Chapter 4 Microbiological Contaminants

Chapter 4 Microbiological Contaminants

Waterworks OperationsWQT 111

Lecture 4

Waterworks OperationsWQT 111

Lecture 4

E. coli are bad?E. coli are bad?

True

False

50%50%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

ObjectivesObjectives

1.Compare virus (small), bacteria (medium), and protozoa (large)

2.Review Total Coliform Rule.

3.Go Over Total Coliform Analytical Procedures.

4.Perform Colilert Test of Unknown sample.

1.Compare virus (small), bacteria (medium), and protozoa (large)

2.Review Total Coliform Rule.

3.Go Over Total Coliform Analytical Procedures.

4.Perform Colilert Test of Unknown sample.

VirusesViruses1. Smallest living entities 10 - 25 nm .  Viruses can be observed only with the aid of

an electron microscope.

2. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites - they cannot live or multiply outside of a host cell. 

3. More resistant to chlorine relative to bacteria

4. Viruses are not cellular organisms.  Many consist of a protein coat or capsid and internal nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. 

5. Viruses do not produce enzymes for metabolism.

6. In the process of multiplying, viruses kill the infected host cells.   Important viral waterborne infections include hepatitis A and gastroenteritis (norwalk and rotavirus)

1. Smallest living entities 10 - 25 nm .  Viruses can be observed only with the aid of an electron microscope.

2. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites - they cannot live or multiply outside of a host cell. 

3. More resistant to chlorine relative to bacteria

4. Viruses are not cellular organisms.  Many consist of a protein coat or capsid and internal nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. 

5. Viruses do not produce enzymes for metabolism.

6. In the process of multiplying, viruses kill the infected host cells.   Important viral waterborne infections include hepatitis A and gastroenteritis (norwalk and rotavirus)

VirusVirus

You can see a virus with the naked eye?

You can see a virus with the naked eye?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Viruses need a host?Viruses need a host?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

In the processes of viral metabolism enzymes are exuded

which attack the host cell?

In the processes of viral metabolism enzymes are exuded

which attack the host cell?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Viruses are the smallest cellular organisms with a true nucleus?Viruses are the smallest cellular organisms with a true nucleus?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

BacteriaBacteria1. Smallest cellular organisms.  A typical bacterium is about 1 micrometer

in size.  Bacteria have a unique cell construction that sets them apart from all other living organisms.

2. The vast majority of bacteria are free living soil and water microorganisms. 

3. Bacteria can exist in conditions that no other living organism can tolerate.  Conan the bacterium

4. Bacteria cause many diseases in animals and man.  Important waterborne infectious diseases include campylobacterosis, legionnaires disease, shigellosis, typhoid, enterovirulent E. coli 0157, and cholera.

1. Smallest cellular organisms.  A typical bacterium is about 1 micrometer in size.  Bacteria have a unique cell construction that sets them apart from all other living organisms.

2. The vast majority of bacteria are free living soil and water microorganisms. 

3. Bacteria can exist in conditions that no other living organism can tolerate.  Conan the bacterium

4. Bacteria cause many diseases in animals and man.  Important waterborne infectious diseases include campylobacterosis, legionnaires disease, shigellosis, typhoid, enterovirulent E. coli 0157, and cholera.

E. coli E. coli

•E.coli are rod shaped, facultative anaerobic, gram-negative bacillus •Waste processing, Vitamin B and K production, and food absorption •They are indicators of fecal coliform

10 billion-100 trillion per day per person

•E.coli are rod shaped, facultative anaerobic, gram-negative bacillus •Waste processing, Vitamin B and K production, and food absorption •They are indicators of fecal coliform

10 billion-100 trillion per day per person

http://www.onr.navy.mil/media/view_image.asp?ID=63&SubID=64http://www.onr.navy.mil/media/view_image.asp?ID=63&SubID=64

http://pathport.vbi.vt.edu/pathinfo/pathogens/E.coli_O157H7.htmlhttp://pathport.vbi.vt.edu/pathinfo/pathogens/E.coli_O157H7.html

E. coli are necessary for human survival?

E. coli are necessary for human survival?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

E.coli are rod shaped, facultative anaerobic, gram-negative

bacillus?

E.coli are rod shaped, facultative anaerobic, gram-negative

bacillus?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Escherichia coli type 0157:H7 (bacteria, enteric pathogen)

Escherichia coli type 0157:H7 (bacteria, enteric pathogen)

•The illness is characterized by severe cramping (abdominal pain) and diarrhea which is initially watery but becomes grossly bloody. Occasionally vomiting occurs.

•Fever is either low-grade or absent.

•The illness is usually self-limited and lasts for an average of 8 days. Some individuals exhibit watery diarrhea only.

• Infectious dose is a few as 10 bacteria cells.

•The illness is characterized by severe cramping (abdominal pain) and diarrhea which is initially watery but becomes grossly bloody. Occasionally vomiting occurs.

•Fever is either low-grade or absent.

•The illness is usually self-limited and lasts for an average of 8 days. Some individuals exhibit watery diarrhea only.

• Infectious dose is a few as 10 bacteria cells.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_E._coli_outbreak

"E Coli H0157" is the bacterium that is the best known

serotype of "Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli" and known by its more formal scientific name of Escherichia coli

0157:H7. Transmitted from undercooked hamburger meat and raw milk, it releases verotoxin, which causes inflammation of the lower gastrointestinal tract, often

resulting in bloody bowel movements, potentially

several other illnesses and/or death.

"E Coli H0157" is the bacterium that is the best known

serotype of "Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli" and known by its more formal scientific name of Escherichia coli

0157:H7. Transmitted from undercooked hamburger meat and raw milk, it releases verotoxin, which causes inflammation of the lower gastrointestinal tract, often

resulting in bloody bowel movements, potentially

several other illnesses and/or death.

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

BacteriaBacteria

BacteriaBacteria

coccuscoccus rodrod spirillumspirillum

Most total coliforms are rod shaped?

Most total coliforms are rod shaped?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

ProtozoaProtozoa1. Protozoa are mostly single celled organisms that have a complex cell

construction (5-100 m).

2. Protozoa are classified into groups according to their method of motility:

• flagellates, move with the aid of one or more whip-like flagella.

• ciliates, move with the aid of a group of short hair-like cilia.

• amoeba, move with the aid of temporary cell projections called pseudopods (false feet).

3. Most protozoa are free living water and soil microorganisms.

4. Protozoa produce important diseases in animals and man.  Important waterborne diseases include giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and amoebic dysentery.

1. Protozoa are mostly single celled organisms that have a complex cell construction (5-100 m).

2. Protozoa are classified into groups according to their method of motility:

• flagellates, move with the aid of one or more whip-like flagella.

• ciliates, move with the aid of a group of short hair-like cilia.

• amoeba, move with the aid of temporary cell projections called pseudopods (false feet).

3. Most protozoa are free living water and soil microorganisms.

4. Protozoa produce important diseases in animals and man.  Important waterborne diseases include giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and amoebic dysentery.

Protozoa like to eat bacteria?Protozoa like to eat bacteria?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

A cilia is a whip like tail structure in a protozoa?

A cilia is a whip like tail structure in a protozoa?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Protozoa Intestinal Parasites & Water Borne Diseases

Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium parvum

Protozoa Intestinal Parasites & Water Borne Diseases

Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium parvum

Giardiasis (intestinal parasite)Giardiasis (intestinal parasite)

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap22.html

•Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) is a single celled animal, i.e., a protozoa, that moves with the aid of five flagella.

•Giardia found in domestic animals (dogs and cats) and wild animals (beavers, ducks, and bears)

•Most frequent cause of non-bacterial diarrhea in North America. ~ 25% of the cases of gastrointestinal disease

•Giardiasis is most frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated water . 2% of US population. Oregon second most reported cases 1980s

•Ingestion of one or more cysts may cause disease

•Illness lasts for 1 to 2 weeks (chronic infections can last months to years). Treat with Flagyl=antibiotic

•Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) is a single celled animal, i.e., a protozoa, that moves with the aid of five flagella.

•Giardia found in domestic animals (dogs and cats) and wild animals (beavers, ducks, and bears)

•Most frequent cause of non-bacterial diarrhea in North America. ~ 25% of the cases of gastrointestinal disease

•Giardiasis is most frequently associated with the consumption of contaminated water . 2% of US population. Oregon second most reported cases 1980s

•Ingestion of one or more cysts may cause disease

•Illness lasts for 1 to 2 weeks (chronic infections can last months to years). Treat with Flagyl=antibiotic

Giardia lamblia is a bacteria that causes waterborne infection?

Giardia lamblia is a bacteria that causes waterborne infection?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Giardia is found in domestic animals (dogs and cats) and wild

animals (beavers, ducks, and bears)?

Giardia is found in domestic animals (dogs and cats) and wild

animals (beavers, ducks, and bears)?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Ingestion of one or more giardia cysts may cause disease?

Ingestion of one or more giardia cysts may cause disease?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Giardia is the most frequent cause of non-bacterial diarrhea

in North America?

Giardia is the most frequent cause of non-bacterial diarrhea

in North America?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Giardia Lamblia/ProtozoaGiardia Lamblia/Protozoa

Cryptosporidiosis (protozoa) Cryptosporidiosis (protozoa) •Cryptosporidium parvum, a single-celled animal, i.e., a protozoa, is an obligate intracellular parasite.

•Infects many herd animals (cows, goats, sheep among domesticated animals, deer and elk among wild animals)

•The infective stage (oocyst) is 3 µm in diameter or about half the size of a red blood cell.

•Severe watery diarrhea lasting 2-4 days (no reliable treatment for cryptosporidiosis) •Serological surveys indicate that 80% of the population has had cryptosporidiosis.

•Cryptosporidium parvum, a single-celled animal, i.e., a protozoa, is an obligate intracellular parasite.

•Infects many herd animals (cows, goats, sheep among domesticated animals, deer and elk among wild animals)

•The infective stage (oocyst) is 3 µm in diameter or about half the size of a red blood cell.

•Severe watery diarrhea lasting 2-4 days (no reliable treatment for cryptosporidiosis) •Serological surveys indicate that 80% of the population has had cryptosporidiosis.

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap24.html

CryptosporidiosisCryptosporidiosis

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap24.html

•The new “superbug” Cryptosporidium parvum is first identified as an important waterborne infection in the 1990's.

•Resistant to chlorination

•Oregon reports waterborne outbreaks in 1992 Talent Oregon communities.

•1993 largest waterborne disease outbreak in US ~400,000 Milwaukee Wisconsin

•The new “superbug” Cryptosporidium parvum is first identified as an important waterborne infection in the 1990's.

•Resistant to chlorination

•Oregon reports waterborne outbreaks in 1992 Talent Oregon communities.

•1993 largest waterborne disease outbreak in US ~400,000 Milwaukee Wisconsin

Cryptosporidium/ProtozoaCryptosporidium/Protozoa

Total Coliform RuleTotal Coliform Rule• Total Coliform Rule (TCR) on June 29, 1989 • monitor for total coliforms at a frequency proportional to the number of

people served • Further test that culture for the presence of either fecal coliforms or

Escherichia coli;• Take samples at end of distribution systems• If positive occurs:

– Re-collect and analyze at least 3-4 repeat samples within 24 hours : – 1 at the same tap as the positive – The others at sites located within 5 or fewer service connection

adjacent (upstream and downstream) to the location of the routine positive sample; and

• Take at least 5 routine samples the next month of operation. • 16 different species of Total Coliforms!

• Total Coliform Rule (TCR) on June 29, 1989 • monitor for total coliforms at a frequency proportional to the number of

people served • Further test that culture for the presence of either fecal coliforms or

Escherichia coli;• Take samples at end of distribution systems• If positive occurs:

– Re-collect and analyze at least 3-4 repeat samples within 24 hours : – 1 at the same tap as the positive – The others at sites located within 5 or fewer service connection

adjacent (upstream and downstream) to the location of the routine positive sample; and

• Take at least 5 routine samples the next month of operation. • 16 different species of Total Coliforms!

EPA APPROVED METHODSTotal Coliforms

EPA APPROVED METHODSTotal Coliforms

• Presence–absence (P-A) The P-A test is a qualitative procedure that was developed as a sensitive, economical, and efficient means of analyzing drinking water samples

• Membrane filter (MF) The MF procedure was introduced to bacteriological water analysis in 1951, after its capacity to produce results equivalent to those obtained by the MTF procedure was demonstrated

• Multiple tube fermentation (MTF) procedures - The MTF procedure, in comparison with the MF procedure, lacks precision, is more difficult to perform, and takes longer to produce results; because of this, the latter has largely replaced it for routine examinations of drinking water.

• Presence–absence (P-A) The P-A test is a qualitative procedure that was developed as a sensitive, economical, and efficient means of analyzing drinking water samples

• Membrane filter (MF) The MF procedure was introduced to bacteriological water analysis in 1951, after its capacity to produce results equivalent to those obtained by the MTF procedure was demonstrated

• Multiple tube fermentation (MTF) procedures - The MTF procedure, in comparison with the MF procedure, lacks precision, is more difficult to perform, and takes longer to produce results; because of this, the latter has largely replaced it for routine examinations of drinking water.

Presence/AbsencePresence/Absence

• Incubate tubes or bottles • YES OR NO?• Fluorescent end product from E.Coli

fermentation

• Incubate tubes or bottles • YES OR NO?• Fluorescent end product from E.Coli

fermentation

PositiveE.Coli

What is the most common method used in labs to test for

total coliform and E. coli?

What is the most common method used in labs to test for

total coliform and E. coli?

DM

A

Gre

en

Colil

ert

Lam

p

0% 0%0%0%

1. DMA

2. Green

3. Colilert

4. Lamp

1. DMA

2. Green

3. Colilert

4. Lamp

Total ColiformsTotal Coliforms

Total Coliforms (m-Endo broth)Total Coliforms (m-Endo broth)

Total ColiformTotal Coliform

• Red colony with a metallic sheen within 24±2 hours at 35±0.2oC

• Red colony with a metallic sheen within 24±2 hours at 35±0.2oC

Total Coliforms (http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/wqt111/unit-8-coliformtest.htm)Total Coliforms (http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/wqt111/unit-8-coliformtest.htm)

Membrane FiltrationMembrane Filtration

Fecal Coliforms (m-FC broth)Fecal Coliforms (m-FC broth)• Blue colonies for fecal

coliforms. Gray to cream colored are non fecal coliforms

• Blue colonies for fecal coliforms. Gray to cream colored are non fecal coliforms

Fecal Coliform

Fecal Coliform

• Blue colony within 24±2 hours at 44.5±0.5oC

• Blue colony within 24±2 hours at 44.5±0.5oC

MI-Media: Pure Culture of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with UV Light (http://www.whatman.com/products/?pageID=7.61.409.297)

MI-Media: Pure Culture of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 with UV Light (http://www.whatman.com/products/?pageID=7.61.409.297)

Fecal Coliforms (http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/wqt111/unit-8-coliformtest.htm)Fecal Coliforms (http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/wqt111/unit-8-coliformtest.htm)

In the membrane filter method, the number of coliforms is

estimated by the:

In the membrane filter method, the number of coliforms is

estimated by the:

Num

ber o

f col

onies

...

Num

ber o

f neg

ativ

e t..

.

Num

ber o

f pos

itive

t...

Sum

of p

ositiv

e an

d ...

0% 0%0%0%

1. Number of colonies grown

2. Number of negative tubes

3. Number of positive tubes

4. Sum of positive and negative tubes

1. Number of colonies grown

2. Number of negative tubes

3. Number of positive tubes

4. Sum of positive and negative tubes

Fecal Coliforms are incubated at 44.5oC for 24 hours

Fecal Coliforms are incubated at 44.5oC for 24 hours

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

When conducting the fecal coliform membrane test, count

all the colonies that are _______ in color.

When conducting the fecal coliform membrane test, count

all the colonies that are _______ in color.

Red

Yel

low

Blu

e

Ora

nge

0% 0%0%0%

1. Red

2. Yellow

3. Blue

4. Orange

1. Red

2. Yellow

3. Blue

4. Orange

Fecal coliforms are incubated in a water bath at this temperature

for 24 hours.

Fecal coliforms are incubated in a water bath at this temperature

for 24 hours.

44.

5 oC

35.

0 oC

103

oC

37.

5 oC

0% 0%0%0%

1. 44.5 oC

2. 35.0 oC

3. 103 oC

4. 37.5 oC

1. 44.5 oC

2. 35.0 oC

3. 103 oC

4. 37.5 oC

The recommended holding time for a fecal coliform sample prior to analysis is 24 hours or less at

4 deg. C.?

The recommended holding time for a fecal coliform sample prior to analysis is 24 hours or less at

4 deg. C.?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Multiple Tube Fermentation MethodMultiple Tube Fermentation MethodInoculate lauryl tryptose broth and incubate for 24h at 35oCInoculate lauryl tryptose broth and incubate for 24h at 35oC

Gas or acidityTransfer to BGBB

incubate 48 h at 35oC

Gas or acidityTransfer to BGBB

incubate 48 h at 35oC

No gas or acidityIncubate

24 h at 35oC

No gas or acidityIncubate

24 h at 35oC

Gas produced Coliform group confirmed

Gas produced Coliform group confirmed

No gas produced - test. Coliform group absent

No gas produced - test. Coliform group absent

Gas produced Confirm as in (1)

Gas produced Confirm as in (1)

Acidic growth produced Confirm as in (1)

Acidic growth produced Confirm as in (1)

No gas or acidic growth produced -test.Coliformgroup absent

No gas or acidic growth produced -test.Coliformgroup absent

Re-inoculate in fresh BGBBPositive completed phase

Re-inoculate in fresh BGBBPositive completed phase

Multiple Tube Fermentation MethodMultiple Tube Fermentation Method

• Step 1 presumptive phase• Use lauryl tryptose broth• Grow “stressed” organisms• Confirm positives• Calculate MPN

• Step 1 presumptive phase• Use lauryl tryptose broth• Grow “stressed” organisms• Confirm positives• Calculate MPN

GrowthGrowth

GasGas

http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook/index.php?module=Book&func=displaychapter&chap_id=55&theme=printer

Habitats of Fecal and NonFecal Coliforms

Habitats of Fecal and NonFecal Coliforms

There are 16 different species of coliforms in nature?

There are 16 different species of coliforms in nature?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%

1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

E. coli results must always be higher or lower than fecal

coliform results?

E. coli results must always be higher or lower than fecal

coliform results?

Hig

her

Lower

0%0%

1. Higher

2. Lower

1. Higher

2. Lower

What is an IDEAL INDICATOR? What is an IDEAL INDICATOR?

• Be applicable in all water types.• ALWAYS be present in water when

pathogenic bacteria of fecal contamination are present. – Density or numbers should relate to

amount/degree of pollution– Greater survival time in water– Disappears rapidly following the

disappearance of pathogens

• Be applicable in all water types.• ALWAYS be present in water when

pathogenic bacteria of fecal contamination are present. – Density or numbers should relate to

amount/degree of pollution– Greater survival time in water– Disappears rapidly following the

disappearance of pathogens

Coliform bacteria- Microorganisms predominantly inhabiting the intestines of humans and other animals, but also occasionally found elsewhere. They include all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with the production of gas. Also included are all bacteria that produce a dark, purplish-green metallic sheen by the membrane filter technique used for coliform identification.

Coliform bacteria- Microorganisms predominantly inhabiting the intestines of humans and other animals, but also occasionally found elsewhere. They include all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with the production of gas. Also included are all bacteria that produce a dark, purplish-green metallic sheen by the membrane filter technique used for coliform identification.

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

What is an IDEAL INDICATOR? What is an IDEAL INDICATOR?

– Absent from a bacteriologically safe water– Easily analyzed for without any anomalies

or false positives. – Greater survival time in water– Disappears rapidly following the

disappearance of pathogens– Be harmless to man or other animals

– Absent from a bacteriologically safe water– Easily analyzed for without any anomalies

or false positives. – Greater survival time in water– Disappears rapidly following the

disappearance of pathogens– Be harmless to man or other animals

Total and fecal coliform are all pathogenic?

Total and fecal coliform are all pathogenic?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Coliform bacteria are:Coliform bacteria are:

More

resi

stan

t...

Les

s re

sist

ant..

.

A g

roup o

f pat

...

A g

roup o

f pat

...

0% 0%0%0%

1. More resistant to chlorination than pathogenic bacteria

2. Less resistant to chlorination than pathogenic bacteria

3. A group of pathogens causing hepatitis

4. A group of pathogens causing cholera

1. More resistant to chlorination than pathogenic bacteria

2. Less resistant to chlorination than pathogenic bacteria

3. A group of pathogens causing hepatitis

4. A group of pathogens causing cholera

Which of the following are true about indicator organisms?

Which of the following are true about indicator organisms?

Be

prese

nt whe.

..

Be

at lo

wer

nu...

Hav

e a

shorte

r...

Be

able

to k

il...

0% 0%0%0%

1. Be present when pathogen is present

2. Be at lower numbers then the pathogen

3. Have a shorter lifespan then a pathogen

4. Be able to kill a pathogen and a lab technician in the same day

1. Be present when pathogen is present

2. Be at lower numbers then the pathogen

3. Have a shorter lifespan then a pathogen

4. Be able to kill a pathogen and a lab technician in the same day

Fecal coliforms are a subset of total coliform bacteria?

Fecal coliforms are a subset of total coliform bacteria?

Tru

e

Fal

se

0%0%1. True

2. False

1. True

2. False

Coliforms are used as indicator bacteria to verify the effectiveness of disinfection

techniques because ______.

Coliforms are used as indicator bacteria to verify the effectiveness of disinfection

techniques because ______.

They

are

the

m...

They

cau

se th

e...

They

are

eas

ie...

They

hav

e a

sy...

0% 0%0%0%

1. They are the most numerous of all wastewater pathogens

2. They cause the worst diseases of any of the wastewater pathogens

3. They are easier to detect and are harder to destroy than most pathogenic organisms

4. They have a symbiotic relationship with pathogens; one cannot survive without the other.

1. They are the most numerous of all wastewater pathogens

2. They cause the worst diseases of any of the wastewater pathogens

3. They are easier to detect and are harder to destroy than most pathogenic organisms

4. They have a symbiotic relationship with pathogens; one cannot survive without the other.

Coliform bacteria are:?Coliform bacteria are:?

Com

monly

foun

d...

Des

irable

in s

...

Hig

hly re

sist

a...

Indi

cato

r org

a...

Dea

dly

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. Commonly found throughout distribution systems

2. Desirable in storage tanks for iron digestion

3. Highly resistant to chlorine

4. Indicator organisms

5. Deadly

1. Commonly found throughout distribution systems

2. Desirable in storage tanks for iron digestion

3. Highly resistant to chlorine

4. Indicator organisms

5. Deadly

A

com

paris

on o

...

Indi

cato

r org

a...

An in

dicat

or o

...

All

of the

abo...

0% 0%0%0%

# of organisms# of organisms

TimeTime1. A comparison of pathogens to indicator

organism

2. Indicator organisms should outlive a pathogen

3. An indicator organism can coexist with a pathogen

4. All of the above

1. A comparison of pathogens to indicator organism

2. Indicator organisms should outlive a pathogen

3. An indicator organism can coexist with a pathogen

4. All of the above

..

This is the special sugar that fecal coliform bacteria can

metabolize.

This is the special sugar that fecal coliform bacteria can

metabolize.

Glu

cose

Fru

ctose

Lac

tose

Rosa

lic a

cid

0% 0%0%0%

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

3. Lactose

4. Rosalic acid

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

3. Lactose

4. Rosalic acid

Coliform bacteria and the procedures used to test for them

are divided into the two categories of _______.

Coliform bacteria and the procedures used to test for them

are divided into the two categories of _______.

MF a

nd M

TF

LTB a

nd BG

B

Tota

l and

feca

...

M-E

ndo a

nd M-F

...

0% 0%0%0%

1. MF and MTF

2. LTB and BGB

3. Total and fecal coliforms

4. M-Endo and M-FC

1. MF and MTF

2. LTB and BGB

3. Total and fecal coliforms

4. M-Endo and M-FC

Objective #4 on the syllabus (Understand the fundamentals of water microbiology,

especially as it relates to waterborne infectious disease) has been met?

Objective #4 on the syllabus (Understand the fundamentals of water microbiology,

especially as it relates to waterborne infectious disease) has been met?

Stro

ngly A

gree

Agre

e

Dis

agre

e

Stro

ngly D

isag

ree

60%

0%0%

40%1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Disagree

4. Strongly Disagree

1. Strongly Agree

2. Agree

3. Disagree

4. Strongly Disagree