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CHAPTER 4 : REPRODUCTION 4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction�4.2 : The Male Reproductive System �4.3 : The Female Reproductive System�4.4 : The Menstrual Cycle �4.5 : Fertilization & Pregnancy�4.6 : Prenatal Care �4.7 : Research in Human Reproduction�4.8 : The Reproductive System in Flowering Plants �4.9 : Pollination�4.10 : The Development of Fruit & Seeds �4.11 : Germination of Seeds �4.12 : Vegetative Reproduction in Flowering Plants �
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Reproduction : Sexual & Asexual
• Reproduction : – A process which takes
place in all living things – Ability to produce 1 or
more new individuals with the same characteristics as the parents
• It is important as to ensure the living things will not extinct
• Two types of reproduction methods : Sexual & Asexual
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Reproduction : Sexual & Asexual
• Sexual Reproduction: – New individual is
formed from the fusion (combination) of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell) to form a zygote
– Examples : human, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, earthworms and flowering plants
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction: – Formation of new
individual without using gametes
– Involves ONLY ONE parent plant or animal
– Does NOT involve fusion of gametes
– Produces new individuals with similar characteristics as the parent.
Reproduction : Sexual & Asexual
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Types of Asexual Reproduction
• Is usually carried out by lower classes of animals eg. Amoeba, hydra, non-flowering plants (ferns, mosses, fungi)
• Several methods : – Binary fission – Budding – Spore formation – Vegetative
Reproduction – Regeneration
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission
Amoeba
Paramecium
Bacteria
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Budding
Hydra
Yeast
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Spore formation
Bread Mould Mushroom Spore
Mosses Spores in Ferns
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction
Ginger
Potato
Onion
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Regeneration
Planaria
Starfish
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Fertilization in Animals
• Fertilization : Fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (ovum) to form a zygote
• Sperms are formed in testis (plural : testes)
• Egg cells/Ovum are formed in ovary
• Zygote grows by cell division
4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Fertilization in Animals
• Animals that have both testis & ovary are called hermaphrodites
• 2 types : – Internal fertilization – External fertilization