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Chapter 5 Light Chapter 5 Light ITeach – Physics Form 4 5.1 Understanding The Reflection Of Light

chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

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Page 1: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Chapter 5 LightChapter 5 Light

2.1 Arah Mata Angin

ITeach – Physics Form 4

5.1 Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Page 2: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Image Formed By A Plane Mirror

Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror

Chapter 5 Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

upright virtual

same size as the objectlaterally inverted

Distance of image to mirror same as distance from

object to mirror

Page 3: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Imej yang Dibentukkan Oleh Cermin Satah

Ciri-ciri imej yang dibentukkan oleh cermin satah:

Bab 5 Cahaya

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Tegak Maya

Saiz imej sama dengan saiz objekSongsang sisi

Jarak imej dari cermin adalah sama dengan jarak

objek dari cermin

Page 4: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

The Laws Of Reflection

the ray of light directed at the plane mirrorIncident ray

the ray of light that is reflected by the plane mirrorReflected ray

a line drawn perpendicularly to the plane mirror at the point the incident ray strikes the mirrorNormal

the angle between the incident ray and the normalAngle of incidence, i

the angle between the reflected ray and the normalAngle of reflection, r

The laws of reflection states that : The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lies on the same plane The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, i = r

normal

Plane mirror

Reflec

ted

rayIncident ray

i r

Page 5: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Hukum Pantulan Cahaya

sinar cahaya yang dihalakan ke arah cermin satahSinar tuju

sinar cahaya yang dipantulkan oleh cermin satahSinar pantulan

satu garisan yang dilukis berserenjang dengan cermin satah pada titik di mana sinar tuju menghala ke cerminNormal

sudut di antara sinar tuju dan normalSudut tuju, i

sudut di antara sinar pantulan dan normalSudut pantulan, r

Hukum pantulan cahaya menyatakan bahawa : Sinar tuju, sinar pantulan dan normal berada dalam satah yang sama Sudut tuju bersamaan dengan sudut pantulan, i = r

normal

Cermin satah

Sina

r pan

tulanSinar tuju

i r

Page 6: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Steps to draw the ray diagram

i. Draw the image on the other side of the mirror

ii. Draw light rays from the image to the observer’s eye

iii. Draw light rays from the object to the points where the light rays in (ii) touches the mirror.

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Ray Diagram Of Reflection Light

P Q

Object Image

Page 7: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Langkah-langkag untuk melukis gambar rajah sinar:

i. Lukis imej pada bahagian cermin yang bertentangan dengan gambar objek

ii. Lukis sinar cahaya daripada imej ke mata pemerhati

iii. Lukis sinar cahaya daripada objek ke titik dimana sinar cahaya (ii) menyentuh cermin.

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Gambar Rajah Sinar Pantulan Cahaya

P Q

Objek Imej

Page 8: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Convex Mirror

Spherical mirrors can be imagined as a portion of a sphere which was sliced away and then silvered on one of the sides to form a reflecting surface.

Convex mirrors were silvered on the outside of the sphere.

Page 9: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Cermin Cembung

Cermin berbentuk sfera boleh dibayangkan seperti sebahagian sfera yang telah dipotong dan kemudian salah satu sisinya disadur perak untuk membentuk permukaan yang memantul cahaya.

Cermin cembung di sadur perak pada bahagian luar sfera

Page 10: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Virtual principal focus

Virtual rays

Reflectingsurface

principal axis

lightdiverged

CPF

Anatomy Of A Convex Mirror

The distance from the pole, P and the principal focus, FFocal length. f

A point on the principal axis through which all rays parallel to the principal axis appear to diverge from after being reflected.

Principal focus, F

The distance from the pole, P to the centre of curvature,C

Radius of curvature, CP

A straight line that passes through the pole, P and the centre of curvature, CPrincipal axis

The geometric centre of a hollow sphere which the mirror is madeCentre of curvature, C

The centre point of the curved mirrorPole, P

Page 11: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Fokus utamamaya

Sinar maya

Permukaanmemantul

Paksi utama

Cahayamencapah

CPF

Anatomi Cermin Cembung

Jarak di antara kutub, P dan fokus utama, FPanjang fokus. f

Titik pada paksi utama di mana semua sinar yang selari dengan paksi utama mencapah selepas dipantulkan.Fokus utama, F

Jarak di antara kutub, P ke pusat kelengkungan,CJejari kelengkungan, CP

Garis yang melalui kutub, P dan pusat kelengkungan, CPaksi utama

Pusat geometri sfera melengkung di mana cermin dibuatPusat kelengkungan, C

Titik pusat cermin melengkungKutub, P

Page 12: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

F C CFF C

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Reflection Of Light By A Convex Mirror

a) A light ray which is directed to the centre of curvature C is reflected along its original path.

b) A light ray which is parallel to the main axis is reflected back as though it originates from the focus.

c) A ray light which is directed (or incident) to the focus F is reflected back in parallel to the main axis.

The laws of reflections are obeyed.

Page 13: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

F C CFF C

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Pantulan Cahaya Oleh Cermin Cembung

a) Satu sinar cahaya yang di arahkan ke pusat kelengkungan C dipantulkan oleh cermin mengikut lintasan yang sama.

b) Satu sinar cahaya yang selari dengan paksi utama dipantulkan oleh cermin melallui titik fokus.

c) Satu sinar cahaya yang diarahkan (dituju) ke titik fokus F dipantulkan cermin selari dengan paksi utama.

Hukum pantulan cahaya dipatuhi

Page 14: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Characteristics Of Image Formed By A Convex Mirror

I

Virtual

When The object is farther away from mirror.

Upright

Diminished

Behind the mirror

Virtual

The object is closer to the mirror.

Upright

Diminished and bigger

Behind the mirror

IO

PO CF

PF C

Page 15: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

C F

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

a) Satu sinar cahaya melalui pusat kelengkungan dipantulkan oleh cermin mengikut lintasan yang sama.

b) Satu sinar cahaya yang melalui titik fokus F dipantulkan oleh cermin selari dengan paksi utama.

c) Satu sinar cahaya yang selari dengan paksi utama dipantulkan oleh cermin melalui titik fokus F.

Pantulan Cahaya Oleh Cermin Cekung

C F C F

Page 16: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Ciri – ciri Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Cermin Cembung

I

Maya

Apabila objek berada jauh daripada cermin

Tegak

Lebih kecil daripada objek

Dibelakang cermin

Maya

Objek berada dekat dengan cermin

Tegak

Lebih kecil daripada objek

Dibelakang cermin

IO

PO CF

PF C

Page 17: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Concave Mirror

Spherical mirrors can be imagined as a portion of a sphere which was sliced away and then silvered on

one of the sides to form a reflecting surface.

Convex mirrors were silvered on the inside of the sphere.

Page 18: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Cermin Cekung

Cermin berbentuk sfera boleh dibayangkan seperti sebahagian daripada sfera yang telah dipotong kemudiannya di sadur perak pada salah satu

bahagiannya untuk membentuk permukaan yang memantul cahaya.

Cermin cekung disadur perak pada bahagian dalam sfera.

Page 19: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

C F

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

a) A light ray passing through the centre of curvature is reflected back along its original path.

b) A ray of light passing through the focus F is reflected parallel to the main axis.

c) A light ray that is parallel to the main axis is reflected through the main focus F.

Reflection Of Light By A Concave Mirror

C F C F

Page 20: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Always be located somewhere in between the centre of curvature and the focal point.

inverted image (If the object is right-side up, then the image is upside down)

Image Formed By An Object Located Beyond The Centre Of Curvature (C)

reduced in size

Reflection Of Light By A Concave Mirror

I

CO F P

Page 21: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Sentiasa terletak di antara pusat kelengkungan dan titik fokus.

Imej songsang (Jika objek adalah disebelah kanan dan ke atas, imej disebelah kiri ke bawah)

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Obejk Pada Kedudukan Melampaui Pusat Kelengkungan (C)

Lebih kecil daripada objek

Pantulan Cahaya Oleh Cermin Cekung

I

CO F P

Page 22: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

The image will also be located at the centre of curvature.

inverted image (If the object is right-side up, then the image is upside down)

Image Formed By An Object Located At The Centre Of Curvature (C)

The image dimensions are equal to the object.

Reflection Of Light By A Concave Mirror

I

O

C F P

Page 23: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Imej juga terletak di pusat kelengkungan.

Imej songsang (jika objek adalah di bahagian kanan dan ke atas, imej yang terbentuk berada di kiri dan ke bawah)

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Objak Pada Pusat Kelengkungan (C)

Sama saiz dengan objek

Pantulan Cahaya Oleh Cermin Cekung

I

O

C F P

Page 24: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

The image will be located beyond the centre of curvature.

inverted image (If the object is right-side up, then the image is upside down)

Image Formed By An Object Located Beyond The Centre Of Curvature (C)

The image dimensions are larger than the object.

Reflection Of Light By A Concave Mirror

C F PO

I

Page 25: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Imej terletak melampaui pusat kelengkungan.

Imej songsang (jika objek berada pada bahagian kanan dan ke atas, imej terbentuk di bahagian kiri dan ke bawah)

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Objek Pada Kedudukan Diantara Pusat Kelangkungan, C dan Fokus Utama, F

Imej lebih besar daripada objek.

Pantulan Cahaya Oleh Cermin Cekung

C F PO

I

Page 26: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

magnified

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

the image is formed at infinity.

virtual

Image Formed By An Object Located Beyond The Centre Of Curvature (C)

upright

As the light rays from the same point on the object will reflect off the mirror and neither converge nor diverge. After reflecting, the light rays are travelling parallel to each other.

Parallel to infinity

C F PO

Page 27: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Lebih besar daripada objek

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Imej terbentuk di infiniti.

Maya

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Objek Di Kedudukan Fokus Utama, F

Tegak

Sinar cahaya dari titik yang sama pada objek akan memantulkan imej dari cermin dan tidak akan mencapah atau menumpu pada cermin. Selepas pantulan, sinar cahaya bergerak selari antara satu sama lain.

Selari hingga infiniti

C F PO

Page 28: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

The image will always be located somewhere on the opposite side of the mirror.

The image will always be located behind the mirror.

In this case, the image will be an upright virtual image.

In this case, the image is magnified; in other words, the image dimensions are greater than the object

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Image Formed By Object Located Between The Pole, P And The Focal Point (F)

IF PO

C

Page 29: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Imej terbentuk pada sebelah yang berlainan daripada cermin.

Imej terbentuk di belakang cermin.

Dalam keadaan ini, imej adalah tegak dan maya.

Dalam keadaan ini, imej adalah lebih besar daripada objek. Dalam kata lain, dimensi imej lebih besar daripada objek.

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Objek yang Terletak Di Antara Kutub, P dan Titik Fokus (F)

IF PO

C

Page 30: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Real

Inverted

Diminished (size of image is smaller that the size of the object)

Reflection Of Light By A Concave Mirror

Image Formed By Object Located At Infinity

I

F P

Parallel light

for distant objectC

Page 31: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Nyata

Songsang

Saiz imej lebih kecil daripada objek

Pantulan Cahaya Oleh Cermin Cekung

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Objek Pada Kedudukan Infiniti

I

F P

Sinar cahaya dari objek

jauh adalah selariC

Page 32: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Applications Of Reflection Of Light - Plane Mirror

To reflect light from the object into the eye of an observer to

produce a virtual, upright

image.

Normally found inside closet for

customers to try out

clothings

To enable the dentist to see the

back portion of the

patient’s teeth.

Full length mirror

Periscope

Dental mirror

Page 33: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Aplikasi Pantulan Cahaya – Cermin Satah

Memantulkan cahaya

daripada objek ke mata

pemerhati bagi menghasilkan imej maya dan

tegak.

Kebiasaannya dijumpai di

dalam almari kedai pakaian

untuk memudahkan

pelanggan mencuba pakaian.

Bagi memudahkan doktor gigi

melihat bahagian

belakang gigi pesakit.

Cermin penuh

PeriSkop

Cermin pergigian

Page 34: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Applications of reflection of light - Convex Mirror

To enable the driver of a motor vehicle to get a wider view of the road

behind.

To enable drivers of motor vehicles to see beyond the corner.

To provide a wide view of vision of the shop.

Rear-view mirror in motor vehicles

Convex mirror at road corner

Anti-theft mirror in supermarket

Page 35: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Aplikasi Pantulan Cahaya – Cermin Cembung

Untuk memudahkan pemandu kenderaan

mendapatkan gambaran yang lebih luas pada bahagian belakang

kenderaan.

Untuk memudahkan pemandu kenderaan melihat jalan yang melampaui bucu

jalan.

Untuk memberikan gambaran yang lebih luas di dalam kedai.

Cermin pandang belakang pada

kenderaan

Cermin cembung di bucu jalan

Cermin penggera antikecurian di Pusat

Membeli Belah

Page 36: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Applications of reflection of light - Concave Mirror

To produce a parallel beam

of light that can shine far with

high and uniform

intensity.

To obtain an upright and magnified

image.

To focus light from distance

objects into the eyepiece

of the telescope.

Make-up mirror

Reflector in searchlight

As the primary mirror in a

reflection telescope

Page 37: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Aplikasi Pantulan Cahaya – Cermin Cekung

Untuk menghasilkan

pancaran cahaya yang

boleh memancar jauh

dengan keamatan yang

tinggi dan seragam.

Untuk mendapatkan

imej yang tegak dan lebih besar daripada objek.

Untuk memfokuskan

cahaya daripada

objek jauh ke kanta mata

pada teleskop.

Cermin solek

Pemantul dalam lampu limpah

Sebagai cermin utama dalam

teleskop pantulan

Page 38: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Chapter 5 LightChapter 5 Light

2.1 Arah Mata Angin

ITeach – Physics Form 4

5.2 Understanding Refraction Of Light

Page 39: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Air

Glass

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Light changes directions when it crosses the boundary from the air to the glass.

Refraction Of Light

Refraction = Bending of the path of light

When passing from air into glass, the speed and wavelength decrease.

Example : Refraction of light occurs at the air-glass boundary

Page 40: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Air

Glass

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Cahaya bertukar arah apabila ia melalui sempadan udara - kaca.

Pembiasan Cahaya

Pembiasan = Pembengkokan laluan cahaya

Apabila cahaya bergerak dari udara ke dalam kaca, kelajuan dan jarak gelombang cahaya berkurang.

Contoh : Pembiasan cahaya berlaku pada sempadan udara-kaca.

Page 41: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Travelling Patterns Of Light From A Less Dense Medium To A More Dense Medium

i

r

Incident ray Normal

airglass

Refracted ray

less densemore dense

The refracted light bends towards from the normal

Page 42: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Corak Pergerakan Cahaya Daripada Medium Kurang Tumpat ke Medium Lebih Tumpat

i

r

Sinar tuju Normal

UdaraKaca

Sinar pembiasan

Kurang tumpatLebih tumpat

Cahaya pembiasan membengkok ke arah normal

Page 43: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Travelling Patterns Of Light From A More Dense Medium To A Less Dense Medium

Refracted ray

Incident ray

Normal

glass

air

i

r

more denseless dense

The refracted light bends away from the normal

Page 44: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Corak Pergerakan Cahaya daripada Medium Lebih Tumpat ke Medium yang Kurang Tumpat

Sinar pembiasan

Sinar tuju

Normal

Kaca

Udara

i

r

Lebih tumpatKurang tumpat

Cahaya pembiasan membengkok menjauhi normal

Page 45: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Travelling Patterns Of Light Perpendicularly Towards Two Mediums

Light passed through the medium without and bending

Refracted ray

air

Incident ray

glass

Page 46: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Corak Pergerakan Cahaya Bergerak Secara Menegak Ke Arah Dua Medium

Cahaya melalui medium tanpa dibengkokkan.

Sinar pembiasan

Udara

Sinar tuju

Kaca

Page 47: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

The Laws Of Refraction

The incident ray and the refracted ray are on opposite side of the normal and all three are on the same plane.

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.

i

r

Law 1

Law 2

Page 48: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Hukum Pembiasan

Sinar tuju dan sinar pembiasan berada pada bahagian yang bertentangan daripada normal dan ketiga-tiganya berada pada satah yang sama.

Nisbah sin sudut tuju ke sin sudut pembiasan ialah pemalar.

i

r

Hukum 1

Hukum 2

Page 49: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Refractive Index, n (I)

The angle between the incident ray and the normal is known as the angle of incidence, i.

The angle between the refracted ray and the normal is known as the angle of refraction, r.

The refractive index of the denser medium (if the less dense medium is air) is

i

r

Incident ray Normal

airglass

Refracted ray

less densemore dense

rin

sin sin index, Refractive

Refractive index has no units.

Refractive index is an indicator to the “light bending ability” of a medium.

The higher the refractive index, more the light will bend when it enters the medium.

Page 50: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Indeks Pembiasan, n (I)

Sudut di antara sinar tuju dan normal dikenali sebgai sudut tuju, i.

Sudut di antara sinar pembiasan dan normal dikenali sebagai sudut pembiasan, r.

Indeks pembiasan bagi medium yang lebih tumpat (jika medium yang kurang tumpat darinya ialah udara) ialah

i

r

Sinar tuju Normal

UdaraKaca

Sinar pembiasan

Kurang tumpatLebih tumpat

rin

sin sin , Indeks pembiasan,

Tiada unit bagi indeks pembiasan.

Indeks pembiasan ialah penunjuk kepada “kemampuan cahaya membengkok” melalui dua medium. Semakin tinggi indeks pembiasan, cahaya akan semakin membengkok

apabila ia memasuki medium.

Page 51: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Refractive Indices Of Some Common Material

Medium Refractive index of material, n

Air ≈ 1.0

Water 1.33 = ¾

Ice 1.31

Perspex 1.49

Diamond 2.40

Page 52: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Indeks Pembiasan Bagi Beberapa Bahan

Medium Indeks Pembiasan Bahan, n

Udara ≈ 1.0

Air 1.33 = ¾

Ais 1.31

Perspeks 1.49

Berlian 2.40

Page 53: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Determining The Refractive Index Of Glass

15°A monochromatic light ray is directed at an angle of incidence, i of 15° towards a piece of rectangular glass block.

The angle of refraction, r is measured.

The experiment is repeated with angle of incidence of 20°,25°,30° and 35°.

Result obtained

A

D

B

C

Normal

r

i° r ° Sin i°15 23 0.2588

Sin r°0.3907

20 31 0.3420 0.515025 40 0.4226 0.642830 49 0.5000 0.754735 60 0.5736 0.8660

A graph of sin i against sin r is plotted

The refractive index of glass = gradient of the graph

sin i°

sin r°

Page 54: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Menentukan Indeks Pembiasan Cahaya

15°Sinar cahaya monokrom di tujukan pada sudut tuju, i, 15° ke arah sebuah bongkah kaca berbentuk segiempat tepat.

Sudut pembiasan, r , diukur.

Eksperimen diulang dengan sudut tuju : 20°,25°,30° and 35°.

Keputusan diperolehi

A

D

B

C

Normal

r

i° r ° Sin i°15 23 0.2588

Sin r°0.3907

20 31 0.3420 0.515025 40 0.4226 0.642830 49 0.5000 0.754735 60 0.5736 0.8660

Graf sin i melawan sin r diplot.

Indeks pembiasan kaca = Kecerunan graf

sin i°

sin r°

Page 55: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Determining The Refractive Index Of Glass

When light travels from air into glass, its speed changes as well as its wavelength.

The speed of light in air is faster than the speed of light in glass.

Air

Glass

also and

glass in light of wavelengthair in light of wavelengthn glass, ofindex refractive

glass in light of speedair in light of speedn glass, ofindex refractive The

Page 56: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Menentukan Indeks Pembiasan Kaca

Apabila cahaya bergerak daripada udara ke dalam kaca, kelajuan dan jarak gelombang cahaya berubah.

Cahaya bergerak lebih laju di udara berbanding di dalam kaca.

Udara

Kaca

dan

Panjang gelombang cahaya dalam kaca Panjang gelombang cahaya dalam udara n Indeks pembiasan kaca,

Kelajuan cahaya dalam kaca Kelajuan cahaya dalam udaran Indeks pembiasan kaca,

Page 57: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Real Depth And Apparent Depth

Consequences of light passing from air into water

Examples:

Refraction of light makes a swimming pool looks shallower.

Refraction of light makes a stick appears bent when immersed in water.

Refraction of light makes the legs of the boy in water look shorter.

P Image

stonewater

AirWater

A

C

B

Gives a false impression of the depth of the water.

Page 58: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

P Imej

batuair

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Dalam Nyata dan Dalam Ketara

Kesan cahaya bergerak dari udara ke dalam air

Contoh:

Pembiasan cahaya membuatkan kolam renang kelihatan cetek.

Pembiasan cahaya membuatkan batang kayu kelihatan bengkok apabila ia direndam ke dalam air.Pembiasan cahaya membuatkan kaki seorang budak kelihatan lebih pendek di dalam air.

Memberikan tanggapan yang salah tentang kedalaman air.

UdaraAir

A

C

B

Page 59: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Refraction Index Of Water In Terms Of Real Depth And Apparent Depth

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Refraction Of LightChapter 5 Light

Real depth, D, is the distance of the object below the surface of the water.

Apparent depth, d, is the distance of the image formed from the surface of the water.

AB

Real dept, D

Air

Observer

Apparent depth, d

water

ddepth,ApparentDdepth,RealWaterOfIndexRefraction

Page 60: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Indeks Pembiasan Air Dari Segi Dalam Nyata dan Dalam Ketara

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pembiasan CahayaBab 5 Cahaya

Dalam nyata, D, ialah jarak dari objek ke permukaan air.

Dalam ketara, d, ialah jarak dari permukaan air ke imej yang terbentuk.

AB

Dalam nyata, D

Udara

Pemerhati

Dalam ketara, d

Air

Dalam ketara, d,Dalam nyata, D

Indeks Pembiasan Air, n

Page 61: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Chapter 5 LightChapter 5 Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

5.3 5.3 Understanding Total Internal ReflectionUnderstanding Total Internal Reflection

Page 62: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Total Internal ReflectionChapter 5 Light

Critical Angle

When light travels from a denser medium (eg : glass ) into a less dense medium (eg: air), it bends away from the normal.

As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction also increases.

When the angle of incidence increases to a certain angle, called the critical angle of glass, the refracted light will make an angle of 90 with the normal.

Incidentray

RefractedRay

Normal

Air

Glassi

r

i

rRefracted

Ray

i = C

RefractedRay

Page 63: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan4

Memahami Pantulan Dalam PenuhBab 5 Cahaya

Sudut Genting

Apabila cahaya bergerak dari medium lebih tumpat (cth : kaca) ke medium kurang tumpat (cth : udara), ia akan membengkok menjauhi normal.

Apabila sudut tuju bertambah, sudut pembiasan juga bertambah.

Apabila sudut tuju bertambah sehingga ke suatu sudut, dipanggil sudut genting kaca, pembiasan cahaya akan membuat sudut 90 dengan normal.

Sinar tuju

Sinar pembiasanNormal

Udara

Kacai

r

i

rSinar

pembiasan

i = C

Sinar pembiasan

Page 64: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Total Internal Reflection

Light travels from a more dense medium towards a less dense medium.

angle of incidence > critical angle of the more dense medium.

IncidentRay

RefractedRay

r

Normal

Air

Glass

i

i > c

Chapter 5 Light

Total Internal Reflectionhappens when

When total internal reflection occurs

no light will travel into the less dense medium

all light will be reflected back into the more dense medium

angle of reflection, r = angle of incidence, i

Page 65: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Pantulan Dalam Penuh

Cahaya bergerak dari medium yang lebih tumpat ke medium yang kurang tumpat.

Sudut tuju > Sudut genting bagi medium yang lebih tumpat

Sinar tuju Sinar pembiasan

r

Normal

Udara

Kaca

i

i > c

Bab 5 Cahaya

Pantulan Dalam Penuhberlaku apabila

Apabila pantulan dalam penuh berlaku

tiada cahaya yang bergerak ke dalam medium kurang tumpat

kesemua cahaya akan dipantulkan kembali ke medium lebih tumpat

Sudut pantulan, r = Sudut tuju, i

Page 66: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

AirWater

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Total Internal Reflection

Relationship Between The Critical Angle And Refractive Index

Light ray enters less dense medium from a more dense medium

r = 90°

i = c

Chapter 5 Light

Angle of refraction =

90°

angle of incidence = critical angle+

rin sin

sin

angle critical c wheresin

1sin

90sin

cc

n

csin1n

index, Refractive

Page 67: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

UdaraAir

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pantulan Dalam Penuh

Hubungan Antara Sudut Genting dan Indeks Pembiasan

Sinar cahaya bergerak dari medium lebih tumpat memasuki medium kurang tumpat.

r = 90°

i = c

Bab 5 Cahaya

Sudut pembiasan =

90°

Sudut tuju = Sudut genting+

rin sin

sin

Sudut genting c Dimana,sin

1sin

90sin

cc

n

csin1n

Indeks pembiasan

Page 68: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Total Internal Reflection

Natural Phenomena Involving Total Internal

Reflection

Mirage in a desert Formation of rainbow

The glitters of a diamond

Chapter 5 Light

Page 69: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pantulan Dalam Penuh

Fenomena Alam Semulajadi Melibatkan Pantulan Dalam Penuh

Pembentukan logamaya di gurun

Pembentukan pelangi

Gemerlapan cahaya pada

berlian

Bab 5 Cahaya

Page 70: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding Total Internal Reflection

Application Of Total Internal Reflection

The periscope – total internal

reflection occurs at A, B, C and D.

Optic fibre Tail-light reflector of a car

Chapter 5 Light

W

Object O

Prism

P 45°A

BRQ

45°S

CD

V

T

(

)

Page 71: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami Pantulan Dalam Penuh

Aplikasi Pantulan Dalam Penuh

Periskop – Pantulan dalam

penuh berlaku di A, B, C dan D.

Gentian optik Pemantul lampu belakang kereta

Bab 5 Cahaya

W

Objek O

Prisma

P 45°A

BRQ

45°S

CD

V

T

(

)

Page 72: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Chapter 5 LightChapter 5 Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

5.4 5.4 Understanding LensesUnderstanding Lenses

Page 73: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

diverges rays of light travelling parallel to its principal axis.

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding LensesChapter 5 Light

Type Of Lenses

converges rays of light travelling parallel to its principal axis.

Converging lens Diverging lens

A lens is a moulded piece of transparent material which refracts light rays to form an image.

relatively thick across their middle

relatively thin across their middle

thicker across the middle thinner at its edges serves to converge light

thinner across the middle thicker at its edges serves to diverge light

thin at their upper and lower edges.

thick at their upper and lower edges.

Page 74: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Sinar cahaya mencapah bergerak selari dengan paksi utama.

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami KantaBab 5 Cahaya

Jenis-jenis Kanta

Sinar cahaya menumpu bergerak selari dengan paksi utama.

Kanta menunpu Diverging lens

Kanta ialah sekeping bahan lutsinar yang yang membiaskan cahaya untuk membentuk imej.

Tebal di bahagian tengah kanta. Nipis di bahagian tengah.

Tebal di tengah dan nipis dibahagian tepi bagi menumpukan

cahayaNipis di tengah dan tebal di tepi bagi

mencapahkan cahaya

Nipis di bahagian tepi atas dan tepi bawah.

Tebal di bahagian tepi atas dan tepi bawah.

Page 75: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics Form 4

Understanding LensesChapter 5 Light

A convex lens converges rays of light, at a point.

Anatomy Of A Lens

A concave lens diverges parallel rays of light as though they originate from a point behind the lens.

Optical centre, O

Principal axis

Principal focus, F

Focal length, f

The point at the centre of the lens whereby light passes through it without any refraction.

The line that is drawn vertically straight towards a lens and which passes through the optical centre.

A point on the Principal axis where the rays of light parallel with Principal axis will converge after passing through a converging lens.

The distance from the Principal focus to the optical centre.

Parallel ray of light

Principal axis

F

O

f f

Principal axis

F O

Page 76: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Memahami KantaBab 5 Cahaya

Kanta cembung menumpu sinar cahaya pada satu titik.

Anatomi Kanta

Kanta cekung mencapahkan sinar-sinar cahaya selari seperti ia berasal dari satu titik di belakang kanta.

Pusat optik, O

Paksi utama

Fokus utama, F

Panjang fokus, f

Titik di tengah-tengah kanta di mana cahaya melaluinya tanpa dibiaskan.

Garisan yang dilukis secara menegak lurus ke arah kanta dan melalui pusat optik.

Satu titik di paksi utama di mana sinar cahaya yang selari dengan paksi utama akan mencapah selepas melalui kanta mencapah.

Jarak daripada fokus utama ke pusat optik.

Sinar cahayaselari

Paksi utama

F

O

f f

Paksi utama

F O

Page 77: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Determining The Focal Length Of A Convex Lens

Place a convex lens in front of a screen.

Move the lens forwards and backwards until a sharp, inverted image of a distant object is formed on the screen.

The distance from the centre of the lens to the screen is the focal length of the convex lens.

Almost parallel

rays

Distant objectConvex lens

f

ScreenSharp imageBlur image

Page 78: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Menentukan Panjang Fokus Bagi Kanta Cembung

Letakkan kanta cembung di hadapan skrin.

Gerakkan kanta ke hadapan dan ke belakang sehingga imej bagi objek yang jauh terbentuk tajam dan songsang pada skrin.

Jarak dari tengah-tengah kanta ke skrin ialah panjang fokus bagi kanta cembung.

Sinar selari

Objek jauhKanta

cembung

f

SkrinImej tajamImej kabur

Page 79: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Thickness Of Lens And Its Focal Length

Thickness of lens

A thicker lens has a shorter focal length while a thinner lens has a longer focal length.

convex lens : positive focal length

concave lens : negative focal length

Focal length

To differentiate between convex lens and concave lens,

focal length, f = +10.0 cm refers to a convex lens of focal length of 10.0 cm.

focal length, f = -20.0 cm refers to a concave lens of focal length of 20.0 cm

Page 80: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Ketebalan Kanta dan Panjang Fokus

Ketebalan kanta

Kanta yang tebal mempunyai panjang fokus yang lebih pendek manakala kanta yang nipis mempunyai panjang fokus yang lebih panjang.

Kanta cembung : Panjang fokus positif

Kanta cekung : Panjang fokus negatif

Panjang fokus

Untuk membezakan antara kanta cembung dan kanta cekung,

Panjang fokus, f = +10.0 cmMerujuk kepada kanta cembung yang mempunyai panjang fokus

10.0 cm.

Panjang fokus, f = -20.0 cm Merujuk kepada kanta cekung yang mempunyai panjang fokus 20.0 cm

Page 81: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Power Of A Lens

The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (measured in metres)

Unit = per metre (m-1) or the dioptre ( D ).

- 10.0 cmconcave

+ 5.0 cmconvex

Power, P Focal length, f Type of lens

Examples

f1Plens,ofPower

D2005.0

1

D100.10

1

Page 82: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Kuasa Kanta

Kuasa kanta ditakrifkan sebagai salingan panjang fokusnya (diukur dalam meter)

Unit = per meter (m-1) atau diopter ( D ).

- 10.0 cmCekung

+ 5.0 cmCembung

Kuasa, P Panjang fokus, f Jenis kanta

Contoh

f1PKuasa kanta,

D2005.0

1

D100.10

1

Page 83: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

The point of intersection of the rays is a point on the image.

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

ImageObject

2F F F 2F Principal axis

O

Steps To Take To Draw A Ray Diagram For A Convex Lens

A ray of light passes through the optical centre of the lens is undeviated.

A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is refracted and passes through the principal focus, F.

A ray of light which passes through F is refracted parallel to the principal axis.

Page 84: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Titik persilangan sinar-sinar cahaya ialah titik imej terbentuk.

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

ImejObjek

2F F F 2F Paksi utama O

Langkah-langkah Melukis Gambar Rajah Sinar Bagi Kanta Cembung

Satu sinar cahaya yang bergerak melalui pusat optik kanta tidak melencong.

Satu sinar cahaya selari dengan paksi utama dibiaskan dan bergerak melalui fokus utama, F.

Satu sinar cahaya yang bergerak melalui F dibiaskan selari dengan paksi utama.

Page 85: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

The point of intersection of the rays is a point on the image.

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Image

Steps To Take To Draw A Ray Diagram For A Concave Lens

A ray of light passes through the optical centre is undeviated.

A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is refracted and appears to come from the principal focus, F.

A ray of light travels towards the principal focus, F is refracted parallel to the principal axis.

O

Object

2F F F 2F Principal axis

Page 86: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Titik persilangan sinar-sinar cahaya ialah titik pada imej.

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Imej

Langkah-langkah untuk Melukis Gambar Rajah Sinar Kanta Cekung

Satu sinar cahaya yang bergerak melalui pusat optik tidak melencong.

Satu sinar cahaya yang selari dengan paksi utama dibiaskan dan kelihatan seperti bergerak dari fokus utama, F.

Satu sinar cahaya bergerak ke arah fokus utama, F dibiaskan selari dengan paksi utama.

O

Objek

2F F F 2F Paksi utama

Page 87: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

inverted

reduced in size

Image Formed By A Convex Lens For An Object At Infiniti

Image distance, v = f

real

Light rayfromthe object

Imagev

F

Page 88: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Songsang

Lebih kecil dari objek

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Kanta Cembung Bagi Objek Di Infiniti

Jarak imej, v = f

Nyata

Sinarcahaya

dari objek

Imejv

F

Page 89: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

inverted

reduced in size

Image Formed By A Convex Lens For An Object Further Than 2f , u > 2f

Image distance, f < v < 2f

real

Object

2F F F 2F

Image

u v

Page 90: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Pantulan Cahaya

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Songsang

Lebih kecil daripada objek

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Kanta Cembung Bagi Objek Melampaui 2F, u > 2f

Jarak imej, f < v < 2f

Nyata

Objek

2F F F 2F

Imej

u v

Page 91: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

inverted

same size with object

Image Formed By A Convex Lens For An Object At 2f , u = 2f

Image distance, v = 2f

real

2F F F 2F

Object

vu

Image

Page 92: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Light

Songsang

Sama saiz dengan objek

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Kanta Cembung Bagi Objek Di 2f, u = 2f

Jarak imej, v = 2f

Nyata

2F F F 2F

Objek

vu

Imej

Page 93: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

inverted

magnified

Image Formed By A Convex Lens For An Object Between f and 2f, f < u < 2f

Image distance, v > 2f

real

2F F F 2F

Object

u v

Image

Page 94: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Chapter 5 Light

Songsang

Lebih besar daripada objek

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Kanta Cembung Bagi Objek Di Antara f dan 2f, f < u < 2f

Jarak imej, v > 2f

Nyata

2F F F 2F

Objek

u v

Imej

Page 95: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

upright

magnified

Image Formed By A Convex Lens For An Object At f, u = f

Image distance, v at infinity

virtual

OObject

F F

To infinity

Page 96: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Tegak

Lebih besar daripada objek

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Kanta Cembung Bagi Objek Di F, u = f

Jarak imej, v di infiniti

Maya

OObjek

F F

Ke infiniti

Page 97: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding The Reflection Of Light

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

upright

magnified

Image Formed By A Convex Lens For An Object Between f And The Lens, u < f

Image distance, v > f

virtual

Image

F F

Object

u

v

Page 98: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Tegak

Lebih besar daripada objek

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Kanta Cembung Bagi Objek Di Antara F dan Kanta, u < f

Jarak imej, v > f

Maya

Imej

v

F F

Objek

u

Page 99: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Image formed by a concave lens is always

virtual uprightbetween the

object and the lens

smaller than the size if the object

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Image Formed By A Concave Lens

The characteristics of the image formed by a concave lens does not depend on the location of the object.

Object

O F Image

Page 100: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Imej yang dibentuk oleh kanta cekung sentiasa

Maya Tegak Di antara objek dan kanta

Lebih kecil daripada saiz

objek

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Imej yang Dibentuk Oleh Kanta Cekung

Ciri-ciri imej yang dibentuk oleh kanta cekung tidak bergantung kepada kedudukan objek.

Objek

O F Imej

Page 101: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Linear magnification, m =Height of image, hI

Height of object, hO

Linear magnification, m =Image distance, vObject distance, u

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Linear magnification is the ratio of the size of the image formed to the size of the object.

Linear Magnification

Object

ho

O2F F F 2FhI

I

vu

Page 102: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Pembesaran linear, m =Tinggi imej, hI

Tinggi objek, hO

Pembesaran linear, m =Jarak imej, vJarak objek, u

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Pembesaran linear ialah nisbah saiz imej ke saiz objek.

Pembesaran Linear

Objek

ho

O2F F F 2FhI

I

vu

Page 103: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

applicable for both convex lens and concave lens.

When using the lens equation for a convex lens, the focal length, f, takes a positive value.

When using the lens equation for a concave lens, the focal length, f, takes a negative value.

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

The Lens Equation

Lens equation shows the relationship between object distance, u, image distance, v, and the focal length of a lens, f.

= object distance= image distance= focal length

Where uvf

fvu111

Page 104: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Digunakan untuk kanta cembung dan kanta cekung.

Apabila persamaan kanta digunakan untuk kanta cembung, panjang fokus, f, mengambil nilai positif.

Apabila persamaan kanta digunakan untuk kanta cekung, panjang fokus, f, mengambil nilai negatif.

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Persamaan Kanta

Persamaan kanta menunjukkan hubungan antara jarak objek, u, jarak imej, v, dan panjang fokus kanta, f.

= jarak objek= jarak imej= panjang fokus

Di mana uvf

fvu111

Page 105: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Graph of v against uv

o u

S (2f, 2f)

v = u

Graph of uv against (u + v)uv

o (u + v)

gradient = f

Graph of v against mv

f

o m

gradient = f

Graph of u against l/m

gradient = f

ml

u

o

f

Graphical Analysis For Convex Lens

Page 106: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Graf v melawan uv

o u

S (2f, 2f)

v = u

Graf uv melawan (u + v)uv

o (u + v)

kecerunan= f

Graf v melawan mv

f

o m

kecerunan = f

Graf u melawan l/m

kecerunan = f

ml

u

o

f

Analisis Graf Bagi Kanta Cembung

Page 107: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Magnifying glass

Camera

Eyeglasses

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

Optical Devices

Page 108: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Kanta pembesar Cermin mata

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Alat – alat Optik

Kamera

Bukaan Filem

Kanta

Penutup

Page 109: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Body Tube

Revolving Nosepiece

Objectives

Stage Clips

Diaphragm

Light Source

Ocular Lens (Eyepiece)

Arm

Stage

Coarse Adjustment Knob

FineAdjustment Knob

Base

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

The Compound Microscope

How A Microscope Works

The object is placed between f0 and 2f0 in front of the objective lens.

The first image becomes the object for the eyepiece lens.

The first image is formed less than fe in front of the eyepiece lens so that the final image formed is virtual, magnified and at a distance of 25cm from eyepiece lens.

objective

eyepiececonstructionray

f0

f0 fe

D = 25 cm

h1

h2

object

u > f0

I2I1

Page 110: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Tiub badan

Pemutar kanta objektif

Kanta objektif

Klip pentas

Diafragma

Sumber cahaya

Kanta okular (Kanta mata)

Lengan

Pentas

Pelaras kasar

Pelaras halus

Tapak

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Mikroskop Majmuk

Bagaimana Mikroskop Berfungsi?

D = 25 cm

h1

h2

objek

u > f0

I2I1

Objek diletakkan di antara f0 dan 2f0 di hadapan kanta objek.

Imej yang pertama dibentuk oleh kanta objek bertindak sebagai objek bagi kanta mata.Imej yang pertama terbentuk kurang daripada fe di hadapan kanta mata supaya imej akhir yang terbentuk adalah maya, lebih besar daripada objek dan pada jarak 25 cm daripada kanta mata.

Kanta objek

Kanta mata Sinar pembentukan

f0

f0 fe

Page 111: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Understanding Lenses

ITeach – Physics From 4

Chapter 5 Light

The Astronomical Telescope

Eyepiecelens

Telescope tube

Light

Objective lens(convex)

construction rayeyepieceobjective

finalimageat infinity

Information

Page 112: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

Memahami Kanta

ITeach – Fizik Tingkatan 4

Bab 5 Cahaya

Teleskop Astronomi

Kanta mata

Tiub teleskop

Cahaya

Kanta objek(cembung)

Sinar pembentukan

Kanta mataKanta objek

Imej akhir di infinitiMaklumat

Page 113: chapter 5 - Understanding The Reflection Of Light

The End

i - Teach