CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh Urbanization and R-U HHs’ Average Monthly Expd. Gap H 3: Urbanization tends

CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh

Urbanization and R-U HHs’ Average Monthly Expd. Gap

H 3: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban HHs’ average monthly expenditure gap

The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban average monthly expenditure gap over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 5.20271 + 0.2329958998*U_BARU_CH = 11.2231 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 14.5325 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 8.15186 + 0.2329958998*U_KHRU_RA = 7.43202 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 4.20156 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban HHs Average Monthly Expenditure Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.691452 and F-statistic = 3.985

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U expenditure gap (%.)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 11.54 4.45 13.23 14.2 14.52

Chittagong

22.1216.76

21.1918.47

23.720.24

Dhaka 39.77 17.68 42.85 20.23 34.30 21.26

Khulna 12.83 16.28 11.20 17.59 20.0 18.43

Rajshahi 16.24 13.92 16.92 15.21 14.9 16.78

Sylhet 3.64 10 3.36 12.77 12.4 14.03


Urbanization and R-U HHs’ Average Monthly Savings Gap

H 4: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban HHs’ average monthly savings gap

Regional rural-urban average monthly savings gap does not depend on urbanization over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 5.5692 + 0.2329958998*U_BARU_CH = 9.2941 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 6.9533 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 8.0514 + 0.2329958998*U_KHRU_RA = 7.4320 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 5.2012 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban HHs Average Monthly Savings Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.45512 and F-Statistic = 6.214

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U income gap (%.)

Urbanization (%)

R-U income gap (%.)

Urbanization (%)

R-U income gap (%.)

Barisal 5.39 10.54 4.45 12.28 14.2 13.3

Chittagong 22.12 16.74 21.19 20.0 23.7 21.3

Dhaka 39.77 19.0 42.85 22.92 34.30 22.52

Khulna 12.83 16.68 11.20 17.56 20.0 18.52

Rajshahi 16.24 14.86 16.92 16.04 14.9 17.13

Sylhet 3.64 9.18 3.36 12.54 12.4 13.88


Urbanization and R-U Per Capita InvestmentGap

H 5: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban per capita investment gap

The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban Per capita investment gap over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 3.77043+ 0.232996*U_BARU_CH = 16.32418+0.232996*U_CHRU_DH = 24.13570+ 0.232996*U_DHRU_KH = 7.120160.232996*U_KHRU_RA = 6.36710+ 0.232996*U_RARU_SY = 3.65573+ 0.232996*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Per Capita Investment Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.7325 and F-Statistic = 3.739

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

Per capita investment gap (in %)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 9.37 4.45 11.23 14.2 11.43

Chittagong 22.12 11.79 21.19 15.72 23.7 18.57

Dhaka 39.77 14.71 42.85 17.57 34.30 19.42

Khulna 12.83 10.87 11.20 12.42 20.0 15.69

Rajshahi 16.24 10.20 16.92 11.86 14.9 14.77

Sylhet 3.64 8.75 3.36 10.59 12.4 10.78


Urbanization and R-U Literacy Gap

H 6: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban literacy rate gap

The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban Literacy rate gap over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 13.89520 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 19.35212 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 22.15349 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 15.17236 + 0.2329958998*U_KHRU_RA = 14.34769 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 9.14095 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Literacy Rate Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.728491 and F-Statistic = 4.302

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U literacy gap

Urbanization (%)

R-U literacy gap

Urbanization (%)

R-U literacy gap

Barisal 5.39 2.71 4.45 4.18 14.2 5.53

Chittagong 22.12 5.02 21.19 7.41 23.7 7.59

Dhaka 39.77 5.89 42.85 7.79 34.30 12.92

Khulna 12.83 3.19 11.20 4.23 20.0 6.4

Rajshahi 16.24 4.40 16.92 4.44 14.9 5.73

Sylhet 3.64 2.09 3.36 3.1 12.4 4.78


Urbanization and R-U Poverty Gap

H 7: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban poverty gap

The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban poverty gap over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 8.37901 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 17.25783+ 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 19.23845+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 15.07199+ 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 16.35710 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 8.110357 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Poverty Rate Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.7129 and F-Statistic = 3.2295

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U poverty gap (%)

Urbanization (%)

R-U poverty gap (%)

Urbanization (%)

R-U poverty gap (%)

Barisal 5.39 4.5 4.45 3.92 14.2 3.04

Chittagong 22.12 6.39 21.19 6.04 23.7 4.81

Dhaka 39.77 13.25 42.85 10.09 34.30 8.55

Khulna 12.83 5.96 11.20 4.14 20.0 3.68

Rajshahi 16.24 6.2 16.92 5.42 14.9 2.92

Sylhet 3.64 3.76 3.36 3.26 12.4 3.16


Urbanization and R-U Safe Drinking WaterUser HHs’ Gap

H 8: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban safe water user HHs gap

regional rural-urban Safe drinking water user HHs gap does not depend onUrbanization over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 8.97953 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 7.28713 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 6.152084+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 8.23765 + 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.05721 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 7.29307 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Safe Drinking Water User HHs’ Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.4320 and F-Statistic = 7.0219

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U safe water usage gap (%)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 18.38 4.45 14.21 14.2 6.51

Chittagong 22.12 16.28 21.19 12.76 23.7 16.3

Dhaka 39.77 16.95 42.85 6.8 34.30 4.88

Khulna 12.83 19.38 11.20 12.02 20.0 18.56

Rajshahi 16.24 16.24 16.92 14.85 14.9 15.96

Sylhet 3.64 23.84 3.36 14.84 12.4 3.88


Urbanization and R-U Sanitary Toilet User HHs’ Gap

H 9: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban sanitary toilet user HHs’ gap

The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban sanitary toilet user HHs’ gap over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 13.35673 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 21.37684 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 24.17694 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 18.13785 + 0.232995898*U_KARU_RA = 17.46620 + 0.2329958998*U_RA

RU_SY = 12.09135 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Safe Drinking Water User HHs’ Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.78340 and F-statistic = 3.02187

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U sanitary toilet usage gap (%)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 15.07 4.45 16.67 14.2 21.14

Chittagong 22.12 17.28 21.19 22.21 23.7 33.41

Dhaka 39.77 19.62 42.85 34.49 34.30 52.33

Khulna 12.83 16.03 11.20 18.86 20.0 24.17

Rajshahi 16.24 16.2 16.92 18.97 14.9 22.4

Sylhet 3.64 14.06 3.36 16.42 12.4 19.35


Urbanization and R-U Child Nutrition StatusGap

H 10: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban child nutrition status gap

Regional rural-urban child nutrition status gap does not depend on Urbanization over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 10.37235 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 9.13254 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 9.34291+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 11.02157+ 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.46620 + 0.2329958998*U_RA

RU_SY = 9.09135 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban Child Nutrition Status Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.34340 and F-statistic = 9.22041

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U child nutrition status gap (%)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 2 4.45 3 14.2 2

Chittagong

22.122

21.194

23.72

Dhaka 39.77 3 42.85 5 34.30 2

Khulna 12.83 6 11.20 4 20.0 3

Rajshahi 16.24 2 16.92 3 14.9 1

Sylhet 3.64 2 3.36 2 12.4 5


Urbanization andR-U Infant Mortality Gap

H 11: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban infant mortality gap

The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban infant mortality gap over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 7.53230+ 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 15.63825+ 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 18.52793+ 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 12.03568+ 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.14327+ 0.2329958998*U_RA

RU_SY = 6.71230+ 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban IMR Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.70146 and F-statistic = 4.24579

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U infant mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 7 4.45 8 14.2 11

Chittagong 22.12 15 21.19 14 23.7 11

Dhaka 39.77 17 42.85 15 34.30 15

Khulna 12.83 14 11.20 10 20.0 14

Rajshahi 16.24 8 16.92 10 14.9 13

Sylhet 3.64 12 3.36 11 12.4 12


Urbanization andR-U Maternal Mortality Gap

H 12: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban maternal mortality gap

Regional rural-urban maternal mortality gap does not depend on urbanizationover the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 10.23530 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 9.03126 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 8.22793 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 10.03426 + 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 9.25313 + 0.2329958998*U_RA

RU_SY = 8.81230 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban MMR Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.470115 and F-statistic = 6.29745

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U maternal mortality rate gap (per 1000 live births)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 2.85 4.45 8.0 14.2 2.2

Chittagong 22.12 2.06 21.19 2.2 23.7 4.03

Dhaka 39.77 2.18 42.85 3.38 34.30 4.12

Khulna 12.83 3.17 11.20 2.69 20.0 3.27

Rajshahi 16.24 1.07 16.92 2.47 14.9 1.56

Sylhet 3.64 1.8 3.36 1.02 12.4 4.73


Urbanization andR-U HHs’ HavingAccess to Pacca and Semi Pacca HouseStructures Gap

H 13: Urbanization tends to determine rural-urban HHs by Pacca and semi pacca housing structure gap

The higher is the urbanization, the greater is the regional rural-urban HHs’ having access to pacca and semi housing structure gap over the periods.

2R

RU_BA = 9.13520 + 0.2329958998*U_ BARU_CH = 18.15416 + 0.2329958998*U_CHRU_DH = 21.21015 + 0.2329958998*U_DHRU_KH = 17.23015 + 0.2329958998*U_KARU_RA = 14.79530 + 0.2329958998*U_RARU_SY = 8.92513 + 0.2329958998*U_SY

Division-Wise Urbanization and Rural-Urban HHs by Pacca and Semi Pacca Housing Structure Gap, 1981, 1991 and 2001

= 0.83461 and F-statistic = 3.21395

Divisions 1981 1991 2001

Urbanization (%)

R-U HHs by pacca and semi pacca housing gap (%)

Urbanization (%)


Urbanization (%)


Barisal 5.39 21.36 4.45 24.82 14.2 27.39

Chittagong 22.12 26.43 21.19 27.78 23.7 23.27

Dhaka 39.77 27.28 42.85 31.17 34.30 27.12

Khulna 12.83 25.27 11.20 29.89 20.0 30.7

Rajshahi 16.24 23.79 16.92 27.47 14.9 30.57

Sylhet 3.64 19.89 3.36 24.82 12.4 27.18


Divisins GDP at Current Market Price (in Million Taka)

1981 1991 2001

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

Barisal 7,633 9,011 28,239 33856 50,490 82,402

Chittagong 24,393 31,339 60,870 130,489 109,481 332,648

Dhaka 28,030 39,294 70,317 175,594 144,712 715,189

Khulna 12,309 15,371 40,758 61,965 82,789 182,514

Rajshahi 23,771 29,082 77,114 97,535 153,151 314,896

Sylhet 7,102 8,028 22,917 27,956 48,074 71,143

Bangladesh 108,953 124,310 293,215 534,395 583,697 1,703,792

Regional Variations in GDP at Current Market Prices, 1981, 1991 and 2001


Years Divisins Per Capita Investment (in taka)

Population (in million)

Sectoral Investment (in million taka)

Per Capita Investment


1981 Barisal 7.13 0.4 4,619.13 10,308.05 0.000643 0.22418

Chittagong 13.55 3.8 15,197.32 36,020.43 0.000383 0.57392

Dhaka 16.49 10.88 24,468.01 69,324.30 0.000574 0.71414

Khulna 9.29 1.3 11,240.78 19,327.71 0.000456 0.36785

Rajshahi 19.01 3.6 8,189.43 20,385.82 0.000220 0.39492

Sylhet 4.3 0.16 4,377.63 9,675.391 0.001018 0.17531

1991 Barisal 8.76 0.41 5,061.05 15,240.73 0.000565 0.19452

Chittagong 16.33 4.41 21,240.87 52,340.56 0.001301 0.68794

Dhaka 19.15 14.2 49,359.56 119,940.9 0.002578 0.83597

Khulna 10.73 1.4 7,185.91 31,679.34 0.000249 0.67824

Rajshahi 20.95 4.27 5,230.70 39,435.35 0.000928 0.42639

Sylhet 5.52 0.19 5,127.31 13,869.67 0.000543 0.27560

2001 Barisal 6.99 1.16 6,210.63 15,530.29 0.001032 0.38145

Chittagong 18.4 5.72 41,250.59 1,20,940.6 0.001895 0.82533

Dhaka 25.6 13.39 45,379.21 1,71,890.8 0.001433 1.03309

Khulna 11.68 2.92 10,990.75 66,721.32 0.000429 0.52422

Rajshahi 25.6 4.49 10,881.39 69,589.15 0.000674 0.47147

Sylhet 6.92 0.98 6,566.73 13,251.68 0.000295 0.36250


Years Divisions Dependency Ratio

Average Size of HHs Average No. of Earners Dependency Ratio**


1981 Barisal 5.94 5.89 1.06 1.73 1:4.60 1:2.40

Chittagong 6.78 5.93 1.69 1.83 1:3.01 1:2.24

Dhaka 5.15 4.32 1.78 1.98 1:1.89 1:1.18

Khulna 7.35 6.71 1.42 1.69 1:4.18 1:2.97

Rajshahi 7.44 6.05 1.78 1.94 1:3.18 1:2.12

Sylhet 7.13 6.33 1.13 1.73 1:5.30 1:2.66

1991 Barisal 5.11 4.39 1.37 1.91 1:2.73 1:1.30

Chittagong 4.79 4.88 1.88 1.98 1:1.55 1:1.46

Dhaka 4.60 4.31 1.94 2.10 1:1.37 1:1.05

Khulna 4.67 5.04 1.53 1.79 1:2.05 1:1.82

Rajshahi 5.61 4.50 1.89 1.98 1:1.99 1:1.27

Sylhet 5.33 4.38 1.34 1.33 1:2.78 1:2.29

2001 Barisal 5.11 4.39 1.37 1.91 1:2.73 1:1.30

Chittagong 4.79 4.88 1.88 1.98 1:1.55 1:1.46

Dhaka 4.60 4.31 1.94 2.10 1:1.37 1:1.05

Khulna 4.67 5.04 1.53 1.79 1:2.05 1:1.82

Rajshahi 5.61 4.50 1.89 1.98 1:1.99 1:1.27

Sylhet 5.33 4.38 1.34 1.33 1:2.78 1:2.29


Years Divisions Types of Housing Structure

Pacca Semi Pacca

Rural Urban Rural Urban

1981 Barisal 1.46 6.79 14.01 30.04

Chittagong 4.71 9.08 11.23 33.29

Dhaka 5.05 10.61 12.29 34.01

Khulna 2.83 7.65 9.53 29.98

Rajshahi 3.02 4.82 9.01 31.0

Sylhet 3.79 6.74 9.15 26.09

1991 Barisal 4.84 10.43 15.02 34.25

Chittagong 5.63 11.59 15.11 36.93

Dhaka 6.48 13.18 15.45 39.92

Khulna 5.5 11.01 10.09 34.47

Rajshahi 4.47 9.89 10.93 32.98

Sylhet 4.77 9.89 11.56 33.83

2001 Barisal 7.27 13.26 19.43 36.71

Chittagong 11.02 15.31 20.55 43.38

Dhaka 12.04 20.09 21.24 43.89

Khulna 7.31 13.99 15.91 39.80

Rajshahi 5.6 12.72 18.53 38.59

Sylhet 5.07 13.14 15.85 37.83


Indicators and sub indicators 1981 1991 2001

Agricultural and nonagricultural share of GDP (%) 6.58 29.14 48.96

Rural-urban HH average monthly income (in tk.) 820 719 1100

Rural-urban HH average monthly Expd. (in tk.) 728 634 735

Rural-urban HH average monthly savings (in tk.) 93 85 199

Dependency ratio (%) 1:1.12 1:0.99 1:1.16

Per capita investment (in tk.) 0.207219 0.218686 0.314705

Literacy rate (%) 17.8 19.1 20.7

Population below poverty line (%) 7.8 5.1 13.1

Number of safe drinking water user HHs (%) 27.34 21.67 10.32

Number of sanitary toilet user HHs (%) 23.29 34.15 29.15

Child nutrition status in terms of underweight (%) 3 4 4

IMR (per 1000 live births) 17 22 14

MMR (per 1000 live births) 2.12 2.91 3.32

HHs having access to pacca and semi pacca housing structure (%)

23.73 26.38 36.7

HHs having access to electricity (%) 36.68 53.49 50.81

CHAPTER 5: Socioeconomic Profile and Rural-Urban Disparities in the Two Study Areas

Sources of Income Rural income % of income Urban income % of income

Crops 32750 31.32 19500 14.17

Livestock 7,050 6.75 8500 6.18

Fisheries and Poultry 7,500 7.18 4000 2.91

Vegetables 3500 3.35 2000 1.45

Rickshaw & Van Pulling

10000 9.57 13000 9.45

Tailoring 4,500 4.31 13000 9.45

Baby taxi driving 1,000 0.96 9100 6.61

Biscuit factory 2,400 2.30 6000 4.36

Jute Mills 9300 8.90 23000 16.72

Technician 1000 0.96 17000 12.35

Other 25500 24.40 22500 16.35

Total Income 104500 100 137600 100

Mean Income 2,090 2,752

Distribution of Rural-Urban Households by Average Monthly Income (in Tk.) by Source


Distribution of Rural-Urban Households by Average Monthly Expenditure and Savings (in Tk.) Heads of Expenditure

Rural expenditure % of expenditure Urban expenditure % of expenditure

Food 58,350 60.78 62,620 50.68

Clothing 12,525 13.05 11500 9.31

Housing 6,030 6.28 19700 14.94

Education 7,120 7.42 9500 7.69

Health 3200 3.33 3000 2.43

Transport 1225 1.28 5650 4.57

Other 7550 7.86 11600 9.39

Total Expenditure 96,000 100 123,570 100

Mean Expenditure 1920 2,471

Mean Savings 170 281


Distribution of HH Members by Causes of Depositing Money in MFIs

Causes Rural Urban

n % n %

Reliable 12 23.08 15 44.12

They can deposit very short amount of money

13 25.00 4 11.76

They can take loan against savings 16 30.77 7 20.59

Very close to their house 7 13.46 3 8.82

Other 4 7.69 5 14.71

Total 52 14.86 34 13.6


Distribution of Households in Debt by Purposes Area Purpose of Loan Households in Debt

n %

Rural Ancestral debtOccasionTreatmentNatural disasterOther

47524

18.1831.8222.739.09

18.18

Total 22 100.00

Urban Ancestral debtOccasionTreatmentNatural disasterOther

16503

040.0033.33

020.00

Total 15 100.00


Organizations Membership in organization (%)

Rural Urban

n % n %

BRAC 30 21 19 21

ASA 27 19 29 32

PROSHIKA 9 6 14 15

Jagorani Chakra Foundation 53 37 9 10

Shakti Foundation 13 9 6 7

Other 4 3 11 12

Overlapped 7 5 2 3

Total 143 41 90 36

t-value (urban Vs. rural) 5.201

Significance * P<0.188

Percentile Distribution of Household Members Engaged in Different Organizations

CHAPTER 6: Factors Contributing to Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh

Correlation between Highest Rural-Urban Disparity in Dhaka and Its Urbanization

Concentrated Urbanization is the main factor contributing to regional rural-urban disparity. Correlation between urbanization and rural-urban gap in the highly urbanized region in significant.

Factors behind Highest Rural-urban Disparity in Dhaka (contd.)

Significant at 95% confident level.

Variables 2001

Correlation coefficient

t-value Significant

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban GDP gap 0.727 9.249 P<0.000

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ income gap 0.792 8.229 P<0.000

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ expenditure gap 0.635 8.012 P<0.000

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban HHs’ savings gap 0.457 1.294 P<0.365

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban per capita investment gap 0.665 8.563 P<0.000

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban literacy gap 0.639 5.231 P<0.014

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban poverty gap 0.517 3.128 P<0.079

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban safe water usage gap 0.246 1.392 P<0.294

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban sanitary toilet usage gap 0.502 1.203 P<0.045

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban child nutrition status gap 0.401 1.629 P<0.387

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban IMR gap 0.621 5.102 P<0.039

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban MMR gap 0.316 2.615 P<0.229

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban pacca and semi pacca housing holders’ gap

0.569 4.212 P<0.017

Concentrated urbanization and rural-urban electricity gap 0.551 4.110 P<0.059


Factors behind Highest Rural-urban Disparity in Dhaka (contd.)


Variables 1991


t-value Significance














0.601 4.679 P<0.009





Variables 1981
















0.573 4.219 P<0.011


Factors behind Highest Rural-urban Disparity in Dhaka



Factors Contributing to Regional Rural-Urban Disparity (contd.)

Based on Literature Review

Concentrated urbanization and existence of primate city

Drain of skilled manpower

Absence of secondary city

Concentration of economic activities

Problem in the marketing of farm products

Urban bias investment policy

Absence of urban functions in rural development


Factors behind Rural-urban Disparity at the Local Level (cont.)

The 1st prioritized factor is Insufficient organizational support from different Govt. and non governmental organizations.

The second prioritized factor is absence of agro processing center.

The other factors are lack of diversified economic activities, problem in the marketing of farm productsand seasonal unemployment.

Based on rural HHs’ respondents

Based on key informant’s interview Insufficient organizational support (social and economic) is the main factor in terms of lack of diversified economic activities in rural area, poor road infrastructure, absence of agro processing facilities, problem in the marketing of farm products, low income, lack of schools and colleges, lack of health centers, lack of safe water and sanitation facilities.

Factors PI Rank

Problem in the marketing of farm produces

0.55 4

Absence of agro processing facilities

0.74 2

Insufficient organizational supports

0.78 1

Lack of diversified economic activities

0.68 3

Seasonal unemployment 0.53 5

CHAPTER 7: Analysis of Policies and Programs towards Reducing Rural-Urban Disparities

National urbanization policy Policies, strategies and programs for poverty reduction in different planning periodNational Industrial Policy, 2005 Food Assisted Programs: Food for Work (FFW) Program; Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) Program; Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF) Program; Test Relief (TR) and Gratuitous Relief (GR) Programs; Food for Education (FFE) Program

Comprehensive Village Development Program Education program Income and employment generating program: Skill training program; Micro credit program

Health, Nutrition, Water and sanitation program: Wash program; SHARD program;

Housing Program: Dew tin Prodan project; Urban Basic Service Delivery Project etc.

Rural infrastructural development program Agro processing center development strategies

Policies and Programs


National urbanization policy

Skewed Urbanization

46.72% of total urban population in Dhaka

Existence of Primate city

Poverty reduction policies during planning period in Bangladesh

H 15. Poverty gap has been significantly reduced after implementing different policies and programs

Rural: 61.2% and Urban: 53% at the first of Fifth Five Year Plan. R-U gap was 8.2%

Rural: 44.9% and Urban: 36.6% after the ending of the planning period. R-U gap was 8.3%

Hypothesis rejected at 95% confidence level (t-value is 559.296 and P<0.068)


Comprehensive Village Development Program (CVDP)

Source: Working paper on feasibility of implementing CVDP as National Development Model prepared for a Colloquium held on 18th September 2003 in Dhaka.

Indicators Before and after evaluation

Before program implementation (1989)

After (June 2003)


Per capita income (in US dollar) 224 437 16.739 P<0.038

People living below poverty line 46.0 5.97 7.212 P<0.000

Per head saving (in taka) 2990 5482 4.400 P<0.003

Population growth rate (%) 1.82 1.74 3.400 P<0.013

Infant mortality rate (Per thousand live birth)

64 40 4.310 P<0.013

Use of safe drinking water (%) 85 99.75 4.040 P<0.087

Literacy rate (%) 48 80.50 3.984 P<0.001

Electrified houses (%) 10 86 2.240 P<0.003

Unemployment rate (%) 18.34 11.03 3.173 P<0.079

Analysis of the Impacts of CVDP


Food Assisted Programmes (FAP)Food Assisted Programmes (FAP)

Direct programsDirect programs

Food for Work (FFW): Food for Work (FFW): 700,000 metric tons food grains at the cost of 10,540 million Tk. in 700,000 metric tons food grains at the cost of 10,540 million Tk. in 2002-032002-03

Vulnerable Group Development (VGD): Vulnerable Group Development (VGD): 450,000 women got benefit; 33.50kg. Wheat per 450,000 women got benefit; 33.50kg. Wheat per month per person in 2002-03month per person in 2002-03

Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF): Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF): 88,000 tons food grains in 2002-0388,000 tons food grains in 2002-03 in

Test Relief (TR) and Gratuitous Relief (GR): Test Relief (TR) and Gratuitous Relief (GR): 110,000 and 97,000 metric Tons in 2002-03110,000 and 97,000 metric Tons in 2002-03

Indirect programIndirect program

Food for Education (FFE)- Food for Education (FFE)- out of 5.2 million school going children 40% got food grains in 2004out of 5.2 million school going children 40% got food grains in 2004

The calculated WMI value is 3.64 indicating that the sample rural HHs are satisfied The calculated WMI value is 3.64 indicating that the sample rural HHs are satisfied towards these programs. towards these programs.


Education program

Primary level of education and female education rate have been improved between the periods 1995-2005 in both rural and urban areas

The rates between rural and urban areas are very close to each other

Disparity between rural-urban areas are not significant

Source: Bangladesh Statistical Year Book, 2005.

Analysis of the Impacts of Education Programs

Area Primary education rate in 1995

Primary education rate in 2005

Female literacy rate in 1995

Female literacy rate in 2005

Rural 21.53 43.02 12.56 39.33

Urban 24.23 46.51 16.93 41.30

t-value 1.422 7.212

Significance P<0.138 P<0.173

HHs’ satisfaction towards different education programs

In terms of Primary education and female literacy rates rural HHs are strongly satisfied and satisfied respectively. The calculated weighted mean scores are 4.2 and 3.54 respectively

In terms of upper level (secondary and above) of education, rural HHs are dissatisfied. The calculated mean score is 1.82


Water, sanitation and health related programs

Industrial policy, 2005Industrial policy, 2005

Most of the technologies and facilities for handling, storage, processing and packaging Most of the technologies and facilities for handling, storage, processing and packaging of farm products and by-products are still substandard and outdated in Bangladesh- of farm products and by-products are still substandard and outdated in Bangladesh- BATDD, September, 2006BATDD, September, 2006

Analysis of the Impacts of Water, Sanitation and Health Programs

Variables WMI for rural

OA WMI for urban

OA

Installation of tube well has been increased 3.24 S 3.28 S

Tube boil are being tested for checking arsenic

3.64 S 4.16 SS

Institutional performances are very quick in water and sanitation

1.18 DS 1.6 DS

Number of pacca and semi pacca toilet users are increasing

3.54 S 3.82 S

NGOs are doing well in water and sanitation

3.64 S 2.93 MS

Health status 2.0 SI 3.84 SBI

OA=overall assessment, SS= strongly satisfied, S= satisfied, DS = dissatisfied, MS= moderately satisfied,

SBI= substantially improved, SI = slightly improved.

Rural respondents are dissatisfied to the existing agro Rural respondents are dissatisfied to the existing agro processing facilities. Their WMI is 1.4processing facilities. Their WMI is 1.4


Infrastructure development programInfrastructure development program

LGED is engaged for rural infrastructure development

No. of growth center has been increased from 154 to 628 between the periods 2000-01 and 2005-06- Bangladesh Economic Review, 2007

The length of katcha road roads has been decreased and pacca roads has been increased, but not in a mentionable rate

6252

4804

60405237

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Length

of pacca a

nd

katc

ha r

oads (

Km

.)

2000-01 2005-06

Periods

Katcha

Pacca

In the sample rural area, there is no growth centre and RMP program has been stopped- key informant’s interview

Source: Bangladesh Economic Review, 2007

Figure: Rural Road Infrastructure Development by LGED


Year Access to

Electricity Mobile phone

Telephone

1995 10.7 3.12 0.12

2005 31.19 26.05 0.27

t-value 2.044 3.489 1.143

Significance P<0.023 P<0.009 P<0.278

Access to electricity, mobile and telephoneAccess to electricity, mobile and telephone

Rural HHs access to electricity, and mobile phone has been significantly improvedRural HHs access to electricity, and mobile phone has been significantly improved

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

HH

s ac

cess

to e

lect

rici

ty,

mob

ile p

hone

, and

land

ph

one

(%)

1995 2005

Periods

Electricity

Mobilephonne

Landphone

Source: Bangladesh, HIES, 2005 (Provisional).

WMI towards the satisfaction of electricity facility: rural (2.8) urban (4.3)WMI towards the satisfaction of electricity facility: rural (2.8) urban (4.3)

WMI towards the satisfaction of access to mobile rural (4.34); urban (4.8)WMI towards the satisfaction of access to mobile rural (4.34); urban (4.8)

WMI towards the satisfaction of the access to telephone connection: rural (1); urban WMI towards the satisfaction of the access to telephone connection: rural (1); urban (1.6)(1.6)


Income and employment generation programs and skill training Income and employment generation programs and skill training programsprograms

Analysis of the Impacts of Income and Employment Generation and Skill Training Programs

Variables WMI for rural area

WMI for urban area

Skilled members have been increased 3.16 3.84

Income has been increased by the programs 3.16 3.66

Employment opportunity creation by the programs

3.42 3.74

Receiving more credit on easy terms and conditions

3.46 3.58

Micro credit is doing well 3.38 2.5

Documents

CHAPTER 4: Pattern and Trend Analysis of Rural-Urban Disparities in Bangladesh Urbanization and R-U HHs’ Average Monthly Expd. Gap H 3: Urbanization tends