South Africa and USA in 1999. All rights sold to Bayer AG in 2000.
Patents EP 00460575; there are also a series of production process, formulation, mixture, and application method patents.
Selected tradenames: 'Flint' (Bayer CropScience)
COMMERCIAL:
Fungicide for use on on hops, pome fruit and grapevines.
Registered in Switzerland and US. Mixture with propiconazole (Stratego) to be targeted at cereals and grasses. Approved in Belgium, Ireland and UK .. Stratego (trifloxystrobin 187.5 g/l + propiconazole 125 g/l) approved in Germany.. Nativo (trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole) to be launched in Brazil.
.
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Triticonazole
COMMERCIALISATION
COMMERCIAL:
Concept 727 (mixture) approved and launched in. Réal (+anthraquinone) sold as a foliar fungicide for wheat and barley in France. Alios (300g/l) launched as a seed treatment in France. Mixture (Premis 25 SC) with cypermethrin approved in Australia.. Mixture (Premis B) with guazatine launched.
Included in second round EU review of existing active ingredients.
BASF acquired the production facility at St Aubin les Elbeuf, France for fipronil,
iprodione and triticonazole from Bayer.
Approved in Canada as seed treatments - Charter (25 g/l) and Charter PB (triticonazole 1.25% + thiram 12.5%).
US approval for Charterobtained.
BASF agreed to supply Bayer Environmental Science with tritconazole for the US and Canadian turf and landscape ornamental markets.
Zoxamide
APPLICATIONS
APPLICA TIONS
Biochemistry and disruption of the
Mode of Action P
Uses Applied at 12Phytophthora infePlasmopara viticolaZoxamide is notphenylamides, QoI fungeither mancozeb or
Formulation typ e
Selected mixture n
TIONS
y -subunitnd disruption of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Preventive fungicide with rainfast and residual prop
120-200 g/ha, provides control of Oomycete estans, on potatoes (foliar, stem, tuber blight)
icola on vines, and Pseudoperonospora cubensisnot cross-resistant to current Oomycete fung
I fungicides or cymoxanil. Sold in pre-formulatedb or cymoxanil.
es WG; WP.
names: 'Harpon';'Electis'
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subunit of tubuline
sidual properties.
fungi, including ght) and tomatoes, nsis on cucurbits.
fungicides, such as ted mixtures with
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