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Chapter 40 Notes
Mr. Ferbert
The Cold War:Selected Topics
What was the Cold War?
• The indirect and undeclared war between the US and USSR from 1946-1990 over “opposite and “opposite and competing political and economic goals”competing political and economic goals”
• Most historians agree the Cold War began with Churchill's “Iron Curtain” speech on March 5, 1946 in Fulton Missouri
• Not once during the Cold War did the Soviet Union and US ever directly fight each other
• The Cold War defined US foreign policy for over 40 years and impacted every aspect of society
“Opposite & Competing Political and Economic Goals”
• USA• Democratic – elect government
officials• Multi-class society• Capitalistic economy – free
competition with private property rights
• Society free and open – speech/religion/assembly
• Political goals -Promote democracy by supporting anti-communist forces/govts around world
-Economic goals – find new markets to promote trade and access to cheap raw materials for manufacturing
CONTAIN COMMUNISM
• USSR• Communist – appointed party
officials• Classless “proletariat” worker
dominated society• Socialistic economy – collective
ownership of property and land• Closed & secretive society • Atheistic - ”Godless”• Political -Promote spread of
communism by supporting revolutions worldwide
• Economic goals – rebuild and expand control over bordering countries for access to trade & cheap raw materials/protection
SPREAD COMMUNISM
US Cold War Foreign Policy:Containment of Communism
• First made public by President Truman in the Truman Truman Doctrine SpeechDoctrine Speech (March 12, 1947)
• Created by US Soviet specialist George F. KennanGeorge F. Kennan
• Its goal was to remove any opportunities for the USSR to establish Communist governments around the world
• Based on a belief in the Domino Domino Theory of CommunismTheory of Communism – that if one country became communist other countries around it would also fall under communist control, falling like a row of dominoes.
Containment Policy: Truman Doctrine
• President Truman went before Congress on March 12, 1947 and requested $400 million to support Greece and Turkey in their fight against communist guerrillas trying to overthrow their governments.
• His speech established the “containment policy” and “domino theory”– Greece and Turkey being the first dominoes we needed to stop from falling to communism
• From 1947 until the end of the Vietnam War (1973) the U.S. actively engaged communist threats anywhere in the world to contain the spread of communism and promote democracy.
Containment Policy ( Truman Doctrine):How and Where Applied?
• First applied in Greece and Turkey (as result of Truman Doctrine Speech)
• Other Applications:• Western Europe (Marshall
Plan)• Germany (Berlin Airlift)• Creation of NATO• South Korea (Korean War)• South Vietnam (Vietnam
War)• Middle East (Eisenhower
Doctrine)
This Russian cartoon shows the Greeks being helped by Uncle Sam.Notice the $ sign on the gun – Symbolizing the $400 million in aid From the Truman Doctrine
Containment Policy: Marshall Plan
• Following WW II most of Europe was in ruins - Millions of refugees roamed the continent, governments were in chaos, economies remained in ruin. Many Western European’s considered communism as way to end their suffering.
• As a result of the Marshall Plan $13.5 billion was given to16 countries. With this $$ European countries purchase U.S. goods and machinery helping to fuel the US economy
• The USSR (and its satellite counties) refused Marshall aid – seeing as an attempt of the US to extend its influence in Europe
Containment Policy: Berlin Airlift
• Following World War II, Germany was divided into four zones of occupation -- Soviet, British, French and American.
• Berlin (located inside the Soviet zone) was also divided into four occupation zones
• Moscow said because Berlin was located in the Soviet zone it "economically formed a part of it."
• On June 24, 1948, West Berlin wakes to find itself under a Soviet blockade. The Soviets hope to starve the West out of Berlin. After 11 months the blockade was lifted.
• This was the first major This was the first major confrontation of the Cold War.confrontation of the Cold War.
A divided Germany
A divided Berlin
Containment Policy: NATO• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) originated as a defensive military alliance established in 1949 by the US and 11of its Western European allies.
• It was created as an alliance against the threat of communism, the Soviet Union and its satellite countries (Eastern European countries under Soviet control)
• In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. The NATO countries, fearing that the Soviet Union's motive was to weaken the alliance, rejected this proposal.
• The USSR created the Warsaw Pact in response to NATO
Containment Policy: China• For 20 years there was a civil war in China
• The US supported the nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek
• The American public supported Chiang because of the Nationalists support and determination during WWII against Japan
• However, Chiang’s government was inefficient and corrupt. His policies undermined the support for the Nationalist government
• The Communist were led by Mao Zedong and gained support by encouraging reading and food production. They had the support of the peasants
Containment Policy: China• From 1944-1947, the US tried to keep the
peace between the Nationalists and Communist.
• At the same time they sent $2 billion in aid to the Nationalists
• The aid was not enough and in 1949, Chiang and his supporters fled to the island of Taiwan
• The US did not recognize the communist government of the People’s Republic of China
• The American public was upset and conservatives blamed the Truman administration and the Democrats for not giving enough aid
• The Democrats blamed the internal government.
Containment Policy: Korean War• The Korean War (1950-1953)
resulted from border clashes between Northern Korea (supported by USSR) and Southern Korea (supported by the US) after it was divided at the end of WW II
• It was never a declared war, instead called a “Police Action”
• United Nations forces (90% of them US and controlled by US General Macarthur)fought North Korean troops and later Chinese troops (supported by the USSR)
• When the war was over the country was divided (and still is) at the 38th parallel
Containment Policy: Korean War• After WWII, Korea was
divided at the 38th parallel establishing two countries: North Korea (communist) and South Korea (Democracy)
• Soon after WWII the US cut its forces in Korea and by June of 1949 there were only around 500 troops in South Korea
• The USSR concluded that the US would not defend the South
Containment Policy: Korean War• On June 25, 1949 the North Korean troops
came across the 38th parallel and within a few days they were deep into the South
• South Korea went to the UN Security Council to ask for help. The USSR was boycotting the UN, so the vote was passed
• On June 27th Truman sent troops from Japan to help
• In all, 16 nations and 520,000 troops were sent to Korea. 90% were American
Containment Policy: Korean War• At first the North Koreans seemed
unstoppable, but the UN troops led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur were able to push the North Koreans back to the 38th parallel
• Soon the US troops were close to the Chinese border and it appeared that Korea would be united again.
• However, the Chinese wanted North Korea as a buffer state and sent 300,000 troops to fight the Americans
• The Chinese outnumbered the Americans 10 to 1 and pushed the Americans southward and captured the capital Seoul
Troops serving in theater
Service Number
% of Tota
l
Hostile Deaths
% of Total
ARMY 1,153,000
64% 27,731 82%
NAVY 265,000
15% 506 1%
AIR FORCE
241,000
14% 1,238 4%
MARINES
130,000
7% 4,266 13%
Totals 1,789,000
- 33,741 -
Containment Policy: Korean War• For two years the sides fought to gain a
strategic location of the hills of Korea
• Neither side was successful and MacArthur called for an invasion of China
• Truman said no because China and the USSR had an agreement.
• Fighting with China meant a war with the USSR
• Instead of fighting with China, the US was able to push the North Korean and Chinese troops northward back to the 38th parallel
• By July 1953, an armistice was signed by both sides
Race for the H-Bomb• Scientists who developed
the atomic bomb knew that a more destructive hydrogen bomb or H-Bomb could be created
• The US and USSR entered a race to be the first country to create the H-Bomb
• The US won in 1952, but less then a year later the USSR developed one
Containment Policy:Eisenhower Doctrine
• Became US foreign policy after a speech to Congress in 1957
• The doctrine stated that the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States.
• Furthermore, countries opposed to communism would be given aid in various forms.
• It was a continuation of the containment policy and a response to threat of growing Soviet power throughout the world
• First applied in Middle East as Soviets attempt to use Suez Canal to possibly invade Egypt
Containment Policy:Eisenhower Doctrine
• The Eisenhower plan was engineered by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
• The willingness of the Eisenhower to go to the edge of all out war became known as brinkmanship
• Under this policy, the US trimmed its army and navy, but expanded its air force (because it could drop bombs).
• The USSR followed.
Containment Policy:Covert Operations
• The Eisenhower government started to rely on the CIA for information
• Iran: In 1953, the CIA provided money to anti-government supporters. This allowed for the Shah of Iran to come back and allow western oil companies to come in
• Guatemala: In 1954, the CIA trained an army that over threw the government because the US thought it was a pro-communist government. The army leader became the dictator
Containment Policy:The Suez Canal
• In 1955, Great Britain and the US offered to help Egypt finance a dam on the Suez Canal
• The head of Egypt’s government, Gamal Abdei-Nassar, tried to get more money by talking to both the US and the Soviets against each other
• The US took away its financing when it found out that Egypt was working with the Soviets
Containment Policy:The Suez Canal
• Egypt then nationalized the canal even though it was owned by companies from Great Britain and France
• It effected Israel because Egypt stopped allowing ships through the canal that were headed to Israel
• Great Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt and took control of the Mediterranean side of the canal
• The UN stepped in to stop the fighting and gave the canal to Egypt
Containment Policy:The Hungarian Uprisings
• In 1956, the Hungarian people revolted against the Soviet Union and called for a democratic government
• In November 1956, Soviet troops came in to Hungary and killed 30,000 people
• The pro-democracy government was replaced by a Soviet government
• Although the Truman doctrine said that the US would help governments, they did nothing.
• The UN did not help either. The Soviets vetoed anything that would help the Hungarians.
Containment Policy: The Space Race
• After Stalin’s death in 1953, there was a new leader in the USSR Nikita Khrushchev
• Khrushchev believed that communism would take over the world, but believed in a peaceful coexistence with the US
• The two countries would compete economically and scientifically
Containment Policy: The Space Race
• There was a race by both the US and Soviet Union to get to space
• The USSR took an early led by sending the satellite Sputnik into space
• Sputnik travelled around the globe every 96 minutes
• The US was shocked and starting putting money into their space program
• The first attempt was a failure, but in January 31, 1958 they launched their satellite
Containment Policy: The U-2 Incident
• After the “open-skies” proposal was turned down in the Geneva Conference the CIA began making high-altitude flights over Soviet territory
• These planes were called U-2s and some government officials were nervous because the US press knew about them and the USSR knew about them
• Eisenhower wanted to stop the flights, but was convinced to have one more flight.
Containment Policy: The U-2 Incident
• On May 1, 1960 Francis Gary Powers was flying over the USSR and was shot down.
• He was captured by the Soviets and sentenced to 10 years in a Soviet prison
• Eisenhower first denied that they were spying, but finally had to admit to Khrushchev that they were
• He had to apologize and Khrushchev called off their summit.
• The 1960s opened with great tension between the two countries.
Containment Policy: Vietnam War
• US military involvement in Vietnam began in 1956 and ended in 1975 when the capital of South Vietnam (Saigon) was taken over the North
• It was a war between the communist North Vietnam and the Vietcong (supported by China and the USSR) and the democratic South Vietnam, supported by US military forces
• First official US Combat troops land in 1965
• Involved brutal guerrilla warfare
Containment Policy: Bay of Pigs (Secret Invasion of Cuba)
• Between 1956 and 1959, Fidel Castro led a revolt in Cuba
• He had said he was going to create a democracy, but when he seized oil fields from the US and GB, relations cooled
• He also broke sugar farms into communes.
• Americans owned 75% of the sugar farms
• The US put a trade barrier against Cuban sugar
• Many Cubans left Cuba and came to Miami
• In March of 1960, Eisenhower told the CIA they could train Cuban exiles
Containment Policy: Bay of Pigs (Secret Invasion of Cuba)
• April 1961 failed secret invasion of Cuba by 1,500 armed Cuban exiles and CIA agents in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro’s communist govt.
• Planned by President Eisenhower and carried out by the CIA under President Kennedy’s orders
• Troops landed shortly after midnight in the Bay of Pigs with support by US bombers disguised as Cuban planes
• Kennedy refused to send troops to help the force – wanted to keep the invasion a secret
• Resulted in a further deterioration of US-Cuba relations and a public embarrassment for the newly elected President Kennedy
Containment Policy:Cuban Missile Crisis
• In October of 1962, the US and USSR were on the brink of all out nuclear war
• The Soviets had installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of the United States.
• U.S. armed forces were at their highest state of readiness.
• Soviet field commanders in Cuba were authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if US invaded
• US quarantined Cuba to prevent further Soviet support War was averted when the Soviets agreed to dismantle the missiles in Cuba in exchange for a no invasion agreement and a secret removal of US missiles in Turkey.
Containment Policy: The Berlin Crisis
• In 1961, Berlin was in crisis, almost 3 million East Germans (20% of East Germany's population) fled to West Berlin and spoke about the economic problems there
• Their departure weakened the East German economy
• In June of 1961, Khrushchev and JFK met in Vienna Austria where Khrushchev threatened to close off access to West Berlin
• JFK refused to give up US access to West Berlin
• Khrushchev threatened war, but instead built the Berlin Wall
• The wall became a symbol of communist oppression
Examples of Containment at Home
• Dramatic increase of defense spending
(As requested by the National Security Council in NSC 68)
• Creation of CIA and other increased national security measures
• Peacetime Draft began in 1948
• Truman Loyalty Program
Cold War Rearmament: The National Security Act
• Led to restructuring of the armed services
• Led to dramatic increase in military spending(4x increase) and federal taxes
• Created the Dept. of Defense and building of the Pentagon
• Created position of Secretary of Defense (eliminated Sec. of War)
• Created the Joint Chiefs of Staff – the uniformed heads of each armed srvc
Cold War Rearmament: The National Security Act
• Led to a more efficiently managed military – a necessity due to the its increased size during the Cold War
• Created the NSC (National Security Council) to advise the president on national security matters
• Created the CIA to coordinate fact finding and covert operations overseas
Other Cold War Rearmament Steps Taken . . .
• The “Voice of America” began pro-democratic radio broads behind the Iron Curtain in 1948
• NATO was created in Washington in 1949 as a defensive alliance against potential Soviet aggression Western Europe• Originally included 12 nations• HISTORIC PEACETIME
ALLIANCE - Tradition of isolationism dead!!!
The Red Scare – Fighting Communism at Home - CAUSES• 1950-1955 fear of communism
intensified in the US • CAUSED BY . . .• Growth of US Communist party
during the depression• Truman Doctrine speech “scared
the hell” out of many people• The CIA’s discovery of over 200
suspected Communists working in the government (1947 Federal Loyalty Program)
• The “Fall of China” to Communism in 1949 – most populated country
The Red Scare – CAUSES
• The invasion of South Korea by the North in 1950
• Success of the USSR atomic weapons program• 1949 – 1st A-bomb• 1953 - 1st H-bomb
• Popular culture fed the hysteria to make • $$Magazines, tv, comic
books, music, radio, movies
The Red Scare – CAUSES
• H.U.A.C.’s (House Un-American Activities Committee) high profile probe into Communists in Hollywood
• The televised McCarthy hearings & investigation into Communists in the govt. and military
• High profile spy cases• Alger Hiss• The Rosenberg's
The Red Scare – EFFECTS
• Paranoia, fear, unfounded suspicion and wild accusations
• “Guilt by Association”• Free speech suffered – it
became dangerous and in some cases illegal to criticize the government
• Peoples lives and careers were ruined
• People were unfairly “Blacklisted” – Hollywood 10
United Nations
• 1945 – Delegates first meet in San Francisco• Designed to maintain
international peace and security and encourage cooperation in solving international social, economic, and cultural problems
• Origins:• League of Nations
(WW I)• Atlantic Charter
(WW II)
United Nations: Two Central Agencies
• THE SECURITY COUNCIL
• Primary responsibility – to preserve peace
• 15 total members• 5 permanent “Great
Power” members (US, Russia, China, GB, France)
• Each has veto power• Must have unanimous vote
to take UN action
United Nations: Two Central Agencies
• THE SECURITY COUNCIL
• 10 rotating members –each with a two year term
• Selected from the General Assembly
United Nations: Two Central Agencies
• GENERAL ASSEMBLY:• Includes delegates from every
member nation (2005 – 191 total members – including the Security Council)
• A deliberative body – purpose is to debate issues within the UN charter
• Each member has = vote• Prepares budget, elects
members to new agencies, makes recommendations to the Security Council
