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CHAPTER 5: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 5.1 Inverse Functions 5.2 Exponential Functions and Graphs 5.3 Logarithmic Functions and Graphs 5.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions 5.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 5.6 Applications and Models: Growth and Decay; and Compound Interest MAT 171 Precalculus Algebra Dr. Claude Moore Cape Fear Community College

CHAPTER 5: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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MAT 171 Precalculus Algebra D r. Claude Moore Cape Fear Community College. CHAPTER 5: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. 5.1 Inverse Functions 5 .2 Exponential Functions and Graphs 5.3 Logarithmic Functions and Graphs 5.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

CHAPTER 5: Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions

5.1 Inverse Functions5.2 Exponential Functions and Graphs5.3 Logarithmic Functions and Graphs5.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions5.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 5.6 Applications and Models: Growth and Decay; and Compound Interest

MAT 171 Precalculus AlgebraDr. Claude Moore

Cape Fear Community College

Page 2: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

5.1 Inverse Functions

· Determine whether a function is one-to-one, and if it is, find a formula for its inverse.· Simplify expressions of the type

and

Page 3: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

InversesWhen we go from an output of a function back to its input or inputs, we get an inverse relation. When that relation is a function, we have an inverse function.

Interchanging the first and second coordinates of each ordered pair in a relation produces the inverse relation.

Consider the relation h given as follows: h = {(-8, 5), (4, -2), (-7, 1), (3.8, 6.2)}.The inverse of the relation h is given as follows: {(5, -8), (-2, 4), (1, -7), (6.2, 3.8)}.

Inverse RelationInterchanging the first and second coordinates of each ordered pair in a relation produces the inverse relation.

Page 4: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

ExampleConsider the relation g given by g = {(2, 4), (–1, 3), (-2, 0)}.Graph the relation in blue. Find the inverse and graph it in red.

Solution: The relation g is shown in blue. The inverse of the relation is {(4, 2), (3, –1), (0, -2)} and is shown in red. The pairs in the inverse are reflections of the pairs in g across the line y = x.

Page 5: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Inverse Relation

If a relation is defined by an equation, interchanging the variables produces an equation of the inverse relation.

This graphing program will show the graph f(x) and trace its reflection about a straight line. http://cfcc.edu/mathlab/geogebra/function_reflection_line.html

Page 6: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Example

Find an equation for the inverse of the relation:y = x2 - 2x.

Solution: We interchange x and y and obtain an equation of the inverse:

x = y2 - 2y.

Graphs of a relation and its inverse are always reflections of each other across the line y = x.

Page 7: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Graphs of a Relation and Its InverseIf a relation is given by an equation, then the solutions of the inverse can be found from those of the original equation by interchanging the first and second coordinates of each ordered pair. Thus the graphs of a

relation and its inverse are always reflections of each other across the line y = x.

Page 8: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

One-to-One Functions

A function f is one-to-one if different inputs have different outputs – that is, if a ≠ b, then f (a) ≠ f (b).

Or a function f is one-to-one if when the outputs are the same, the inputs are the same – that is,

if f (a) = f (b), then a = b.

Page 9: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Inverses of Functions

If the inverse of a function f is also a function, it is named f -1 and read “f-inverse.”

The –1 in f -1 is not an exponent.

f -1 does not mean the reciprocal of f and f -1(x) can

not be equal to

Page 10: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

One-to-One Functions and Inverses

·If a function f is one-to-one, then its inverse f -1 is a function.

·The domain of a one-to-one function f is the range of the inverse f -1.

·The range of a one-to-one function f is the domain of the inverse

f -1.

·A function that is increasing over its domain or is decreasing over its domain is a one-to-one function.

Page 11: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Horizontal-Line TestIf it is possible for a horizontal line to intersect the graph of a function more than once, then the function is not one-to-one and its inverse is not a function.

inverse is not a functionnot a one-to-one function

Page 12: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Example

From the graph shown, determine whether each function is one-to-one and thus has an inverse that is a function.

No horizontal line intersects more than once: is one-to-one; inverse is a function.

Horizontal lines intersect more than once: not one-to-one; inverse is not a function.

Page 13: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

ExampleFrom the graph shown, determine whether each function is one-to-one and thus has an inverse that is a function.

No horizontal line intersects more than once: is one-to-one; inverse is a function

Horizontal lines intersect more than once: not one-to-one; inverse is not a function

Page 14: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Obtaining a Formula for an Inverse

If a function f is one-to-one, a formula for its inverse can generally be found as follows:1. Replace f (x) with y.2. Interchange x and y.3. Solve for y.4. Replace y with f -1(x).

IMPORTANT

Page 15: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Example

Determine whether the function f (x) = 2x - 3 is one-to-one, and if it is, find a formula for f -1(x).

Solution: The graph is that of a line and passes the horizontal-line test. Thus it is one-to-one and its inverse is a function. 1. Replace f (x) with y:

y = 2x - 3 2. Interchange x and y:

x = 2y - 3

3. Solve for y: x + 2 = 3y

4. Replace y with f -1(x):

Page 16: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

ExampleGraph

using the same set of axes. Then compare the two graphs.

Page 17: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Example (continued)

Solution: The solutions of the inverse function can be found from those of the original function by interchanging the first and second coordinates of each ordered pair.

Page 18: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Example (continued)

The graph f -1 is a reflection of the graph f across the line y = x.

Page 19: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Inverse Functions and Composition

If a function f is one-to-one, then f -1 is the unique function such that each of the following holds:

for each x in the domain of f, and

for each x in the domain of f -1.

Page 20: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

ExampleGiven that f (x) = 5x + 8, use composition of functions to show that

Solution:

Page 21: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Restricting a Domain

When the inverse of a function is not a function, the domain of the function can be restricted to allow the inverse to be a function. In such cases, it is convenient to consider “part” of the function by restricting the domain of f (x).Suppose we try to find a formula for the inverse of f (x) = x2.

This is not the equation of a function because an input of 4 would yield two outputs, - 2 and 2.

Page 22: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

Restricting a DomainHowever, if we restrict the domain of f (x) = x2 to nonnegative numbers, then its inverse is a function.

Page 23: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

389/4. Find the inverse of the relation: {(-1, 3), (2, 5), (-3, 5), (2, 0)}

Page 24: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

389/8. Find an equation of the inverse relation of y = 3x2 - 5x + 9.

Page 25: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

389/14. Graph the equation by substituting and plotting points. Then reflect the graph across the line y = x to obtain the graph of its inverse. x = -y + 4

Page 26: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

389/20. Given the function f, prove that f is one-to-one using the definition of a one-to-one function on p. 382.

f(x) = ∛x

Page 27: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

389/24. Given the function g, prove that g is not one-to-one using the definition of a one-to-one function on p. 382.

g(x) = 1 / x6

Page 28: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

390/__. Using the horizontal-line test, determine whether the function is one-to-one.

Page 29: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

390/40. Graph the function and determine whether the function is one-to-one using the horizontal-line test.

Page 30: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

390/42. Graph the function and determine whether the function is one-to-one using the horizontal-line test.

Page 31: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

390/52. Graph the function and its inverse using a graphing calculator. Use an inverse drawing feature, if available. Find the domain and the range of f and of f -1. f(x) = 3 - x2, x ≥ 0

Page 32: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

390/68. For the function: f(x) = 4x2 + 3, x ≥ 0a) Determine whether it is one-to-one.b) If the function is one-to-one, find a formula for the inverse.

Page 33: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

391/80. The graph represents a one-to-one function f. Sketch the graph of the inverse function f -1 on the same set of axes.

Page 34: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

391/88. For the function f , use composition of functions to show that f -1 is as given.

Page 35: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

391/94. Find the inverse of the given one-to-one function f. Give the domain and the range of f and of f -1 , and then graph both f and of f -1

on the same set of axes. f(x) = ∛(x) - 1

Page 36: CHAPTER 5:   Exponential and  Logarithmic Functions

392/101. Reaction Distance. Suppose you are driving a car when a deer suddenly darts across the road in front of you. During the time it takes you to step on the brake, the car travels a distance D, in feet, where D is a function of the speed r, in miles per hour, that the car is traveling when you see the deer. That reaction distance D is a linear function given by