Chapter 4: The Exchange Chapter 4: The Exchange of Ideasof Ideas

1. Why was Galileo brought before 1. Why was Galileo brought before a jury? What was his “crime?”a jury? What was his “crime?”

He was charged with heresy (crimes He was charged with heresy (crimes against the church). against the church).

He was charged with this crime because He was charged with this crime because he stated that the Sun was at the center of he stated that the Sun was at the center of the universe, instead of the Earth (which the universe, instead of the Earth (which the Church believed).the Church believed).

He eventually changed his statement, and He eventually changed his statement, and was sentenced to house arrest for the rest was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life.of his life.

How did attitudes toward science How did attitudes toward science change during the Renaissance? change during the Renaissance?

People started to learn things through People started to learn things through experiments and observation, instead of experiments and observation, instead of just reading about it.just reading about it.

People also read more and different kinds People also read more and different kinds of texts. of texts.

The new way of learning was called the The new way of learning was called the “Scientific Method”“Scientific Method”

What did people do to learn before What did people do to learn before and at the early beginning of the and at the early beginning of the

Renaissance?Renaissance?People would read books by classical People would read books by classical

authors from ancient civilizations.authors from ancient civilizations.People weren’t really encouraged to ask People weren’t really encouraged to ask

questions or do to experiments. questions or do to experiments.

Describe the Scientific Method:Describe the Scientific Method:

1. Identify the problem or question1. Identify the problem or question2. Gather information on the problem.2. Gather information on the problem.3. Form a hypothesis or an educated 3. Form a hypothesis or an educated

guess.guess.4. Experiment to test the hypothesis.4. Experiment to test the hypothesis.5. Record and analyze data.5. Record and analyze data.6. State a conclusion.6. State a conclusion.7.Repeat the steps!7.Repeat the steps!

When it came to Astronomy, what When it came to Astronomy, what was the major belief before the was the major belief before the

Renaissance when it came to the Renaissance when it came to the sun?sun?

People believed that the sun rotated People believed that the sun rotated around the Earth, and that God placed the around the Earth, and that God placed the Earth at the centre of the universe. Earth at the centre of the universe.

Name Three Significant Name Three Significant Astronomers and their discoveries.Astronomers and their discoveries.

1. Copernicus—Discovered that Earth is a 1. Copernicus—Discovered that Earth is a planet that moves around the Sun. planet that moves around the Sun.

2. Galileo—Confirmed Copernicus’s idea 2. Galileo—Confirmed Copernicus’s idea of a Sun-centered universe. He saw of a Sun-centered universe. He saw evidence through use of a telescope he evidence through use of a telescope he developed.developed.

Kepler—Concluded that planets travelled Kepler—Concluded that planets travelled in an elliptical orbit, not a perfect circle as in an elliptical orbit, not a perfect circle as Copernicus believed.Copernicus believed.

During the Renaissance, which During the Renaissance, which people played an important role in people played an important role in

treating sick people?treating sick people?

Midwives and others with knowledge of Midwives and others with knowledge of traditional and herbal remedies played an traditional and herbal remedies played an important role.important role.

Doctors and Scientists also were Doctors and Scientists also were important, and made many medical important, and made many medical discoveries that helped people.discoveries that helped people.

What medical procedure was made What medical procedure was made legal for the purpose of studying legal for the purpose of studying

anatomy?anatomy?

The process of dissection was made legal The process of dissection was made legal in many Italian cities, for the purpose of in many Italian cities, for the purpose of study.study.

Professors dissected human bodies with Professors dissected human bodies with students watching, and used their findings students watching, and used their findings to make detailed illustrations of human to make detailed illustrations of human bodies.bodies.

This was important to learn how the This was important to learn how the human body worked, and how to heal it.human body worked, and how to heal it.

What advances in Mathematics What advances in Mathematics were made during the were made during the

Renaissance?Renaissance?

Mathematics were viewed as a basic tool Mathematics were viewed as a basic tool for understanding the universe.for understanding the universe.

Geometry and algebra were more Geometry and algebra were more commonly used.commonly used.

Two important mathematicians: al-Two important mathematicians: al-Khwarizmi (algebra) and Euclid (geometry) Khwarizmi (algebra) and Euclid (geometry) both came up with new ideas and theories both came up with new ideas and theories in math.in math.

What is Perspective? How was it What is Perspective? How was it used for architecture? used for architecture?

Perspective is a technique of Perspective is a technique of representing objects in paintings as representing objects in paintings as they appear to the human eye.they appear to the human eye.

Brunelleschi used perspective Brunelleschi used perspective drawings to show how the buildings drawings to show how the buildings he was planning would look when he was planning would look when they were finished.they were finished.

What other group started to use What other group started to use mathematics in their work? mathematics in their work?

Artists and sculptors used Artists and sculptors used mathematics in their works to make mathematics in their works to make them look more accurate. Also them look more accurate. Also engineers, architects, and musicians.engineers, architects, and musicians.

Who was Isabella D’Este?Who was Isabella D’Este?

She was married to the Duke of Mantua.She was married to the Duke of Mantua.She was an upper class person, and She was an upper class person, and

received a classical education as a girl. received a classical education as a girl. Her brilliant mind was admired.Her brilliant mind was admired.

She was “the first lady of the world,” and She was “the first lady of the world,” and ruled well by keeping in touch with her ruled well by keeping in touch with her husband, and by continuing her learning.husband, and by continuing her learning.

How did Niccolo Machiavelli come How did Niccolo Machiavelli come up with his ideas?up with his ideas?

He wrote a book called He wrote a book called The PrinceThe Prince..He observed people and governments, He observed people and governments,

which led him to new ways of thinking which led him to new ways of thinking about leadership and power.about leadership and power.

His book became one of the most His book became one of the most controversial books about politics that has controversial books about politics that has ever been written.ever been written.

What did Machiavelli believe was What did Machiavelli believe was the only thing that mattered? the only thing that mattered?

He believed that the only thing that He believed that the only thing that mattered was the effective running of the mattered was the effective running of the state, and that the end was what counts.state, and that the end was what counts.

A leader could do anything as long as the A leader could do anything as long as the state was doing well.state was doing well.

The ideas of right and wrong were not The ideas of right and wrong were not important.important.

He did not believe that religion should be He did not believe that religion should be part of government.part of government.

What is allegory? How IS allegory What is allegory? How IS allegory used in Renaissance art?used in Renaissance art?

A work in which a character or events are A work in which a character or events are meant to be understood as representing meant to be understood as representing other things and symbolically expressing a other things and symbolically expressing a deeper moral, spiritual, or political deeper moral, spiritual, or political meaning.meaning.

The use of symbols or symbolism.The use of symbols or symbolism.This was used in Renaissance art often, This was used in Renaissance art often,

especially as many people could not read, especially as many people could not read, but could understand the symbols.but could understand the symbols.

What three actions did leaders of What three actions did leaders of the Catholic Church do that were the Catholic Church do that were

not appropriate?not appropriate?

Some church leaders spent the Some church leaders spent the Church’s money on themselves.Church’s money on themselves.

They took advantage of their authority They took advantage of their authority to gain power and money for to gain power and money for themselves, and for their families.themselves, and for their families.

Some bishops and cardinals “bought” Some bishops and cardinals “bought” their titles.their titles.

Who was Girolamo Savonarola? Who was Girolamo Savonarola? What did he do to fight church What did he do to fight church

corruption?corruption?He was a monk who belonged to the He was a monk who belonged to the

Dominican Order (Italy).Dominican Order (Italy).He dedicated his life to fighting corruption He dedicated his life to fighting corruption

in the church.in the church.He preached sermons that accused He preached sermons that accused

important church figures of corruption.important church figures of corruption.Bonfire of the vanities—people Bonfire of the vanities—people

encouraged to burn books, wigs, make-up, encouraged to burn books, wigs, make-up, fancy clothing, and art.fancy clothing, and art.

What happened to Savonarola?What happened to Savonarola?

He was excommunicated by the pope He was excommunicated by the pope (not allowed to practice religion).(not allowed to practice religion).

In 1498, he was tried for heresy, In 1498, he was tried for heresy, found guilty, and executed.found guilty, and executed.

Who was Martin Luther? What did Who was Martin Luther? What did he do to fight corruption in the he do to fight corruption in the

church?church?

He was a German monk.He was a German monk.He started studying the bible for himself He started studying the bible for himself

and decided that the bible should be and decided that the bible should be important for religion, not the church.important for religion, not the church.

He didn’t like the church selling He didn’t like the church selling indulgencesindulgences, which were certificates that , which were certificates that people bought to reduce their punishment people bought to reduce their punishment for sins after death.for sins after death.

What were the Ninety-Five Theses What were the Ninety-Five Theses and how did he make them public?and how did he make them public?They were his criticisms of the They were his criticisms of the

church’s selling of indulgences.church’s selling of indulgences.He nailed these on a church door, He nailed these on a church door,

then had them published.then had them published.

What happened to Martin Luther?What happened to Martin Luther?

He was excommunicated, declared He was excommunicated, declared an outlaw who could be killed, and an outlaw who could be killed, and went into hiding.went into hiding.

The pope issued a “bull” (order) that The pope issued a “bull” (order) that pretty much said that Luther’s works pretty much said that Luther’s works were banned.were banned.

What was the Protestant What was the Protestant Reformation? Whose ideas Reformation? Whose ideas

triggered this event?triggered this event? It was a revolution that changed how the It was a revolution that changed how the

church was run. church was run. A new church was started in Northern A new church was started in Northern

Europe—the Lutheran church.Europe—the Lutheran church.Luther’s ideas triggered this, and his Luther’s ideas triggered this, and his

followers were called followers were called ProtestantsProtestants because because they “protested” the church’s corrupt they “protested” the church’s corrupt policies.policies.

What did the Church do as a What did the Church do as a “counter reformation”“counter reformation”

The Catholic Church lost many of its The Catholic Church lost many of its members due to the Protestant members due to the Protestant Reformation. Reformation.

There were meetings called by the Pope There were meetings called by the Pope to clean things up. (The Council of to clean things up. (The Council of Trent).Trent).

As a result, corruption was removed and As a result, corruption was removed and priests were given better education.priests were given better education.

Where did thinkers and scholars Where did thinkers and scholars start to gather to share ideas?start to gather to share ideas?

They gathered at universities all over They gathered at universities all over Europe to share their ideas with each Europe to share their ideas with each other and with students. other and with students.

How did famous Renaissance scientists, How did famous Renaissance scientists, artists, and thinkers spread their ideas artists, and thinkers spread their ideas

around Europe? What did they do?around Europe? What did they do?These people were viewed as These people were viewed as

“celebrities” at this time. “celebrities” at this time. They were in demand in courts and They were in demand in courts and

universities everywhere, so they universities everywhere, so they travelled a lot to share their ideas and travelled a lot to share their ideas and knowledge. knowledge.

They visited universities and taught They visited universities and taught classes, and went to royal courts and classes, and went to royal courts and shared knowledge.shared knowledge.

What new technology created new way to What new technology created new way to spread ideas and knowledge? spread ideas and knowledge?

The printing press was a revolutionary The printing press was a revolutionary new technology that helped to spread new technology that helped to spread ideas and knowledge. ideas and knowledge.

It allowed more books to be created It allowed more books to be created and also allowed books to be written in and also allowed books to be written in the vernacular (common) language.the vernacular (common) language.

Who invented this technology? Why Who invented this technology? Why was it a better way than the old way of was it a better way than the old way of

doing things? doing things?

Johannes Gutenberg invented the Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1450 (he was from printing press in 1450 (he was from Germany).Germany).

The printing press allowed books to be The printing press allowed books to be produced quickly and cheaply, which produced quickly and cheaply, which made them much more available to made them much more available to people.people.

Describe below three ways that Describe below three ways that books helped with the spread of books helped with the spread of

knowledge and ideas.knowledge and ideas.They became cheaper and more They became cheaper and more

accessible with the printing press, accessible with the printing press, leading more people to read and write.leading more people to read and write.

More books, including the Bible, were More books, including the Bible, were printed in the vernacular (the language printed in the vernacular (the language that ordinary people spoke). that ordinary people spoke).

Thinkers like Erasmus made money Thinkers like Erasmus made money from the books they wrote. Allowing from the books they wrote. Allowing them to travel and spread more ideas.them to travel and spread more ideas.

How did the increase of printed books How did the increase of printed books affect rates of literacy in Europe?affect rates of literacy in Europe?

As a result of the increase of books and As a result of the increase of books and their being printed in the vernacular their being printed in the vernacular languages of people, literacy rates went languages of people, literacy rates went up a lot. up a lot.

More and more people were reading More and more people were reading books on a regular basis.books on a regular basis.

Who was Michel de Montaigne? What Who was Michel de Montaigne? What type of writing did he create that is still type of writing did he create that is still

used today?used today?

He was a Renaissance thinker and He was a Renaissance thinker and French writer. He wrote a book called French writer. He wrote a book called Les EssaisLes Essais ( (EssaysEssays), in which he ), in which he invented a new way to write: the essay. invented a new way to write: the essay.

In his writings, he explored many ideas, In his writings, he explored many ideas, including how to educate children.including how to educate children.

We still use this form of writing in We still use this form of writing in school today. school today.

What role do books have in our What role do books have in our lives today?lives today?

Books and the printed word have a very Books and the printed word have a very big role in our lives today. big role in our lives today.

We read textbooks, newspapers, We read textbooks, newspapers, magazines, stories, signs and even magazines, stories, signs and even things like e-mail and text messaging. things like e-mail and text messaging.

We are required to read on a frequent We are required to read on a frequent basis.basis.

What other technology has helped to What other technology has helped to spread ideas in our modern-day spread ideas in our modern-day

society?society?

Our society uses books in order to Our society uses books in order to record and record and disseminatedisseminate (spread) (spread) information. information.

However, newer technologies such as However, newer technologies such as the internet have started to be widely the internet have started to be widely used as a means to record, use, and used as a means to record, use, and spread ideas and information. spread ideas and information.