Chapter 4 Powerpoint: Anxiety

8/9/2019 Chapter 4 Powerpoint: Anxiety

1/45

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, THIRD EDITIONDeborah C. Beidel/ Cy!hia M. B"li#/ Melida A. S!aley

Chapter 4

Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma- andStressor-Related Disorders

2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


2/45

Chapter Outline

What Is AnxietyWhat Are the Anxiety Disorders

What Are the Obsessive-Compulsive andRelated Disorders

What Are the Trauma- and Stressor-RelatedDisorders

The !tiolo"y o# Anxiety, OCD, and Trauma- and

Stressor-Related DisordersThe Treatment o# Anxiety, OCD, and Trauma-

and Stressor-Related Disorders



3/45

What Is Anxiety

A $ommon emotion $hara$teri%ed byphysi$al symptoms, #uture-oriented

thou"hts, and es$ape or avoidan$ebehaviors-O$$urs &hen people en$ounter a ne& situationor anti$ipate a li#e-$han"in" event

-'sually is time-limited and ends &hen the eventis over



4/45

(i"ht-or-(li"ht Response

A$tivation o# the S)S tri""ered by#ear or stress$Sy%&a!he!i' er(o") )y)!e% *SNS+

in$reases heart rate and respiration allo&in"body to per#orm at pea* e##i$ien$y

-Allo&s you to use all available resour$es toes$ape

$Para)y%&a!he!i' er(o") )y)!e% *PNS+slo&s do&n the heart rate and respiration,thus returnin" the body to a restin" state



5/45

(i"ht-or-(li"ht Response+

Figure 4.1 The

Sympathetic and the

Parasympathetic Nervous

Systems

Adapted fro!ilienfeld, et al.,Psychology: FromInquiry toUnderstanding"p.121#.Pearson$Allyn and%acon. &opyright

200' PearsonEducation, Inc.(eprinted byperission of 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


6/45

ust ho& it &or*s+

What if the snake strikes

me and its poisonous

!ou are "a#king

on a path at a

#oca# park and a##

of a sudden you

see a snakes#ither out in

front of you.

Figure 4.$% The Three

&omponents of 'n(iety

's soon as you seethe snake) your

heart starts racing

and your *reathing

increases +*odys

response,.

!ou scream for

he#p or run in the

other direction.



7/45

Figure 4.- Negative einforcement /ncreases

'voidance 0ehavior and 'n(iety



8/45

)ormal Anxiety vs Abnormal Anxiety

Thin"s to $onsider.(eelin" anxious o$$asionally is normal

(un$tional impairment

Developmental a"eCo"nitive development, not a$tual $hronolo"i$al a"e

So$iodemo"raphi$ #a$tors

Sex, ra$e/ethni$ity, and S!S0

Women and men see* treatment at e1ualrates i# #ear is severe



9/45

Ta*#e 4.1 &ommon

Fears at arious2eve#opmenta#

'ges



10/45

What Are the Anxiety Disorders

2roup o# disorders$hara$teri%ed byhei"htened physi$alarousal, $o"nitive

distress, and behavioralavoidan$e o# #earedob3e$ts/situations/events

-ani$ Atta$*s-ani$ Disorder

-A"oraphobia

-2enerali%ed Anxiety Disorder

-So$ial Anxiety Disorder

-Spe$i#i$ hobia

-Obsessive Compulsive

Disorder-osttraumati$ Stress Disorder

-Separation Anxiety Disorder

3o" does comor*idity re#ate to an(ietydisorders

56 of peop#e diagnosed "ith one

an(iety disorder a#so have another

an(iety disorder or depression.



11/45

The 5(a$ts6 about Anxiety Disorders

789: o# Ameri$an adults &ill su##er at somepoint in their lives

;ost $ommon disorder amon" all a"e "roups

Onset is around a"e 88 years old!1ually distributed amon"


12/45

(a$t Or (i$tion

Panic attacks tend to only occur in

people diagnosed with a panic disorder.

Fact or fiction?

No. 'ctua##y) $7.-6 of adu#ts report having had

a panic attack) *ut on#y 4.56 of adu#ts have

panic disorder.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is

found to e !ore co!!on in indi"iduals

fro! lower socioecono!ic status (#$#).

Fact or fiction?

!es) *ecause popu#ations from #o"er S8S have more

#egitimate things to "orry a*out) such as unsafe

#iving conditions) #o"er income) poor hea#th care)

and more medica# conditions.



13/45

ani$ Atta$*s

Dis$rete period o# intense #ear andphysi$al arousal, &hi$h develops abruptly

Symptoms pea* in about ten minutes

-Somati$ and $o"nitive symptoms-Common o$$urren$e

T&o types o# atta$*s

-!xpe$ted pani$ atta$*s-'nexpe$ted atta$*s

emem*er) as many as $7.-6 of

adu#ts report having had a panicattack) a#though on#y 4.56 of

adu#ts have panic disorder.



14/45

A"oraphobia

(ear o# the mar*etpla$eCan sometimes enter #ear situations &ith trusted

$ompanions

(ear embarrassment

'sually be"ins in early adulthood

Women are more li*ely to experien$e a"oraphobia

than men



15/45

2enerali%ed Anxiety Disorder >2AD0

!x$essive &orry about #uture events, pasttrans"ressions, #inan$ial status, and thehealth o# onesel# and loved ones

?asts at least six months

Onset late teens early adulthood >9@s0

A$$ount #or 89: o# C visits

Common in lo&er S!S9ore #ike#y to occur in adu#ts than chi#dren.



16/45

So$ialAnxiety Disorder

The third most $ommon

psy$hiatri$ disorderA pervasive pattern o#

so$ial timidity$hara$teri%ed by #ear thatthe person &ill behave in a&ay that &ill be humiliatin"or embarrassin"

Intense #ear that others

&ill dete$t anxiety So$ial situations that

$reate distress.spea*in", eatin",drin*in", or &ritin" inthe presen$e o# others,en"a"in" in so$ialintera$tions, andinitiatin" $onversations



17/45

Ta*#e 4.$ 2eve#opmenta# 2ifferences in 2istressfu#

Socia# Situations



18/45

Real eople, Real Disorders.Ri$*y Williams


19/45

Spe$i#i$ hobias

Severe and persistent #ears o#$ir$ums$ribed events, ob3e$ts, or situationsthat led to si"ni#i$ant disruption in areas o#

#un$tionin"(our "roups

-Animal phobias

-)atural environment phobias-lood/in3e$tion/in3ury phobias >vasova"al syn$ope0

-Situational phobias



20/45


Figure 4.4 Percentage of 'du#ts "ith a Specific Pho*ia


21/45

Figure 4.% asovaga# esponse in 0#ood:/n;ection:/n;ury

Pho*ias



22/45

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A $ondition involvin" obsessions>intrusive thou"hts0, o#ten $ombined

&ith $ompulsions >repetitivebehaviors0, that $an be extensive,time $onsumin", and distress#ul

Obsessions vs Compulsions



23/45

Is Tri$hotillomania a Bariant o# OCD

Facts% 2efined as repetitivehair pu##ing that resu#ts in

noticea*#e hair #oss) "hich

individua#s fee# po"er#ess to

stop the pu##ing.&et's $xa!ine the $"idence%

0oth are characteri


24/45

osttraumati$ Stress Disorder>TSD0

A#ter an event that involves a$tual orthreatened death, serious in3ury, or athreat to physi$al inte"rity, emotionaldistress leads to avoidan$e o# stimuliasso$iated &ith the traumaersistent symptoms o# in$reased S)S

arousal

Classi$ symptoms asso$iated &ith TSD



25/45

Resear$h


26/45

Separation Anxiety Disorder >SAD0

Severe and unreasonable #ear o#separation #rom a parent or $are"iver

7 to E: o# all $hildren su##er;ore $ommon amon" "irls

Children #rom all ethni$ ba$*"rounds

are e1ually li*ely to su##er #rom SADThink *ack to your chi#dhood "hen you first started preschoo#

or kindergarten. 2o you remem*er e(periencing some

separation an(iety from your parent or guardian



27/45

Stop and Thin*F

Do animals experien$e separationanxiety li*e humans Why or &hy not


28/45

responsible#or mood, thou"hts, behavior, and appetitive0 and2AA >the bodyGs natural &ay to de$rease anxiety,5natural valium60

-Corti$otrophin-releasin" #a$tor >CR(0

-Adreno$orti$otropi$ hormone >ACT"ithdra"a# from peop#e)

o*;ects) or situations.



29/45

Figure 4.?% Stress 9ay 'ffect 0rain Functioning

Adapted fro Biological Psychiatry, 4), *ei, &., + eeroff,&. -he ipact of early adverse e/periences on brain systesinvolved in the pathophysiology of an/iety and affectivedisorders.- pp. 10'122, &opyright 1''' ociety of%iological Psychiatry 3ith perission fro Elsevier cience Inc.



30/45

5$hildish6 &ants0and e"o >5adult6 &ays o# thin*in"0

-Sexual and a""ressive impulses

-De#ense me$hanisms, espe$ially repression anddispla$ement, result in phobias

-?ittle


31/45


32/45

Figure 4.7% The Fear of Fear 9ode#



33/45


34/45

ui$* Re$ap

8 JJJJJ is a pervasive pattern o# so$ialtimidity $hara$teri%ed by #ear that theperson &ill behave in a &ay that &ill be

humiliatin" or embarrassin">a0 2enerali%ed anxiety disorder

>b0 ani$ disorder

>$0 So$ial anxiety disorder>d0 Obsessive-$ompulsive disorder



35/45

ui$* Re$ap

9 JJJJJ $onsists o# intrusivethou"hts and repetitive behaviorsthat are extensive, time $onsumin",

and distress#ul>a0 osttraumati$ stress disorder

>b0 Separation anxiety disorder

>$0 Obsessive-$ompulsive disorder>d0 Spe$i#i$ phobia



36/45

iolo"i$al Treatment Options

;edi$ation-'se o# Sele$tive Serotonin Reupta*e Inhibitors>SSRIs0 #or the depletion o# serotonin in the neural

synapses >ro%a$, ?uvox, and Kolo#t0

-'se o# en%odia%epines to allo& 2AA to transmitnerve si"nals more e##e$tively, &hi$h redu$esanxiety >Balium and Lanax0



37/45

Figure 4.@% 3o" SS/s Work



38/45

iolo"i$al Treatment Options

sy$hosur"ery-Only $onsidered i# a patient has #ailed to bene#it#rom medi$ation and therapy

-Cin"ulotomy. more $ommon option, involvesinsertin" thin probes into the portion o# the brain$alled the $in"ulate bundle &here the probes burnsele$tive portions o# the brain tissue

-Capsulotomy. "amma *ni#e sur"ery >#orm o#radiation treatment0 &hi$h ma*es pre$ise lesions inthe brain tissue &ithout openin" the s*ull



39/45

sy$holo"i$al Treatment Options

sy$hodynami$-'ses #ree asso$iation and dream interpretation asa re#le$tion o# the patientGs experien$e in the

5outside &orld6-?ittle *no&led"e o# the e##e$tiveness o# treatment

-Interpersonal sy$hotherapy >IT0 tar"etsinterpersonal disputes and $on#li$ts, interpersonalrole transitions, and $ompli$ated "rie# rea$tions #orso$ial phobias, TSD, and pani$ disorder



40/45


ehavioral-Well-resear$hed approa$h

-!xposure. a $lient #a$es #ears to "et over them

-!xposure therapy-Ima"inal exposure

-M@: improve a#ter this treatment, &ith remissionrates o# 7: a#ter t&o years and N9: a#ter ten years,

ex$ludin" $ombat-related TSD

-Birtual reality exposure

-So$ial s*ills trainin" >SST0



41/45

Resear$h


42/45


Co"nitive ehavioral Therapy >CT0-Well-resear$hed approa$h

-!xposure in $ombination &ith $o"nitive

restru$turin" to $han"e ne"ative $o"nitions-


43/45

I Ob3e$t or A$$eptFWhat are your thou"hts

5Our so$iety re&ards people &ho deal

&ith stress by &or*in" harder and #asterto produ$e more in a shorter time6>Davis, ;, !shelman, ! R, ;$Pay, ; >9@@@0 The Relaxation & Stress Reduction

Workbook, Eth!d Oa*land, CA. )e&


44/45

Revie&in" ?earnin" Ob3e$tives

8 Anxiety $onsists o# three parts. physiolo"i$al,$o"nitive, and the behavior

9 Anxiety is a $ommon o$$urren$e


45/45

Revie&in" ?earnin" Ob3e$tives

E Anxiety disorders $an develop in many di##erent &ays,but it is be$omin" $lear that neuroanatomi$al andneuro$hemi$al alterations lead to anxiety disorders

N The most appropriate approa$h to understandin" the

etiolo"y o# the disorder is to ta*e into a$$ount abiopsy$hoso$ial approa$h in$ludin" biolo"i$al andpsy$holo"i$al/environmental #a$tors

M Anxiety disorders $an be treated throu"h the use o#

medi$ation or behavioral or $o"nitive behavioralinterventions

Documents

Chapter 4 Powerpoint: Anxiety