Chapter 4:Chapter 4:

Social Interaction – the ways that people interact with one another

Macrosociology – Analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists Large-Scale Features of Social Life

Microsociology – Analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic integrationists Focus on Social Interaction

Sociological Significance of Social Structure Social Structure – the framework that surrounds

us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior

Guides Our Behavior Behavior Decided by Location in Social Structure Culture Social Class – according to Weber, a large group

of people who rank close to one another in wealth, prestige, and power; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor.

Social Class Divides People by… Income Education Occupational Prestige Social Status – the position that someone

occupies in society or in a social group

Status Set – all the statuses or positions that an individual can occupy

Ascribed statuses – positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

Sex Race-ethnicity

Achieved Statuses – positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual’s part

Status Symbols – items used to identify a status

Master Status – a status that cuts across all other statuses that an individual occupies

Status inconsistency - ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called Status Discrepancy

Examples: a 14 year old college student…..or a 40 year old married woman who is dating a 19 year old college sophomore

Role – the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status The difference between a role and a

status.. Occupy Status Play Role

Group – people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a Social Group

Sociological Significance of Social Institutions

Social Institutions – the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs Ten Social Institutions in Industrialized

Societies See page 105

Mass Media as an Emerging Social Institution Media is starting to shape public opinion

Functionalist Perspective Functional Requisites – the major tasks that a

society must fulfill if it is to survive Replacing members, Socializing new members,

producing and distributing goods and services, Preserving order, providing a sense of purpose

Conflict Perspective Powerful Groups Control Institutions Small Groups Garner Lion’s Share of

Wealth Social Institutions Affect Gender Relations Main Purpose is to Preserve Social Order

What Holds Society Together? Social Integration: the degree to which

members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Mechanical Solidarity: Durkheim’s term for the

unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

Organic Solidarity: Durkheim’s term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs

Division of labor: the splitting of a group’s or a society’s tasks into specialties

Gemeinschaft: a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness Ex. Amish Communities (see page 109)

Gesellschaft: a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest Ex. United States

Stereotypes: assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false Classify Others By Visible Characteristics Ideas About Characteristics Guide Our

Behavior

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Personal Space Intimate Distance, Personal Distance, Social Distance, Public

Distance

Touching

Eye Contact

Applied Body Language

TSA using this to fight terrorism (reading facial expressions, looking for nervousness, ect.)

Body Language: The ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others, much of which is done subconsciously

Dramaturgy: an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis

Impression Management: people’s efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

Front stage: where performances are given Back stage: where people rest from their

performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances

Role Performance: The ways in which someone performs a role, showing a particular “style” or “personality”

Role Conflict: conflicts that someone else feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role

Role Strain: Conflicts that someone feels within a role

Sign Vehicles: the term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self

Teamwork: the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly

Face saving behavior: techniques used to salvage a performance that is going sour

We become the roles we play.

Ethnomethodology: The study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life

Background Assumptions: deeply embedded common understandings of how the world operates and how people ought to act

Harold Garfinkle experiments page 118

Thomas Theorem: William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas’ classic formulation of the definition of the situation: “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

Social Construct of Reality: the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real