Presentation_ID 1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Chapter 4: Network Access

OSI Physical Layer

Presentation_ID 2 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Chapter 4: Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:

Identify device connectivity options.

Describe the OSI physical layer in the network.

Presentation_ID 3 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Chapter 4 - Scope

1 Physical Layer Protocols 2 Network Media 3 Data Link Layer Protocols 4 Media Access Control 5 Summary

Presentation_ID 4 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Open System Interconnection (OSI)

The OSI has 7 layers. Data sent from an end device will travel through the layers to reach a network. Data will travel through another 7 layers to reach the receiver.

Presentation_ID 5 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical layer

The first layer is known as the Physical Layer.

Presentation_ID 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical layer

Characteristics of the Physical Layer • Lowest layer • Consists of basic networking hardware • Defines how bits of information are transmitted

Presentation_ID 7 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical layer

Hardware used include: • Routers (wired and wireless) • Switches • Modems • Cables • Range extenders • Repeaters

Presentation_ID 8 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer - Standards

For systems to work all over the world, some standards must be adhered to. There are 5 standards used for the Physical Layer.

Presentation_ID 9 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer - Standards

Standard Organization Networking Standards

ISO • ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45) • ISO 11801: Network cabling standard similar to EIA/TIA 568.

EIA/TIA

• TIA-568-C: Telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all voice, video and data networks.

• TIA-569-B: Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces

• TIA-598-C: Fiber optic color coding • TIA-942: Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers

ANSI • 568-C: RJ-45 pinouts. Co-developed with EIA/TIA

ITU-T • G.992: ADSL

IEEE • 802.3: Ethernet • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) • 802.15: Bluetooth

Presentation_ID 10 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer

A router is used to allow devices to be connected physically to the internet.

Presentation_ID 11 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer

Wired connection is achieved using cables.

Presentation_ID 12 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer - Types of Physical Media

Different ports are used for different functions.

Presentation_ID 13 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer

Wireless connection is achieved using Wireless routers.

Presentation_ID 14 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer Wireless transmission has range limitations. For devices out of range, range extenders can be used

Presentation_ID 15 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI The Physical Layer

The Physical Layer allows data to be transmitted from one node to another node.

Presentation_ID 16 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer - Media Data are transmitted from one device to another via 3 media: • Copper cable (electrical signals) • Fibre-optic cable (light pulses) • Microwave signals (microwave signals)

Presentation_ID 17 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical layer - Bandwidth Bandwidth refers to speed of data transmission. Different medium offers different bandwidths. Greater bandwidth means, • more data can be transmitted in a given time • faster downloading • fast uploading • faster streaming

Presentation_ID 18 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer - Throughput • In reality, data transmission speed does not reach maximum. • The actual speed is known as throughput. • A broadband rated at 1GB/s may operated at 600MB/s.

Presentation_ID 19 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Data Transmission Media Comparison of the 3 media types:

Presentation_ID 20 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Copper Media

• Digital data are sent as 1 or zero through copper wires

• They are in the form of pulses • When sent, they are pure square

pulses • But when received, they get

distorted • A small amount of distortion is

acceptable • Too much distortion means the

received data cannot be read as intelligible information

Presentation_ID 21 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Copper Media

Presentation_ID 22 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Copper Media

Three types of copper cables used are: • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable • Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable • Coaxial Cable

Presentation_ID 23 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Cooper Media Safety

Presentation_ID 24 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media UTP cable

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OSI Physical Layer – Network Media STP Cable

Foil Shields

Braided or Foil Shield

Presentation_ID 26 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Coaxial Cable

Presentation_ID 27 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Properties of UTP Cabling UTP cable does not use shielding to counter the effects of EMI and RFI.

They limit the negative effect of crosstalk by:

Cancellation

Varying the number of twists per wire pair

Crosstalk is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one

telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. In an

telephone circuit, crosstalk can result in

your hearing part of a voice conversation from another

circuit.

Presentation_ID 28 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media UTP Cabling Standards

Presentation_ID 29 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media UTP Connectors

Presentation_ID 30 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Types of UTP Cable

A UTP cable has 8 wires. There are two ways of terminating UTP cables, classified as T568A and T568B.

Presentation_ID 31 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Types of UTP Cable

Each cable has two ends. Each end can be of T568A or T568B. If both ends are of T568A or T568B, it is a straight cable. If one end is T568A and the other is T568B, then it is a crossover cable.

Presentation_ID 32 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Types of UTP Cable Different types of UTP cables are used for different Purposes.

Presentation_ID 33 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Testing UTP Cables After installation, a UTP cable tester should be used to test for the following parameters:

Wire map

Cable length

Signal loss due to attenuation

Crosstalk

Attenuation – loss or reduction of signal strength

Presentation_ID 34 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Fiber Optic Cables Fiber-optic cables are the second type of media used.

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.

The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.

Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair.

They can carry digital information over long distances.

Presentation_ID 35 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Fiber Optic Cables Fiber-optic cabling is now being used in four types of industry:

Enterprise Networks

Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and Access Networks

Long-Haul Networks

Submarine Networks

Presentation_ID 36 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Fiber Media Cable Design

Presentation_ID 37 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Fiber Cable There are two types of fiber cable: • Single-mode • Multimode

Presentation_ID 38 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Network Fiber Connectors Cables need connectors for them to be fixed to a device or access point.

The 4 types of fiber connectors are:

Presentation_ID 39 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Testing Fiber Cables

The cables must be tested to be in working order before being used. The device for testing fiber cables is known as the Optical Time Domain Reflectometer.

Presentation_ID 40 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Fiber versus Copper Fiber Optic is superior to copper in all areas.

Presentation_ID 41 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Properties of Wireless Media Wireless media have some areas of concern, including:

Coverage area – cannot cover some places

Interference – from electrical signals

Security – open to hackers

Presentation_ID 42 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

• IEEE 802.11 standards • Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi. • Uses CSMA/CA • Variations include:

• 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz • 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz • 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz • 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz • 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz • 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz

• IEEE 802.15 standard • Supports speeds up to 3 Mb/s • Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to 100

meters.

• IEEE 802.16 standard • Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps • Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide

wireless broadband access.

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Types of Wireless Media

Presentation_ID 43 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media Wireless LAN

Cisco Linksys EA6500 802.11ac Wireless Router

Presentation_ID 44 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

OSI Physical Layer – Network Media 802.11 Wi-Fi Standards

Standard Maximum Speed Frequency Backwards

Compatible

802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No

802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No

802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b

802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g

802.11ac 1.3 Gbps (1300 Mbps)

2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz 802.11b/g/n

802.11ad 7 Gbps (7000 Mbps)

2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac

Presentation_ID 45 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

END OF CHAPTER 4A

Presentation_ID 46 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

CHAPTER 4A REVIEW

Presentation_ID 47 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

1. OSI stands for _____ ___________ _______. It has ____ ayers. Data sent from an end device will travel through the layers to reach a network, and will travel through another 7 layers to reach the ________.

Presentation_ID 48 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

1. OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. It has 7 layers. Data sent from an end device will travel through the layers to reach a network, and will travel through another 7 layers to reach the receiver.

Presentation_ID 49 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

2. The first layer is known as the ___________ Layer.

Presentation_ID 50 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

2. The first layer is known as the Physical Layer.

Presentation_ID 51 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

The Physical Layer, • Is the ________ layer • Consists of basic networking _________ • Defines how bits of ________ are transmitted

Presentation_ID 52 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

The Physical Layer, • Is the Lowest layer • Consists of basic networking hardware • Defines how bits of information are transmitted

Presentation_ID 53 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

4. In the Physical Layer, hardware used include: • R_______ • Switches • M________ • Cables • Range _________ • Repeaters

Presentation_ID 54 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

4. In the Physical Layer, hardware used include: • Routers (wired and wireless) • Switches • Modems • Cables • Range extenders • Repeaters

Presentation_ID 55 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

For systems to work all over the world, some standards must be adhered to. 5. There are ____ standards used for the Physical Layer.

Presentation_ID 56 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

For systems to work all over the world, some standards must be adhered to. 5. There are 5 standards used for the Physical Layer.

Presentation_ID 57 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

6. A router is used to allow devices to be connected physically to the ________.

Presentation_ID 58 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

6. A router is used to allow devices to be connected physically to the internet.

Presentation_ID 59 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 6. Wireless transmission has ______ limitations. For devices out of range, range _______ can be used

Presentation_ID 60 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 6. Wireless transmission has range limitations. For devices out of range, range extenders can be used

Presentation_ID 61 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 7. Data are transmitted from one device to another via 3 media: • _________ • __________ • ___________

Presentation_ID 62 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 7. Data are transmitted from one device to another via 3 media: • Copper cable (electrical signals) • Fibre-optic cable (light pulses) • Microwave signals (microwave signals)

Presentation_ID 63 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 8. Bandwidth refers to speed of _____ ________. Different medium offers different bandwidths. Greater bandwidth means, • more data can be transmitted in a given time • faster downloading • fast _____________ • faster streaming

Presentation_ID 64 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 8. Bandwidth refers to speed of data transmission. Different medium offers different bandwidths. Greater bandwidth means, • more data can be transmitted in a given time • faster downloading • fast uploading • faster streaming

Presentation_ID 65 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 9. In reality, data transmission speed does not reach maximum. The actual speed is known as ________ A broadband rated at 1GB/s may operated at 600MB/s.

Presentation_ID 66 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 9. In reality, data transmission speed does not reach maximum. The actual speed is known as throughput. A broadband rated at 1GB/s may operated at 600MB/s.

Presentation_ID 67 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

10. Digital data are sent as 1 or zero through copper wires in the form of ________ pulses. But when received, they get _______.

Presentation_ID 68 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

10. Digital data are sent as 1 or zero through copper wires in the form of square-wave pulses. But when received, they get distorted.

Presentation_ID 69 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

11. The three types of copper cables used are: • _________________ • _________________ • Coaxial Cable

Presentation_ID 70 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

11. The three types of copper cables used are: • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable • Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable • Coaxial Cable

Presentation_ID 71 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 12. Safety rules while using copper cables: a. Separation of _____ and ________ cables must comply with safety codes. b. Cables must be connected to the correct _____. c. Installations must be inspected for damage. d. Equipment must be ________ correctly.

Presentation_ID 72 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 12. Safety rules while using copper cables: a. Separation of data and electrical cables must comply with safety codes. b. Cables must be connected to the correct ports. c. Installations must be inspected for damage. d. Equipment must be grounded correctly.

Presentation_ID 73 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

13. Name the parts of the UTP cable

Presentation_ID 74 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

Presentation_ID 75 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

14. Name the parts of the STP cable:

Presentation_ID 76 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

Foil Shields

14. Name the parts of the STP cable:

Presentation_ID 77 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 15. Name the parts of the co-axial cable.

Presentation_ID 78 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 15. Name the parts of the co-axial cable.

Presentation_ID 79 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 16. Name the types of the co-axial connectors.

Presentation_ID 80 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 16. Name the types of the co-axial connectors.

Presentation_ID 81 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

17. __________ is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. In an telephone circuit. It can result in your hearing part of a voice conversation from another _________.

Presentation_ID 82 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

17. Crosstalk is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. In an telephone circuit. It can result in your hearing part of a voice conversation from another circuit.

Presentation_ID 83 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 18. UTP cable limit the effects of crosstalk by:

Cancellation

Varying the number of twists per wire pair

Presentation_ID 84 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 18. UTP cable limit the effects of crosstalk by:

__________

Varying the number of _______per wire pair

Presentation_ID 85 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

19. Identify the Cat Number:

Presentation_ID 86 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

19. Identify the Cat Number:

Presentation_ID 87 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

20. Identify the following

Presentation_ID 88 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

20. Identify the following

Presentation_ID 89 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

21. The 2 diagrams are two ways of __________ a RJ45 connector.

Presentation_ID 90 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

21. The 2 diagrams are two ways of terminating a RJ45 connector.

Presentation_ID 91 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

22. A ethernet cable is terminated as T568A at both ends. It is a ________

cable.

Presentation_ID 92 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

22. A ethernet cable is terminated as T568A at both ends. It is a straight cable.

Presentation_ID 93 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

23. A ethernet cable is terminated as T568B at both ends. It is a ______

cable.

Presentation_ID 94 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

24. A ethernet cable is terminated as T568A at one end, and T568B at the other end. It is a _________cable.

Presentation_ID 95 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

24. A ethernet cable is terminated as T568A at one end, and T568B at the other end. It is a crossover cable.

Presentation_ID 96 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

25. Attenuation – loss or reduction of _______ strength

Presentation_ID 97 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

25. Attenuation – loss or reduction of signal strength

Presentation_ID 98 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 26. After installation, a ______ _______ tester should be used to test for the following parameters:

Wire map

Cable ________

Signal loss due to attenuation

C________

Presentation_ID 99 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 26. After installation, a UTP cable tester should be used to test for the following parameters:

Wire map

Cable length

Signal loss due to attenuation

Crosstalk

Presentation_ID 100 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 27. Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending _____ ___ _______through an optical fiber.

Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically _____ _____ as thin as a human hair.

They can carry digital information over _____ distances.

Presentation_ID 101 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 27. Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.

Fiber-optic lines are strands of optically pure glass as thin as a human hair.

They can carry digital information over long distances.

Presentation_ID 102 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 28. Name the parts of a fibre cable.

Presentation_ID 103 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 28. Name the parts of a fibre cable.

Presentation_ID 104 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 29. There are two types of fiber cable: • ___________ • ___________

Presentation_ID 105 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 29. There are two types of fiber cable: • Single-moce • Multi-mode

Presentation_ID 106 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 30. Cables need connectors for them to be fixed to a device or access point. There are 4 types of fibre cable connectors:

Presentation_ID 107 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 30. Cables need connectors for them to be fixed to a device or access point. There are 4 types of fibre cable connectors:

Presentation_ID 108 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

31. The cables must be tested to be in working order before being used. The device for testing fiber cables is known as the Optical Time Domain ____________.

Presentation_ID 109 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

31. The cables must be tested to be in working order before being used. The device for testing fiber cables is known as the Optical Time Domain Reflectometer.

Presentation_ID 110 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 32. Fiber Optic is _________ to copper in all areas.

Presentation_ID 111 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 32. Fiber Optic is superior to copper in all areas.

Presentation_ID 112 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 33. Wireless media have some areas of concern, including:

________ – cannot cover some places

________ – from electrical signals

Security – open to hackers

Presentation_ID 113 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 33. Wireless media have some areas of concern, including:

Coverage area – cannot cover some places

Interference – from electrical signals

Security – open to hackers

Presentation_ID 114 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review 34. How many wireless standards are there?

Presentation_ID 115 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

Review

Standard Maximum Speed Frequency Backwards

Compatible

802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No

802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No

802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b

802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g

802.11ac 1.3 Gbps (1300 Mbps)

2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz 802.11b/g/n

802.11ad 7 Gbps (7000 Mbps)

2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac

34. How many wireless standards are there?