CHAPTER 4 : REPRODUCTION 4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction�4.2 : The Male Reproductive System �4.3 : The Female Reproductive System�4.4 : The Menstrual Cycle �4.5 : Fertilization & Pregnancy�4.6 : Prenatal Care �4.7 : Research in Human Reproduction�4.8 : The Reproductive System in Flowering Plants �4.9 : Pollination�4.10 : The Development of Fruit & Seeds �4.11 : Germination of Seeds �4.12 : Vegetative Reproduction in Flowering Plants �

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Reproduction : Sexual & Asexual

•  Reproduction : –  A process which takes

place in all living things –  Ability to produce 1 or

more new individuals with the same characteristics as the parents

•  It is important as to ensure the living things will not extinct

•  Two types of reproduction methods : Sexual & Asexual

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Reproduction : Sexual & Asexual

•  Sexual Reproduction: – New individual is

formed from the fusion (combination) of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell) to form a zygote

– Examples : human, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, earthworms and flowering plants

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction

•  Asexual Reproduction: –  Formation of new

individual without using gametes

–  Involves ONLY ONE parent plant or animal

– Does NOT involve fusion of gametes

– Produces new individuals with similar characteristics as the parent.

Reproduction : Sexual & Asexual

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Types of Asexual Reproduction

•  Is usually carried out by lower classes of animals eg. Amoeba, hydra, non-flowering plants (ferns, mosses, fungi)

•  Several methods : –  Binary fission –  Budding –  Spore formation –  Vegetative

Reproduction –  Regeneration

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission

Amoeba

Paramecium

Bacteria

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Budding

Hydra

Yeast

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Spore formation

Bread Mould Mushroom Spore

Mosses Spores in Ferns

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction

Ginger

Potato

Onion

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Regeneration

Planaria

Starfish

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Fertilization in Animals

•  Fertilization : Fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (ovum) to form a zygote

•  Sperms are formed in testis (plural : testes)

•  Egg cells/Ovum are formed in ovary

•  Zygote grows by cell division

4.1 : Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Fertilization in Animals

•  Animals that have both testis & ovary are called hermaphrodites

•  2 types : –  Internal fertilization –  External fertilization