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History of Alcohol Use
Colonial TimesPilgrims anchored at Plymouth because their supply of beer and spirits was becoming depleted
Beer and wine was a part of daily living and considered a “good creature from God”
Alcohol was probably safer to drink than water because of poor sanitation
Alcoholic beverages during colonial times were a source of nutrients
In 1640, the Dutch opened the first distillery on Staten Island
The rum trade because New England’s largest and most profitable business. Yankee traders would ship “demon rum” to Africa’s west coast to be traded for slaves
Alcohol consumption peaked in the United States during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency
Temperance MovementDr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence was one of the first people to identify alcoholism as a disease
In the early 1800 a temperance movement was started to curb the use of alcohol
In 1826 the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was started
The temperance movement remained strong until the Civil War
After the Civil War the temperance movement became strong agan
The Anti-Saloon League grew into a powerful political force with an emphasis on supporting candidates who supported controls on alcohol
ProhibitionIn the early 1900s efforts to impose a national ban on alcohol gained strength
In 1917, the U.S. Senate adopted the 18th Amendment (Volstead Act) and it went into law in 1920.
The Volstead Act prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol
There were so many criminal problems associated with prohibition that the law was repealed in 1933.
Current Alcohol Use
Most people who drink today are social drinkers and their drinking patterns do not lead to long-term health or social problems
Alcohol consumption rates vary greatly by state (1.67 gallons per capita in West Virginia to 4 gallons per capita in New Hampshire)
Abstinence, overall is increasing for men and women
The proportion of heavy drinkers in their 20s has increased slightly in recent years along with problems associated related to alcohol dependency
College students who are fraternity and sorority members have higher alcohol consumption rates than students who are not affiliated with fraternities and sororities
Gay, lesbian and bisexual college students drink more alcohol than heterosexual students
Full-time college students aged 18-21 have higher rates of binge drinking than nonstudents
Alcohol-related problems are greater where there is more access to places to drink or buy alcohol
Per capita alcohol consumption is highest in the Northeast and lowest in the West
The rate of binge drinking increases steadily from ages 12 to 21 then steadily decreases
Binge Drinking
Binge drinking typically starts around age 13 and increases during adolescence.
Students who feel that parties were “very” or “somewhat” important were far more likely to binge drink
Alcoholic Beverages
Beverage alcohol is ethyl alcohol.
Alcohol is produced through a process called fermentation (fermentation yields beverages that are about 14% alcohol)
Distillation involves boiling alcohol, collecting the vapor and the result is an increased level of alcohol – up to almost 100%
Proof is a term used to describe the percentage of alcohol in a beverage
½ the proof number = the percentage of alcohol in the beverage
Pharmacology of Alcohol
Alcohol in the body will be transformed by the liver into acetaldehyde then further broken down into acetate then water and carbon dioxide
The concentration of alcohol in the blood is referred to as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or blood alcohol level (BAL)
Blood Alcohol Concentrations and Effects
0.05% Less alert; less inhibited; slightlyimpaired judgment
0.10% Slower reaction time; impairedmuscle control; reduced visual and auditory acuity
0.20% Markedly affected psychomotorability; difficulty staying awake
0.40% State of unconsciousness or coma;half will fatally overdosewithout medical intervention
0.50% Deep coma or completeunconsciousness if not already dead
Alcohol and the Liver
The liver is the main site of metabolism of alcohol – alcohol is oxidized by the liver
Overuse of alcohol is related to fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, and cirrhosis
Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract
In moderate amounts, alcohol aids digestion by increasing gastric juice in the stomach
Alcohol can irritate the stomach leading to internal bleeding
Heavy alcohol use is implicated in acute pancreatitis
Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System
Heavy alcohol use affects the cardiovascular system adversely.
High blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias,strokes, and alcoholic heart muscle disease (AHMD) are related to heavy alcohol intake over time
Alcohol and the Immune System
Many studies show that moderate alcohol use reduces immunity.
Heavy drinkers are more prone to infections such as pneumonia
Alcohol and Cancer
Considerable research links alcohol abuse and certain forms of cancer, especially cancers of the nasopharynx, esophagus, throat and the liver
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
The leading cause of mental retardation is fetal alcohol sysndrome (FAS)
Alcohol traverses the placenta and interferes with fetal development
Alcohol-Related Issues
Underage DrinkingNearly 20% of persons aged 12-20 engage in binge drinking and 3 billion are alcohol dependent
AlcoholismDifficult term to define so it is discussed in terms of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence
Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Dependence
Alcohol abuse refers to continued drinking despite recurring social, interpersonal, and legal problems
Alcohol dependence is predicated on the presence or absence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Causes of Alcoholism
Alcoholism is multicausal and strongly related to
Genetics Psychosocial Factors Culture
Alcohol and Society
Alcohol use, misuse and abuse strongly related to:
Automobile accidentsAccidentsSuicideFamily ViolenceChildren of Alcholics
Summary
Alcohol has a very interesting history and is tied into both social forces and economics
Most people today are social drinkers Per capita alcohol consumption is
highest in the Northeast and lowest in the West
Binge drinking typically starts around age 13 and increases during adolescence
The effects of alcohol are related to the concentration of alcohol in the blood
Alcohol affects all body system