1

Chapter 4 M-E

1.Eight royal qualities to be exercised by lords of territories

၁။၁။၁။၁။����ျျျျပညရငမငးတ႔ပညရငမငးတ႔ပညရငမငးတ႔ပညရငမငးတ႔ ကငသးေဆာကတညအပေသာကငသးေဆာကတညအပေသာကငသးေဆာကတညအပေသာကငသးေဆာကတညအပေသာ ရာဇဂဏရစပါးရာဇဂဏရစပါးရာဇဂဏရစပါးရာဇဂဏရစပါး

According to the Rajanīti book there are eight kingly qualities on which the rulers of countries must base

their conduct:

�ျပညရငမငးတ႔ ကငသးေဆာကတညအပေသာ ရာဇဂဏရစပါးရသညက ရာဇနတ ကမး၌-

“Indassakkassa vāyussa,

yamassa samuddassa ca;

candabhūmi pajjunnānaµ,

rañño attha gu¼o bhave”.1

That is to say: The king's power must rest upon the qualities of eight models – the king of devas, the Sun,

the Air, the ruler of the kingdom of Dead, the Ocean, the round Moon, the Earth itself, and the Sky.

သၾကားမငး၊ ေနမငး၊ ေလ၊ ယမမငး၊ သမဒၵရာ၊ လျပည၀နး၊ ေျမႀကး၊ မးတ႔၏အစြမးျဖင မငးအား ဂဏရစပါး

သည ျဖစ၏။

From among these eight models, Inda (king of devas) puts down those among all his spirits that deserve

to be put down and raises up the deserving; just so a king must put down the ill-doers among all his

people and reward the deserving.

ထရစပါးတ႔တြင သၾကားမငးကသ႔ကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ သၾကားမငးသည နတ အေပါငးတ႔တြင ႏပတန

ေသာသအားႏပ၍၊ ခးေျမာကတနေသာသတ႔အား ခးေျမာက သကသ႔ ျပညႀကးအရင မငးတ႔သညလညး

လအေပါငးတ႔တြင မေကာငးေသာသတ႔အားႏပ၍ ေကာငးေသာသတ႔အား ခးေျမာကရာသည။

1 .Ræjadhamma. 247

2

For the saying that the Sun must be his model, just as the Sun with a thousand rays softly draws up the

water from the rain, so must a king of a great country gently and graciously absorb the tax moneys from

his land.

ေနကသ႔ကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ ေနမငးသည ေရာငျခညတစေထာငျဖင မးေရက ျဖညးညငးစြာ ခနးေျခာက

ေစသကသ႔ ျပညႀကးအရင မငးတ႔သညလညး အခြနအတတက ျဖညးညငးသာယာစြာ ေကာကခသမးယရာ

သည။

Modeling himself upon the Air, just as the Air enters into and leaves the bodies of all living creatures, so

must a king work to know, as though entering into their very selves, all that is done by his ministers and

people, their poverty and their wealth and the secrets that they hide.

ေလကသ႔ကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ ေလသည သတ၀ါအေပါငးတ႔၏ကယတြငးသ႔၀င၍သြားသကသ႔ ျပညရငမငး

တ႔သညလညး အမးအမတ၊ျပညသခပသမးတ႔၏ အျပအမဆငးရခမးသာက အလ႕အ၀က သလထား၍

ကယတြငးသ႔၀ငသကသ႔ သေအာငျပရာသည။

He must model himself upon the ruler of the kingdom of Dead, for the ruler of the kingdom of Dead

makes no distinctions whether of love or of hate. He sets his coming by Kamma ("according to the force

of kamma" - the consequence of past actions.), so must a king turn his regard, not according to his love or

his hate, but according to what has been done.

ယမမငးကသ႔ကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ ယမမငးသည ခစသမနးသဟ၍ အထးအျခားကြျပားျခငးမရ၊ ကအား

ေလာစြာ ေရာကလာသမက စရငသကသ႔ ျပညရငမငးသညလညး ခစသမနးသဟ၍ မကႏာမင၊အမႈႏင

ေလာစြာ စရငရာသည။

He must take the Ocean for his model, for just as Ocean indifferently receives the waters of the five great

and the five hundred small rivers just as they come, so the lord of a great country dispassionately receives

exactly the proportion of its wealth that custom prescribes.

သမဒၵရာကသ႔ကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ သမဒၵရာသည ေရကမေတာငတ၊ျမစႀကးငါးသြယ၊ ျမစငယငါးရာတ႔မ

အလအေလာက၀ငလာသမကသာ ခယသကသ႔ ျပညရငမငးသညလညး ပစၥညးဥစၥာက မလခင၊မေတာငတ၊

ထးစရသညအတငး ရသငသမကသာ ခယရာသည။

3

He must be like the Moon, for whenever they see the circle of the full moon all men are made glad and

happy; so when the lord of a great country shows a glad countenance and speaks words of good cheer that

they are pleased to hear, he makes his ministers and all his people happy.

လကသ႔ကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ လျပည၀နးသည ျမငျမငသမလခပသမးတ႔က ရႊငလနး၀မးေျမာကေစသကသ႔

ျပညရငမငးသညလညး မကႏာရႊငလနးလက၊ စကားက ခသာနာေပာဖြယေျပာဆကာ အမးအမတ၊ ျပညသ

လခပသမးတ႔က ရႊငလနး၀မးေျမာကေစရာသည။

He must be like the solid Earth, which gives shelter and support to all living creatures; so it is right that

he, as their lord, give shelter and support to all his people through following the four rules of sa³gaha.

ေျမႀကးကသ႔ကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ ေျမႀကးသည သတ၀ါအေပါငးတ႔၏ မခကးကြယရာျဖစသကသ႔ ျပညရင

မငးသညလညး သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးျဖင ျပညသလအေပါငးတ႔၏ကးကြယရာျဖစေအာင ေဆာငရြကရာသည။

He must take the way of the Sky; during all the four months (Of the rainy season) the Sky satisfies all the

people with the water from its wells and so must his servants and officers be satisfied by the sustenance,

the robes of office and the gifts that they receive from their lord and give him their love.

မးကသကင၏ဟသညကား။ ။ မးသည မးတြငးေလးလပတလး လအေပါငးတ႔က ေရျဖငေရာငရေစသကသ႔

ျပညရငမငးသညလညး အမထမး၊အရာထမးတ႔အား မးရကၡာ၊အ၀တအစား၊ ဆလာဘတ႔ျဖင ႏစသကေရာင

ရေစရာသည။

This is the explanation of the Rājanīti text.

ဤကား ရာဇနတကမး၌လာေသာ အဓပၸါယတညး။

Following this text the Gambhīsāra has "Waters of Ocean; soft sweeping Wind; full of the Moon; Sunrise

and Moonrise; the World of life; sakka, lord of the Spirits - these eight are to be remembered".

ဤသ႔ကမးဂနလာသညႏငအည ဂမၻသာရတြင “ယညတနသမဒ၊ ျဖညးသတေလသာ၊ ရာဇာယမ၊ ေနလပဇၨန၊

၀သႏၵရန၊ ေဒ၀နသၾကား၊ ရစပါးဤသ႔၊ မတဖ႔မတဖြယ” ဟ၍ စပဆေလသည။

4

2.The Nine Limbs of a country

၂၂၂၂။။။။ တငးျပညအဂၤါတငးျပညအဂၤါတငးျပညအဂၤါတငးျပညအဂၤါ ကးပါးကးပါးကးပါးကးပါး

The Min-zin Linka speaks of the nine "limbs" of a country that have never been mistrusted, put to the test

or broken by kings in our history.

ရာဇ၀ငတ႔၌လာေသာျပညရငမငးတ႔ မဆငမျခင မစးမစမး မဖကဆးအပေသာျပညအဂၤါကးပါးရသညက

မငးစဥလကၤာတြင-

They are these Nine Jewels: the Order of the Sash, his own kindred to be consulted in times of

confusion, who can restore abundance - these, with the golden canopy and the golden drum, may be

called the kingdom's frontlet:

န၀ရတကးသြယ၊ ဆငစလြယကား၊ တငးကယျပညေရး၊ မႈရႈပေထြးက၊ ေဆြးေႏြးတငပင၊ ကထတြငသည၊

ေရာက၀ငထနး၊ မးမတႀကးတ႔၊ ေရႊထးေရႊစည၊ ဥးကငးမည၏။

the senior monks, firm in their religion, bright in their wisdom and teaching, props of the throne - these

may be called the pennant;

သန႔ၾကညသလ၊ အာစာရႏင၊ ၪာဏေတာကထြနး၊ ေထရရဟနးတ႔၊ ေရႊနနးေဆာကတည၊ တခြနမည၏။

students of the Vedas, skilled in seeing ahead, both near and far, pondering the outcome of actions, judges

of the law, honest and upright men, all actions in proper form - all these may be called the eyes of the

land;

တရညနးေ၀း၊ မႈရာေရးက၊ ခငေတြးဆနာ၊ လမၼာေျမာျမင၊ ေဗဒငသမား၊ တရားဆးျဖတ၊ ေတာေျဖာငမတသား၊

ေလာကပတမထား၊ ထသမားသည၊ မကစမည၏။

those going about from place to place, from town to town, wherever men live, edging in and listening,

men good with secrets who keep track of events – these are called the country's ears;

5

တစျပညတစၿမ႕၊ သ႔ရပတ႔၀ယ၊ ၀ကႀက႕ေခာငးေျမာငး၊ သလေကာငးကား၊ ကးေၾကာငးေဘြနည၊ ျပညနား

မည၏။

the royal kindred, patrolling the country's borders, cutting off the enemy's shoots, the kin and companions

of the king - these are called the country's teeth;

ပတလညလညပတ၊ ရနညြန႔ျဖတသည၊ မငးျမတညသား၊ မငးေပါငးမားဟ၊ ေဆြ၀ါးမးစည၊ ျပညစြယမည၏။

liquid gold, the wives, not dazzling the sight, their daughters and sons, beautiful to see, ornaments of the

land - these are the country's face;

ေရႊရညဇသး၊ ရႈမၿငးသည၊ သမးလလင၊ လျပငဆငတ႔၊ ျပညတြငစတည၊ မကႏာမည၏။

the merchants, confident in their wealth, traders in goods and workers of the fields, firm and strong -

these are the land's belly;

�ဖညးစညျဖငေအး၊ သေဌးသကြယ၊ ကနသြယလယလပ၊ ႀကးကတမားစြာ၊ လတကာကား၊ ခငမာရငၾကည၊

ျပည၀မးမည၏။

men of the elephants and cavalry, brave men of good family, executors of the king's will, firm in effort

and never yielding - these are the feet of the land;

ဇာနညရစြမး၊ မႈေတာထမးသည၊ ႀကးပမးအားထတ၊ မဆတမရ၊ သရသငးပငး၊ ဆငျမငးတ႔သည၊ ျပညေျခ

မည၏။

those who hold the centre of the lands, like the quoit of sakka (king of Gods), their weapons their

adornment, their equipment their defence, spreading out confidence, these are the hands of the land.

ႏစျပညပငခက၊ သၾကားစကသ႔၊ လကနကတနဆာ၊ ကရယာကား၊ မရာလမးသည၊ ျပညလကမည၏။

Of these, the ring of nine jewels, the frontlet must not be shaken, the pennant not torn, the eyes not put

out, the ears not stopped, the teeth not broken, the face not disfigured, the belly not upset, the feet not hurt

6

and the hands not cut; if this is followed, you will be wearing the nine jewels and your land will not fail in

success.2

သညသညဤယငး၊ မကကးကြငးတြင၊ ဥးကငးမလြန၊ တခြနမၿင၊ မကစမေဖာက၊ နားေပါကမပယ၊ အစြယမခြါ၊

မကႏာမလႊမး၊ ျပည၀မးမေမႊ၊ ျပညေျခမဖက၊ ျပညလကမျဖတ၊ ကငနငတတမ၊ န၀ရတကးျဖာ၊ ဆငရရာ

သည။ေအာငခာျပညမ မႈထမးတညး။ ဟ၍စပေလသည။

3.The seven Limbs of a country

၃၃၃၃။ နငငအဂၤါ ခနစပါး။ နငငအဂၤါ ခနစပါး။ နငငအဂၤါ ခနစပါး။ နငငအဂၤါ ခနစပါး

The Abhidhænappadøpikæ Commentary refers to the seven "limbs" of the state:

“Sāmya maccañ ca ratthañ ca,

duggaµ koso balaµ sakhā;

paramparopakāridaµ,

satta³gaµ rajja muccate”.

နငငအဂၤါခနစပါးရသညက အဘဓါနဋကာကမးတြင ဤသ႔ဆ၏။

That is to say: The lord who rules the land, the united council of ministers, the towns and

villages, the fortified cities, the storehouses filled with gold and silver, with paddy and rice, the

valiant soldiers (bala), the network of allies, bound to mutual assistance – these must be called

the seven limbs of the land.

နငငကအပစးေသာမငး၊ မးမတအသငးအပငးအေပါငး၊ တငးျပည ဇနပဒ၊ ခၿမ႕၊ ေရႊေငြဥစၥာ ဆန

စပါးတ႔ျဖင ျပညေသာ တက က ၾက၊ ရမကလကနကကင၊ တစဥးကတစဥး ကညေထာကပ ေကးဇး

ျပနငေသာ မဟာမတမငး၊ ဤအဂၤါခနစပါးရသညက နငငဟဆအပ၏။

2 . Rajadhamma P.249

7

If any one of these limbs is broken, the state cannot stand firmly, just as a man cannot stand.

ထခနစပါးတ႔တြင တစပါးပါးခ႕တခေသာတငးနငငသညမခငမမာအဂၤါခ႕ေသာသကသ႔ ျဖစတတ၏။

Elsewhere in the Kāmandaki nīti book it is said that the number of the "natural assets" (pakati) of

the state are five instead of these seven:

နငင၏ပကတငါးပါးတစနညးအားျဖငခနစပါးရသညကကာမႏၵကအစရေသာနတကမးတ႔၌ဤသ႔ဆ၏

။

That is to say: The company of ministers, the villages of the land, the fortified cities, the

storehouses filled with gold, silver, jewels, rice and paddy and, fifth, punishments (danda) fitted

to faults - wise men who have studied these natural assets say that they are those that must be

held by the king who hopes to overcome his enemies.

မးမတအေပါငး၊ ၿမ႕ျပ ဇနပဒ၊ ခၿမ႕၊ ေရႊေငြဥစၥာ ဆန စပါးတ႔ျဖင ျပညေသာ တက က ၾက၊

ငါးခေျမာကအျပစအားေလာစြာေပးေသာဒဏ၊ထပကတကသေသာပညာတ႔ရသညရနက ေအာငလ

ေသာမငး၏ ဤပကတ ငါးခတ႔က ေဖၚထတအပကန၏။

A hero, valiant man is honoured by the sun adds to these five assets that relatives and allies who

will help in any difficulty, great or slight, and a seventh, a king who will control the state.

ေနမငးသည ေလးျမတပေဇာအပေသာ သစြမးေကာငးသည ဤဆခၿပးေသာ ပကတငါးပါးတ႔က

လညးေကာငး၊ ထမတစပါး၊ ကစၥႀကးငယရလင ကညေထာကပနငေသာ အေဆြခငပြနးမဟာမတႏင

ခနစခေျမာကျဖစေသာ နငငကအပစးေသာမငးဟ ပကတခနစရသညက နငငဟဆအပ၏။

8

If all these seven assets are there, it will indeed be a country (The difference between the

previously listed seven facts "limbs" of the state and the present seven pakati "natural assets" is

that one has danda - the power of punishment - and the other bala – military force).

ဤဆခၿပးေသာနငငအဂၤါရဇၨငခနစပါးႏငဤနငင၏ပကတခနစပါးတ႔သညဒ႑ႏငဗလသာကြၾက

သည။

The Pæ¹i Abhidhāna has

“Sāmya macco sakhā koso,

rajja dugga balani ca;

rajjangani pakatayo,

poranam seniyopi ce”ti. giving the seven natural assets of a state.

ပါဠအဘဓါနကမး၌ကား- ရဇၨငခနစပါးကပင ပကတခနစပါးဟဆသည။

4.The ruling king

၄။၄။၄။၄။ ျပညရငမငးျပညရငမငးျပညရငမငးျပညရငမငး

In describing a king, a distinction is made between a “king by consecration (muddhābhiseka)3” and an

“ordinary king”. A king who has water poured over his head according to custom is called a “king by

consecration”. Otherwise, he is merely an “ordinary king”.

မငးဟရာ၌ မဒၶါဘသကမငး၊သာမညမငးဟရသည။ထးစႏငအည ဥးထပ၌ ေရစငသြနးေလာငးအပေသာ

အဘသကခမငးသည မဒၶါဘသကမငးမည၏။ ယငးသ႔မဟတလင သာမညမငးသာျဖစသည။

These seven assets4 thus include the ten-fold law of royal conduct5 and the four rules of sa³gaha6 of

which we have spoken, the ruler, who is perfect in them, may indeed be called a king.

3 . Jæ. V. A. P.538/ D. I. A. P.164/ Abhidhæna ¿ø. P.232

9

ဤခနစပါးတ႔တြင ဆခၿပးေသာမငးကငတရားဆယပါး၊သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး အစရသညတ႔ႏငျပညစ၍ နငင

ကအပစးေသာသသည ျပညရငမငးမည၏။

If, however, a single one of the country's "limbs" is lacking to him, the kingdom cannot amount to much7

and he may lack the respect of its people as a whole. The mass of the people will be divided into separate

interests.

ဤျပညရငမငးဟေသာနငင၏အဂၤါတစပါးမရလငနငငသညမတငတယနင။နငငသားအေပါငးသည ကးကြယ

ရာမ ျဖစရာသည။လအေပါငးသည အသးသးကြျပားရာ၏။

People with special skills in civic affairs, ethics, religion, technology and the like, who could give good

care to the interests of the state will be named as military commanders8 and other grades of officials.

အမး၊အကငသလ၊အတတပညာအစရသညတ႔ႏငျပညစ၍ တငးကးျပညကးကေကာငးစြာရြကေဆာငေသာ

စစသႀကးအစရေသာသတ႔သည မးမတအေပါငးမည၏။

People whose interest is in buying in the course of a widespread trading system and those whose interest

is in selling in foreign lands, since they do not know each other will lose their trade, since they do not

dare to hand goods over. Large-scale trade does not allow of simple cash payments.

ကနအႀကးအကယေရာငး၀ယလပကငရာ၌ ေရာငးလသကနသညကလညးအျခား အရပသား၊ ၀ယလသ

ကလညးအျခားအရပသားျဖစ၍ တစဥး၏အေၾကာငးအရာက တစဥး မသၾကေသာေၾကာင ကနကလႊတ၍

မေပး၀၊ကနအားႀကးကးသနးရာ၌လညး လကငငးေငြ အေျပေခ ေပး၀ယယေသာမညသညမရနင။

People are needed who know the business both of the buyer and the seller and who undertake to accept

the seller's goods on behalf of the buyer and to act as brokers in such transactions.

By setting up the sale once a sufficient deposit has been paid, they enable the sellers to dispose to their

satisfaction of the goods that they have brought to market, while the buyer buys according to his wishes.

4 .A³. II. P.407/ D. II. P.62

5 . Jæ. II.. P.97

6 .A³. III. A. P.194/ / S. I. ¿ø. P.179

7 . Jæ. II. P.327

8 . M. II. ¿ø. P.187

10

ပြစားျပလပသမားကား ေရာငးလ၀ယလသ ႏစဥးႏစဖကတ႔၏ အေၾကာငးအရာက သသျဖစ၍ ေရာငးသ၏

ကနက ၀ယလသအတြကခ၀န၍ စရနမေလာကႏငေပးေခ ေရာငးခေစသျဖင ေရာငးသမာလညး ေရာငးရန

ယခသညကနစညမားက တြငကန ေအာငေရာငးရသည။ ၀ယလသကလညး အလအတငး ၀ယနငသည။

Foreign traders coming into a country will not know the prevailing prices well and they will not dare to

trust in what would-be buyers tell them. It is by relying on a broker and enquiring from him that sellers

can sell and buyers can buy.

It is by the brokers working in the middle and providing information that buying and selling can take

place.

တစေၾကာငးလညးနငငျခားသားကနသညတ႔သည ေရာကရာနငင၌ ေပါကေစးက ေကာငးစြာမသ၊ ၀ယလသ

ေျပာသညေစးကလညး မယ၀၊ ပြစားက မခေမးျမနးၿပးလင ေရာငးသလညးေရာငးနငေအာင၊ ၀ယလသလညး

၀ယနငေအာင ပြစားတ႔ အၾကားအလယက ဖနေျဖေျပာဆေစစပမ ေရာငးျခငး ၀ယျခငးျဖစနငသည။

If there were no brokers to mediate between buyers and sellers in large-scale trade, trade could not take

place.

ထ႔ေၾကာင ကနအႀကးအကယကးသနးရာ၌ ႏစဥးႏစဖကကေစစပေသာပြစား မရလင ေရာငးျခငး၀ယျခငး

မျဖစနင။

Brokers must therefore be knowledgeable both in the goods of the sellers and the buying prices of the

goods.

They must also know what buyers will want and the going price in the buyers' market.

ပြစားတ႔သညကား ေရာငးလသကနသညတ႔အေၾကာငးကလညးေကာငး၊ ကန၏၀ယခရငးအဖးကလညး

ေကာငး သကၽြမးသည။၀ယလသ၏အလကလညးေကာငး၊ ၀ယသ ၏အရပ၌ေပါကေစးကလညးေကာငး

ေကာငးစြာသသည။

Since they know both sides of the business, brokers are relied upon to speak to both buyers and sellers

and to bring them together, thus working for the benefit of both buyer and seller. The broker therefore has

the credit of a beneficial action.

11

ဤသ႔ႏစဥးႏစဖကကသေသာေၾကာင ေရာငးသ၀ယသႏစဥးတ႔က ေစစပေအာငေျပာ ဆနငသညပြစားက

အမျပ၍ ေရာငးသ၀ယသကနသညႏစဥးတ႔ အကးစးပြါးျဖစသည။ ပြစားမာလညး ေကးဇးဂဏခရသည။

It is in just the same way that the ministers in any state will know well the disposition of their ruler and

what is likely to reduce and what to advance his well-being.

ဤကသ႔မးမတတ႔မညသည ျပညရငမငးတ႔၏စတသေဘာအလဆႏၵ၊ ျပညရငမငးတ႔၏အကးစးပြါး ယတအ

သည၊တးအသညမားက ေကာငးစြာသသည။

They will also have a good knowledge of the minds and desires of the people of the state and of what will

improve and what reduce their well-being.9

တငးသျပညသားတ႔၏အလဆႏၵ၊ထသတ႔၏အကးစးပြါးယတအသည၊တးအသညကလညးေကာငး ေကာငးစြာ

သသည။

Thus, ministers are people who stand in the middle, knowing both what is above and what is below them.

If they work for the well-being both of the ruler and of his people, they will bring them into a good

relationship. If the state lacks the "limb" that is the body of such officials, it cannot be a country.

မးမတတ႔မညသည အၾကားအလယကေနသျဖစ၍ အထကအေအာကႏစဖကလးက သေနရကား ျပညရင

မငးႏငျပညသတ႔၏ အကးကသယပးၿပးလငေကာငးမြနစြာေစစပနငသညျဖစ၍ မးမတဟေသာအဂၤါကငးၿပး

နငငမျဖစနင။

Separate areas will become the domain of separate nationalities - each will become a separate district -

Shan, Burmese, Chinese, Turks, English, and French and so on. They may also be called janapada10(a

hamlet or province).

ရမး၊ဗမာ၊တရတ၊တရက၊ အဂၤလပ၊ျပငသစ ဤသ႔အစရေသာ လတစမးတညးစေနေသာ အရပေဒသတစခစ

တ႔သည တငးတစခစမည၏။ ထတငးကပင ဇနပဒဟလညး ေခၚသည။

In each of these divisions there will be villages, hamlets and towns, more or fewer, according to the size

of the territory.

In a real country11 there can at most be one or two such separate districts.

9 . Ræjadhamma. Pp-251-2

10 .D. III. ¿ø. P.124/ Vi. II. A. P.160

12

ထတငးတစခအတြငး၌ ဆခၿပးေသာ ရြာ၊နဂး၊ၿမ႕ျပတ႔သည တငးအႀကးအငယအား ေလာစြာအမား အနညးရ

ၾကကန၏။နငငမညသညဤဆခေသာတငးတစခႏစခစသည ရမ ျဖစနငသည။ မရလင မျဖစနင။

5. The fortification

၅၅၅၅။။။။ ခၿမ႕ခၿမ႕ခၿမ႕ခၿမ႕

In former times fortresses were built with vertical walls, foursquare, protected with three lines of

earthworks, water-filled, mud-filled, and dry with thorn barriers.12

ချမ႕ဟသည ေရးအခါ၌ ေရကး၊ ႏြကး၊ ဆးေျငာငခလတခေသာအေျခာကကးဟ ဤသ႔ ကးသးတနတ႔ျဖင

ကာရ၍ ေလးေထာငအ၀ငးပသဏၭာနျဖင ၿမ႕ရးမတရပႏင လပေဆာငၾကသည။

At present, however, in our age of decline,13 since the power of musketry has so greatly increased,

fortifications can no longer stand up to the weaponry that exists among western nations.

ယခအခါဆတကပကာလျဖစ၍ လကနကတ႔သညအလြနႀကးမားတးပြါးၾကေသာေၾကာင ေရးေခတခၿမ႕

တ႔သည ယခအခါသးေဆာငးနငင၌ျဖစေသာ လကနကတ႔ကမခနင။

In modern times, long, pointed bullets are fired from the hollow barrels of breech-loading rifles and

artillery to destroy forts and warships.

These may be iron missiles of two of three hundred viss (hundred ticals) weight which, after striking the

city's bulwarks, will explode.

The city wall will be destroyed and splinters will do damage four or five hundred distance away - even

two miles. On striking the wall, they can penetrate ten or fifteen cubits before they explode.

ယခအခါခၿမ႕ တကသေဘၤာမားကပကစးေအာငပစေသာ ေနာကတးရကဖတ အေျမာကတ႔သည ကည

အရည ထပခၽြန၊အတြငးကအေခါငးႏငျဖစ၍ ျမနမာခနပာႏစရာခန႔သးရာခန႔ႀကးမားေသာ သကညေစျဖစ

သျဖင ၿမ႕ကတတကမနၿပးေနာက ထကညေစကြေပါကျပန၍ ၿမ႕ရးကတတတ႔သည ပကစးျပနသျဖင

11

.Nd. I. A. P.12/ Pæcittayædi. P.173 12

.Jæ. VI. A. P.280 13

.Iti. A. P.298/ Vi. I. A. Pp-128-9

13

တာေလးရာငါးရာကြာေသာအရပ၌ ထႏစမငရေသာသတးမားက ထကညေစတ႔သည ေဖာကထြငးနင၏။ ၿမ႕

ကတတတ႔ကမနလငလညး ဆယေတာငဆယငါးေတာငစး၀င၍ ေပါကကြနင၏။

For this reason any new fortifications built in western countries have star shaped outworks, protected

with steel armour. It is only so that they are of any use, since they can stand the attack.

ထ႔ေၾကာင ဤကသ႔အေျမာကဆနမားက ရပခနငေအာင ယခေနာကအသစသးေဆာငးနငငမားတြင တးပြါး

ျဖစထြနးေသာ ေမာပြင၊ၾကာပြငသဏၭာနလပေသာ သရခတ႔၌ သမဏျပား၊ သတ႔ကအထပထပကာရထား

ေသာ ခၿမ႕တ႔သာအကးရသည၊ ခနငသည။

It is pointless to place such fortifications as these in the middle of the country, near where the king is.

ဤခၿမ႕တ႔ဟသညလညး နငငအလယမငးေနျပညအနးမာ ထားလင အကးမရ။

When an enemy invades, once he has got so far as the fortress he can, without ever attacking the defenses,

ravage the rest of the country as he pleases.

ဤခၿမ႕တငေအာင ရနသေရာကကာလ ခၿမ႕ကမတကဘ ေရာကၿပးရၿပးေသာနငငကပင ရနသတ႔ယထား

လင ကနေသာနငငသညအလလပကစးရနသာရသည။

For this reason, such fortifications should be sited either in the borderlands where there is a good access

for an attack, or in a territory where it will dominate and threaten another state.

ထ႔ေၾကာင နငငစြန နငငစပ ေကာငးမြနသညလမးေပါကလမး၀တ႔၌လညးေကာငး၊ အျခားနငငက တကခက

သမးယ ဖစးႏပနငးအပစးထားေသာနငင၌လညးေကာငးခၿမ႕တ႔ကသငေလာေအာင လပေဆာငထားရသည။

In such an operation on another people who do not submit willingly, if there is no fortress to house the

officials and soldiers needed to control the country, the people of the land unwillingly under your

domination may rise and rebel and the country that you have taken will immediately be lost to you.

အျခားလမးတ႔နငငက အလမတဘ ဖစးႏပစကသမးယထားရာ၌ ထရေသာနငငက အေစာငအထမး အႀကး

အအပထားေသာ မးမတ၊ရမကလကနကကငတ႔ ရပတညေနရနခၿမ႕မရလင၊ အလမတဘ တကခကသမးယ

ထားေသာ နငငသားတ႔ ထ၍ပနကနလင သမးယၿပးနငင ခကခငးလကကလြတလမမည။

If there is a fortress sufficient to stop them, you can hold them from inside the fortifications and, if it is

possible, make your counterattack to regain your position.

14

ရပတန႔ရနခၿမ႕ရလငခၿမ႕အတြငးကရပခ၍ျပနလနတကခကသမးယနငလငျပနလနတကခကသမးယရမည။

If, however, the rebel force is greater than yours, you can hold out inside the fortifications long

enough for a report to be sent to the king and for him to send a relief force of soldiers and officers

sufficient to subdue the rebellion.

ရမကလကနကကငအားနညး၍ ထကြပနကနသတ႔အားႀကးလင ခၿမ႕တြငးကရပခ၍ ျပညရငမငးထ စာ၊လ

ေစလႊတေလာကထား၊ ျပညရငမငးကလညး ႏမနငးနငေအာင ရမကလကနကကင၊ ဗလမး၊ဗလခပႏင

တငပ႔ကညတကခက ႏမနငးသမးယရသည။

The English have been well aware of all this and in the Indian territories that they have attacked and taken

- Bangladesh, Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chinneai) - they have built various fortifications.

ဤအေၾကာငးမားကသေသာ အဂၤလပလမးတ႔သည မမတ႔တကခကသမးယ၍ရေသာ အႏၵယနငင၊ ဘဂၤလား၊

ဘေဘ၊မဒရပ အရပမားမာ ခၿမ႕အသးသးလပထားၾကသည။

At three entry points of the Talaing territory that they have conquered and taken from the Burmese

kingdom, they have built fortifications - at the Shwe Dagon Pagoda to the west of the Irrawaddy - in the

Thanlyin district at the mouth of the river - and at the Thilawā beacon.

ျမနမာလကက တကခကသမးယေသာ တလငးသးရပ၏အ၀င ဧရာ၀တျမစအေနာကဘက၊ေရႊတဂဘရား

ပငလယ၀အထြက သလငၿမ႕နယ မးျပသလ၀ါအရပမာ ခၿမ႕ကတတလပေဆာငထားၾကသည။

In the year 1857 the whole of the land of India at once rose in rebellion against the English. They were

able to retreat inside the fortifications that they had built while they reported to the home government and

eighty thousand out of the three hundred thousand European soldiers that were enlisted were immediately

dispatched; their position was recovered in less than two years.

၁၈၅၇ ခႏစ၊အႏၵယနငငအလး တစၿပငနကထ၍ အဂၤလပတ႔က ပနကနျခားနားၾကရာ၊ အဂၤလပတ႔သည

တညေဆာကၿပးခၿမ႕အတြငးသ႔ ၀ငေရာကရပတန႔ၿပးလင၊ ဘရငမထေလာကထား၍ ေဂၚရာကလားျဖ

စညးၾကပၿပး လသးသနးရသညအနက၊လရစေသာငးကအလငအျမနေစလႊတ၊တစႏစေကာ၊ႏစႏစ တကခက

သမးယရသည။

In truth, if they had not had their fortifications, all the English in India would have been destroyed.

15

အကယ၍ခၿမ႕မရလင ထအခါကပင အႏၵယနငငရ အဂၤလပတ႔သည အကနေသေၾကပကစးလမမည။

The A³guttaranikāya and other Pā¹i texts of the Seventh Nipæta describe the seven "city limbs" and the

four "provisioning" that there should be in this fortification, as follows:

ဤခၿမ႕၌ၿမ႕၏အဂၤါခနစပါး၊ၿမ႕၏အစာေလးပါးရသညကအဂၤတရနကာယ၊သတကနပါတအစရေသာ ပါဠေတာ

တ႔၌ ေဟာေတာမထားသည။

“Yato kho, bhikkhave, rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ sattahi nagara parikkhārehi suparikkhataµ hoti,

catunnañca āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī. Idaµ vuccati, bhikkhave, rañño

paccantimaµ nagaraµ akara¼iyaµ bāhirehi paccatthikehi paccamittehi.

Monks, border fortifications owned by kings and rulers of countries must be well fenced by the seven

"limbs" of cities and they must not be in want of the four sorts of provisions that they require.

They cannot be left in want or in distress. Monks, why is it that we say that a fortification set near the

border of a king's territory cannot be successfully attacked and destroyed by an outside enemy moving

against it, if it is furnished with the seven protecting "limbs" and what are they?

ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရအဂၤါခနစပါးတ႔ျဖင ေကာငးစြာၿခရအပ၊ ၿမ႕၏အစာအာဟာရေလးမးတ႔ကလညး အလရတငး

မေတာငးမတ,မၿငမျငင, မပငမပနးရနငေသာေၾကာင ျပညရငမငး၏ နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခၿမ႕က ျပငပ,ဆန႔

ကငဘက, ရနသတ႔သည တကခကျခငးမျပနင။

အဘယကသ႔ကနေသာ ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရအဂၤါခနစပါးတ႔ျဖင ေကာငးစြာၿခရအပသနညး ဟမ။

“Katamehi sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi suparikkhataµ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare

esikā hoti gambhīranemā sunikhātā acalā asmpavedhø. Iminā pa¥hamena nagaraparikkhārena

suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, in a fortification at the border of the king's territory there must be a good well, deep dug; there

must be a strong wooden breastwork around the bank over the moat, too strong to be shaken or moved; to

provide a safe refuge for the people manning the fortress at his boundary and for those living in the area,

the king must first provide an adequate stockade.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ဤလ႔ျပည၌ ျပညရငမငး၏ နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕တြင နကစြာေသာတြငး၌ ေကာငးစြာ

စကျမပအပကနေသာ၊မေရြ႕မေစာငးကနေသာ၊မလႈပမရားကနေသာ၊ကးထပကရ၍စကအပကနေသာ သစ

တပ တ႔ရကန၏။ ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနေသာသတ႔က လၿခေစျခငး၊ ျပငပရနသတ႔က ကာကြယတား ျမစျခငးငာ

16

ျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြနး၌ျဖစေသာ ခတပၿမ႕က ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရျဖစေသာ ဤပထမအဂၤါျဖင ေကာငးစြာၿခရ

အပ၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare parikhā hoti gambhīrā ceva vitthatā ca. Iminā

dutiyena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā

bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, the next point - in a fortress sited near the border of the king's territory there will be a moat, dug

both deep and wide. This will provide a place of refuge both for those manning the fortress and for those

living outside and will hold back an enemy besieging it outside. This will be the second provision

required for a fortress sited at the border of the king's territory. With this barrier the fortress will be well

defended.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ေနာကထပတစမးကား-ဤလ႔ျပည၌ ျပညရငမငး၏ နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕တြင အေစာက

လညးနက၊အနလညးကယျပန႔ေသာကးရ၏။ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနေသာသတ႔က လၿခေစျခငး၊ ျပငပရနသတ႔က

ကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာ ျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕က ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရျဖစေသာ ဤဒတယ

အဂၤါျဖင ေကာငးစြာၿခရအပ၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare anupariyāyapatho hoti ucco ceva vitthato ca. Iminā

tatiyena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā

bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - for our fortress at the boundary of the king's territory there will be a sheltered

walkway made both high and wide. This is the third requirement, to protect those who are manning the

fortress at the boundary of the king's territories, for the fortress to be well protected.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ေနာကထပတစမးကား-ဤလ႔ျပည၌ ျပညရငမငး၏နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕တြင ျမငလညးျမင၊

ကယလညးကယ သြားလမးလာလမးႏငလညးျပညစေသာ သရေျပးရ၏။ ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနေသာသတ႔က

လၿခေစျခငး၊ ျပငပရနသတ႔က ကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာ ျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕က

ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရျဖစေသာ ဤတတယအဂၤါျဖင ေကာငးစြာၿခရအပ၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bhuµ āvudhaµ sannicitaµ hoti salākañceva

jevanikañca. Iminā catutthena nagara parikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ

abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

17

Monks, next again - our fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory will be stocked with plenty

of missile weapons, such as bows and arrows, artillery and muskets, which are classed as salāka weapons,

as well as weapons which do not discharge missiles, such as cutlasses and swords, which are classed as

jevanika weapons. This is the fourth type of provisioning that will be required to make the fortress at the

boundary of the king’s territory a safe refuge for the people manning it and for those living in the area.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ေနာကထပတစမးကား-ဤလ႔ျပည၌ ျပညရငမငး၏နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕တြင သမးစစညး

ထားအပကနေသာ ပစလႊတအပေသာ ေလး,ျမား,မးေပါက,အေျမာက,ေသနတစေသာ သလာကမညေသာ

လကနက၊မပစလႊတအပေသာဓါး,သလကစေသာေဇ၀နကမညေသာလကနကမားစြာတ႔ရကန၏။ ခတပၿမ႕

တြငး၌ ေနေသာသတ႔က လၿခေစျခငး၊ ျပငပရနသတ႔က ကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာ ျပညရငမငး၏ နငငအစြနး၌

ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕က ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရျဖစေသာ ဤစတတအဂၤါျဖင ေကာငးစြာၿခရအပ၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahu balakāyo pa¥ivasati, seyyathidaµ- hatthārohā

assārohā rathikā dhanuggahā celakā calakā pi¼ðhdāyakā uggā rājaputtā pakkhandino mahānāgā sūrā

cammayodhino dāsakaputtā. Iminā pañcamena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño

paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - our fortress sited at the boundary of the king's territory will be manned by a large

force of officers and men. Soldiers of what types? There will be elephant riders, cavalry, charioteers,

bowmen, spearmen to drive home their attack, soldiers to set up accommodation for officials, officers and

men, scouts who can secretly penetrate the enemy, decapitate one of them and bring the head back.

Further, there will be a commissariat, princely bards to spread abroad news of victory in battle, soldiers

who can carry out their promise to go out and bring back a head, dashing into the midst of the enemy,

taking a head and returning, soldiers who will go forward without flinching even when confronted by a

great bull elephant in musth; soldiers skilled in the water, who can swim an ocean carrying their shields;

soldiers who will make their attack under cover of animal hides; soldiers who are the king's own servants,

people who are ready to take extreme risks in full confidence - these are the thirteen types of soldier.

This is the fifth of the defending "limbs" of a fortress sited near the border of the king's territory to give

shelter to its garrison and to repel any enemy outside making it well protected.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ေနာကထပတစမးကား-ဤလ႔ျပည၌ ျပညရငမငး၏နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕တြင မားစြာေသာ

ဗလပါ၊သရအေပါငးတ႔ေနထငၾကကန၏။ဤသရတ႔ဟသည အဘယသညတ႔နညးဟမ-

18

၁။ဆငးစးသရ၊

၂။ျမငးစးသရ၊

၃။ရထားစးသရ၊

၄။ေလးစြသရ၊

၅။စစထးရာေအာငလကငသရ၊

၆။မငး,မးမတ,ဗလပါ,ရမကတ႔ကသငတငရာေနရာခထားစမတတေသာသရ၊

၇။ရနသရရာသ႔ ရြတရြတခၽြနခၽြန၀ငသြား၍ ရနသဥးေခါငး ကျဖတယၿပး ခနလႊားျပနထြကလာနငေသာသရ၊

တစနညး-ရကၡာပ႔သရ၊

၈။စစေအာငဖနမား၍ထငရားေၾကာေစာေလၿပးေသာမငးမးသရ၊

၉။စစတကရာမညသ႔ဥးေခါငးက ျဖတယမညဟရညညႊနးေျပာဆၿပး ရနသနယသ႔ေျပး၀ငကာ ဆသညအတငး

ရနသ႔ဥးေခါငးကျဖစယလာနငေသာသရ၊

၁၀။အမနယစေသာဆငေျပာငႀကးပငရငဆငလာျငားေသာလညးမဆတမနစရနသရရာေရ႕သ႔သာတကေသာ

သရ၊

၁၁။လႊားကာႏငတကြသမဒၵရာကပငကးနင၏ဟရစြမးရေသာသရ၊

၁၂။သားေရခပ၀တဆင၍စစထးေသာသရ၊

၁၃။အားကးစတသန,လငျမနရရင,စြန႔စား၀ေသာယၾကညစတခရသကၽြနေတာရငးသရ။

ဤတစကပသးေယာကေသာ သရမးတ႔တညး။ ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနေသာသတ႔က လၿခေစျခငး၊ ျပငပရနသ

တ႔ကကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕ကၿမ႕၏အၿခအရျဖစေသာဤပၪၥမ

အဂၤါျဖငေကာငးစြာၿခရ အပ၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare dovāriko hoti pa¼ðito byatto medhāvī aññātānaµ

nivāretā ñātānaµ pavesetā. Iminā cha¥¥hena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ

nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there will be a doorway

designed to admit the wise and the intelligent and to exclude the silly and the inexperienced. This is the

19

sixth of the defending "limbs” of a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory to give shelter to

its garrison and to repel any enemy outside, making it well protected.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ေနာကထပတစမးကား-ဤလ႔ျပည၌ ျပညရငမငး၏နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕တြင ပညာရ,

လမၼာထကျမက,ျဖတထးသတတေသာ၊ မသသလစမးတ႔က တားျမစ၍၊ သသတ႔ကသာ၀ငထြကခြင ေပးတတ

ေသာတခါးမးႀကးရ၏။ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနေသာသတ႔ကလၿခေစျခငး၊ျပငပရနသတ႔ကကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာ

ျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕ကၿမ႕၏အၿခအရျဖစေသာဤဆ႒မအဂၤါျဖငေကာငးစြာၿခရအပ၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare pākāro hoti ucco ceva vitthato ca

vāsavalepavasampanno ca. Iminā sattamena nagara parikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ

nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya. Imehi sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi suparikkhataµ

hoti.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there will be a city wall,

high and wide, of tree trunks seated in the ground, well treated . This is the seventh of the defending

"limbs" of a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory to give shelter to its garrison and to

repel any enemy outside, making it well protected.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ေနာကထပတစမးကား-ဤလ႔ျပည၌ ျပညရငမငး၏နငငစြနး၌ျဖစေသာခတပၿမ႕တြင ျမငလညးျမင၊

ကယလညးကယေသာသစငတစကျခငး၊လမးကျခငးႏငျပညစေသာၿမ႕ရးတတငးရ၏။ ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ ေန

ေသာသတ႔က လၿခေစျခငး၊ျပငပရနသတ႔က ကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာ ျပညရငမငး၏ နငငအစြနး၌ျဖစေသာ

ခတပၿမ႕က ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရျဖစေသာ ဤသတမအဂၤါျဖင ေကာငးစြာၿခရအပ၏။

Monks, with these seven defending "limbs" which have been described, a fortress sited near the boundary

of the king's territory will be well protected.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ဤဆခၿပးေသာ ၿမ႕၌အၿခအရအဂၤါခနစပါးတ႔ျဖင ျပညရငမငး၏ နငငအစြနး၌ျဖစေသာ ခတပၿမ႕က

ေကာငးစြာၿခရအပ၏။

“Katamesaµ catunnaµ āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī? Idha, bhikkhave, rañño

paccantime nagare bahuµ ti¼aka¥¥hodakaµ sannicitaµ hoti abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya

phāsuvihārāya bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

What then are the four types of provision that must be given so that the fortress may be well victualed and

not go in want or in distress?

20

အဘယကသ႔ကနေသာ ၿမ႕၏အေထာကအပျဖစေသာ အစာအာဟာရေလးမးတ႔က အလရတငးမေတာငတ,

မၿငျငင,မပငမပနး ရရနငပါကနသနညး။

Monks, in this world, in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a great

store of fodder, of firewood and of water, so that those within it may be happy and should not be

distressed, but live well, while they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ဤလ႔ျပညတြင ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနသတ႔က ေပာေမြ႔ေစျခငး, မပငပနးေစျခငး, ခမးသာစြာေနေစ

ျခငးငာ၊ခတပၿမ႕ျပင၌ေနေသာရနသတ႔ကကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြန၌ျဖစေသာ ခတပ

ၿမ႕၀ယ ရးစ၍ထားအပေသာ ျမက,ထငး,ေရတ႔ မားစြာရကန၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahuµ sāliyavakaµ sannicitaµ hoti

abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya phāsuvihārāya bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a good store

of rice and barley so that those within it may be happy and should not be distressed, but live well, while

they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ဤလ႔ျပညတြင ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနသတ႔က ေပာေမြ႔ေစျခငး, မပငပနးေစျခငး, ခမးသာစြာေနေစ

ျခငးငာ၊ခတပၿမ႕ျပင၌ေနေသာရနသတ႔ကကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြန၌ျဖစေသာ ခတပ

ၿမ႕ ၀ယ ရးစ၍ထားအပေသာ စပါး,မေယာတ႔ မားစြာရကန၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahuµ tilamuggamāsāpara¼¼aµ sannicitaµ hoti

abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya phāsuvihārāya bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a good store

of sesamum, green peas, big beans and other sorts of beans so that those within it may be happy and

should not be distressed, but live well, while they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ဤလ႔ျပညတြင ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနသတ႔က ေပာေမြ႔ေစျခငး, မပငပနးေစျခငး, ခမးသာစြာေနေစ

ျခငးငာ၊ခတပၿမ႕ျပင၌ေနေသာရနသတ႔က ကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာျပညရငမငး၏ နငငအစြန၌ျဖစေသာခတပ

ၿမ႕၀ယ ရးစ၍ထားအပေသာ ႏမး, ပေနာက, ပႀကးဟဆအပေသာပမ းတ႔ မားစြာရကန၏။

21

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahuµ bhisajjaµ sannicitaµ hoti, seyyathidaµ-

sappi navanītaµ telaµ madhu phā¼itaµ lo¼aµ abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya phāsuvihārāya

bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Imesaµ kho , bhikkhave, catunnaµ āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a good store

of medicaments so that those within it may be happy and should not be distressed, but live well, while

they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ဤလ႔ျပညတြင ခတပၿမ႕တြငး၌ေနသတ႔က ေပာေမြ႔ေစျခငး, မပငပနးေစျခငး, ခမးသာစြာေနေစ

ျခငးငာ၊ခတပၿမ႕ျပင၌ေနေသာရနသတ႔ကကာကြယတားျမစျခငးငာျပညရငမငး၏နငငအစြန၌ျဖစေသာခတပ

ၿမ႕၀ယ ရးစ၍ထားအပေသာ ေဆးမးတ႔ မားစြာရကန၏။

What should be included in these medicaments? Butter, grease, oil, honey, raw sugar and salt - all these

should be included.

အဘယကသ႔ေသာ ေဆးမးတ႔နညးဟမ-ေထာပတ, ဆဥး, ဆ,ပား,တငးလ,ဆားတ႔ဟသညတညး။

“Yato kho, bhikkhave, rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ imehi sattahi nagara parikkhārehi suparikkhataµ

hoti, catunnañ ca āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī. Idaµ vuccati, bhikkhave, rañño

paccantimaµ nagaraµ akaraniyaµ bāhirehi paccatthikehi paccamittehi.

Monks, in the city all four of these supplementary foods should not be stinted but be provided as needed-

they should not be begrudged, but issued without causing distress.

အရဟနးတ႔¡ၿမ႕၏အေထာကအပျဖစေသာ ဤအစာအာဟာရေလးမးတ႔က အလရတငးမေတာငတ, မၿငျငင,

မပငမပနး ရရနငကန၏။

Monks, if a fortress sited on the borders of the king's territories is thus provided, no hostile force from

outside, whether of rebels or of a foreign enemy, will be able to attack and destroy it.

ရဟနးတ႔¡ ထ႔ေၾကာင ျပညရငမငး၏ နငငအစြနး၌ရေသာခတပၿမ႕က ျပငပဆန႔ကငဘကရနသတ႔သည

တကခကဖကစးျခငးမျပနငဟ ေဟာေတာမသည။

22

The seventh Nipāta of the A³guttaranikāya scripture thus describes the seven protective “limbs", the four

types of provisions and the thirteen types of soldiers that must be provided for a fortification placed near

the border of the king's territory to make it complete.

ဤသ႔ အဂၤတရနကာယ သတကနပါတပါဠေတာ၀ယ နငငအစြနအဖား၌ရေသာ ခတပၿမ႕က ၿမ႕၏အၿခအရ

အဂၤါခနစပါး၊ အစာအာဟာရေလးပါး၊ သရမးတစကပသးေယာကတ႔ႏင အျပညအစရေစရမညဟ ေဟာေတာ

မေသာေၾကာင ေရးအထကကပင ခတပၿမ႕တ႔မညသည နငငအစြနးအဖားမာသာ ထားသငေၾကာငးက

သသာသည။

It is necessary to consider the countries where in the past it has been proper to construct fortifications near

their boundaries and how any one of the seven "limbs" entered into them and what part each one of the

seven played. As we have said, fortifications properly sited and fulfilling their purpose are very

beneficial, but it must be realised that if any one of the seven is lacking, the kingdom will lack stability.14

ဤခတပၿမ႕ဟသညလညး နငငအဂၤါခနစပါးတ႔တြင တစပါးအပါအ၀ငျဖစသည။ဆခၿပးေသာအရပဌာနတ႔၌

ေနရာကေအာငထားအပေသာ ခတပၿမ႕သည ဆခၿပးသညအတငး မားစြာအကးရေသာေၾကာင ဤခတပၿမ႕

ဟေသာအဂၤါတစပါးမရေသာ နငငသည မခငမလနငရာသညက သအပ၏။

6. The working of the Treasury6. The working of the Treasury6. The working of the Treasury6. The working of the Treasury

၆၆၆၆။ ေငြတကတည လပသငေၾကာငး။ ေငြတကတည လပသငေၾကာငး။ ေငြတကတည လပသငေၾကာငး။ ေငြတကတည လပသငေၾကာငး

A royal storage system should be set up filled full with gold, silver, jewels, paddy and rice, whether

according to the precepts of the four rules of sa³gaha, which call for building royal granaries, and

storerooms under the name of kosa, so that the rule of sammāpāsa may be well established, or so that

there may be a ready availability of gold, silver and other wealth in case of widespread war.

ေကာသမညေသာ က,ၾက,တကေတာဟသညကား- သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး၌ဆခၿပးသညအတငး သမၼာ

ပါသတရားကေကာငးစြာျဖစထြနးေစရေအာငလညးေကာငး၊ အႀကးအကယစစမႈကစၥရလင ေရႊ,ေငြ, ဥစၥာ,

14

.A³. II. Pp-478-9

23

ပစၥညး ေကာကငငကာရေအာငလညးေကာငး၊ ေရႊ,ေငြ,ရတနာ,ဆန,စပါးတ႔ျဖင အျပညအႏက ကေတာ,

တကေတာတ႔မာ ရေစရသည။

If arrangements are made so that, as in western countries, the treasury can be the concern of the whole

people, in addition to the benefits that have been described, the people as a whole will be one in wealth

with the king and ministers and will partake in the general prosperity.

တငးသျပညသားအားလးတ႔ႏင ဆကဆနငေအာင ေငြတကက အေနာကတငး ျပည သးေဆာငးနငင

မားမာကသ႔ လပေဆာငထားလင ဆခၿပးေသာအကးသာမက နငငသားအလးစႏင မငး,မးမတတ႔ ဥစၥာ

ပစၥညးတစေပါငးတညးျဖစ၍

Each one therefore will desire the success of each other, and the whole country, including the poor, will

be at one in prosperity, forming a single consensus in sannipāta (union) through samagga (harmony), and

the law of aparihāniya will be reinforced. This will ensure a very strong country which no foreign ruler

will be able to shake.

စးပြါးဘကျဖစေသာေၾကာင တစဥး၏အကးကတစဥးအလရၾက၍ ဆငးရအတ ခမးသာအမျဖစနငေသာ

နငငတစခလး အစညးအေ၀းတစခတညး သႏၷပါတ၊ညညြတ ျခငးသမဂၢျဖစသျဖင အပရဟာနယတရား

တးပြါး၍ အျခားရနသတ႔ မလႈပမရားနငေသာ အလြနခငမာေသာနငငျဖစနငသည။

If a single fibred of cotton, of silk, or of hemp is strained, it can easily be broken, but if a number of these

slight fibres are got together and twisted into a rope, they become very strong and it will be difficult to

break it. In exactly the same way we must realise that a united community has great strength.

ခညမင,ပးမင,ေလာမငတစခတညးက ဆြ၍ျဖတလင အလြယတကျပတသည။ ဤခညမင, ပးမင,

ေလာမငငယ အမားတ႔က အတငးအေလာညေအာင ေပါငးစ၍ ကစေသာႀကးသည အေပါငးအစမား၍

ႀကးမားခငခေလ၊အဆြအျဖတခကေလ ျဖစသကသ႔ ညညြတေသာအစညးအေ၀း အေပါငးအစမားေလ

ခငချခငးအားႀကးေလ ျဖစသညကလညးသသာ၏။

24

The way in which the treasury system is set up in western countries is this: all the tax money that comes

in from the country as well as such of the wealth of the king and his ministers as may be suitable is kept

all together in a large and strongly made building. Only from this building are issued funds that may be

needed for expenses.

အေနာကတငးျပည သးေဆာငးနငငမားမာ ေငြတကတညလပပကား နငငကထြကသမအခြနကလညး

ေကာငး၊မငး,မးမတတ႔အထကအေလာကရေသာဥစၥာပစၥညးတ႔ကလညးေကာငး၊ ႀကးကယေကာငးမြနစြာ

အခငအလတကႀကးတည၍ ဤတကႀကး၌ ေပါငးစထားၿပးလင အသးရသမက ဤတကမသာ ထတယ

သးရသည။

Money in excess of expenses may be issued as loans, large or small, to traders who help in the business of

agriculture, according to the needs of the farmer by trading in grain, so that the rule of sammāpāsa is

confirmed.

အသးျပငပမသညေငြကလညး လယယာလပေဆာင၊ကးသနးေရာငး၀ယသညကနသည၊လယလပတ႔က

အလရလငအတးအနညးအငယႏင သမၼာပါသတရားျဖစပြြါးေအာင ထတေခးငားသညျဖစ၍

When goods and valuables over and above what is kept in the house is placed in the treasury, since the

king and his ministers have only one place to watch and guard, there is none of the difficulty and loss like

that from having to guard many places where valuables are deposited.- they can be guarded in perfect

security.

မမအမမာထားသညထကေငြတကမာပစၥညးဥစၥာတ႔ကထားလင မငး, မးမတတ႔ ေနရာတစခတညး၀ငး၍

ေစာငေရာကရေသာေၾကာင ေနရာအမားမာထားေသာပစၥညးဥစၥာက ေစာငေရာကရသကသ႔ အေစာင

အေရာကခကျခငး၊ ေပာကပကျခငးမရ လၿခေအာငေစာငေရာကနငသည။

In fact, in case any loss is incurred, the government accepts responsibility for making it good.

အကယ၍ပကစးတမးပါးရလင မငး,မးမတတ႔က စ၍ေပးေလာသည။

25

Since the people of the country realise the benefits of the system, whatever bullion and valuables they

have, they deposit in the treasury, so that the people suffer no losses of their valuables.

ဤသ႔ေသာအကးကနငငသားတ႔ သျမငေသာေၾကာင မမတ႔၍ရေသာ ေရႊ,ေငြ, ဥစၥာ,ပစၥညးတ႔ကလညး

ဤေငြတကႏႈကစရးထားၾကသျဖင နငငသားတ႔ ေရႊ,ေငြ,ဥစၥာ, ပစၥညး အေပာကအပကမရ။

Since their well-being increases from one day to another, the government and people, in their concern for

their valuable possessions, increase their mettā (loving-kindness), karu¼ā (compassion), muditā

(sympathy) and brahmacariya (morality).

တစေန႔ထကတစေန႔ စးပြါးခမးသာတးတကၾကေသာေၾကာင မငး,မးမတ,နငငသားတ႔သည စးပြါးခမးသာ

ပစၥညး,ဥစၥာကအေၾကာငးျပသျဖင ေမတာ,ကရဏာ,မဒတာ ျဗဟၼစရတရားတးပြါး၍

No single one can bear that even one other should be ruined and their desire is only that each other's

prosperity should grow.

တစဥးပကစးမညက တစဥးမခနင၊ အခငးခငးခမးသာျခငးကသာအလရၾက၍

No enemy in a foreign country can oppress a single one of their lands.

မျခားနငငသားရနသတ႔ တစဥးတစေယာကကမ မႏပစကနင။

In fact, if such an incident should occur, they may put together the power of their money and the power of

their men to put down and attack the oppressor.

အကယ၍ႏပစကလငလညး ဤသ႔ေပါငးစၿပးေသာေငြအား,လအားႏင ဖစး တကခကနငသည။

If ambassadors from a foreign country should visit, western governments will stage a demonstration of

their wealth and strength, which are a part of the five royal values .

26

အျခားတငးျပညနငငကသတမနႀကးတ႔လာေရာကလငလညးမငးတ႔၏အားငါးပါးတ႔တြငေဘာဂဗလအားက

ျပနငသည။

The establishment of this treasury system, which is just one of the country's "limbs" that is called kosa,

brings these advantages.

ဤသ႔အကးမားစြာရေသာနငင၏အဂၤါတစပါးျဖစေသာေကာသမညေသာေငြတကကလပေဆာငၾကသည

ျဖစ၍

Their sannipāta and samagga from among the aparihāniya laws are made strong and the country becomes

very stable.

ဆခၿပးေသာသႏၷပါတ,သမဂၢဟေသာအပရဟာနယတရား, ျဗဟၼစရတရားတးပြါးသညျဖစ၍ အလြနခငလ

ေသာ နငငျဖစနငသည။

If a treasury system is set up in the world on the lines of that in the West, the benefits that have been

described will certainly result.

ဤသ႔သးေဆာငးနငငမားမာ တညေထာငေသာေငြတကကသ႔ ကမၻာမာလညး ေငြတကတညလပရလင

ဆခၿပးေသာအကးမားကရမည ဧကနျဖစေသာေၾကာင

It is therefore right that the government should adopt a policy of making this their special aim, and devote

their efforts to establishing a treasury system.

ဤေငြတကတညလပျခငးကအထးသျဖငႏလးသြငး၍ေငြတကတညလပျဖစေအာငကမငး,မးမတတ႔သည

လြနစြာအားထတလပေဆာငသငသည။

This particular "limb" of the country brings many advantages and we must be warned that without it all

these advantages are lost.

27

ဤသ႔ေကာသမညေသာနငင၏အဂၤါသည နငင၍မားစြာအကးေပးေသာေၾကာင ဤအဂၤါတစပါးခ႕တလင

နငင၏အကးမားစြာဆတယတမညက သတထား အပသတညး။

ကမးကး ...

သလကၡနအ႒ကထာ၊ ၃။ကဋဒႏသတ၊ ႏာ-၁-၂၆၄

အဂၤတရနကာယအ႒ကထာ၊ ၄။ရာဇ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏာ-၃-၄၈

မဟာနေဒၵသအ႒ကထာ၊ ၁။ကာမသတ၊ ႏာ-၁

ဥဒါနအ႒ကထာ၊ ၁။မစလႏၵ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏာ-၉၁

အ႒သာလန၊ ႏာ-၂၃၇

၀သဒၶမဂၢ၊ႏာ-၃၁၄-၅

သလကၡႏၶ၀ဂၢပါဠ၊ ၁၃။ေတ၀ဇၨသတ၊ ႏာ-၁-၂၃၄

သတမဟာ၀ါပါဠ၊ ၄။မဟာသဒနသတ၊ ႏာ-၂-၁၅၂

7. Six types of military arms, called “the Force” (Bala)

၇၇၇၇။ ဗလဟေသာ စစသညရမက။ ဗလဟေသာ စစသညရမက။ ဗလဟေသာ စစသညရမက။ ဗလဟေသာ စစသညရမက,,,,လကနကကင ေျခာကမးလကနကကင ေျခာကမးလကနကကင ေျခာကမးလကနကကင ေျခာကမး

The books say, in dealing with military force, that there are six types of armed soldiery:

ဗလဟေသာရမကလကနကကငဟသညကား ရမကလကနကကငေျခာကမးရသညက ကာမႏၵကစေသာ

နတကမး၌ ဤသ႔ဆ၏။

Molam bhatam seni sakhā,

ripuvā tavikam balam;

pubbam pubbam gāravo tu,

balānam byasanam tathā.

28

That is to say: These are the six types of soldier - the soldier from an elite suyin (corps of indigenous

troops serving the Myanmar monarch) unit, serving for his food; the soldier who serves for pay; the

soldier enrolled in a group to deal with a cause that concerns his own district; the soldier of an allied

country; the soldier of an enemy country who has been taken in battle and enrolled in the captor's army;

wild men, forest hunters of the native (Chin and Karen) enrolled to bear arms. Soldiers out of these six

types may be expended in the reverse of the order given.

အစရငးေကးကၽြနရငးျဖစေသာစစသညလညးေကာငး၊ အခစားစစသညလညးေကာငး၊ ၿမ႕ရြာတ႔၌အ

ေၾကာငးရလငရေအာငစညးၾကပ၍ထားေသာ သငး စစသညလညးေကာငး၊ မဟာမတနငငသားစစသည

လညးေကာငး၊တကခကသမးယထားေသာ နငငသားတ႔က စညးၾကပေသာရနသလကနကကငလညး

ေကာငး၊ ခငး၊ကရင၊ အရငး၊ေတာသားမဆးတ႔က စညးၾကပထားေသာလကနကကငလညးေကာငး၊ ဤသ႔

စစသညသညေျခာကမးရ၏။ ထမတစပါးစစသညေျခာကမးတ႔တြငပကစးျခငးက အစဥအတငးေရးရႈကာ

စငစစ အေလးျပအပကန၏။

Explaining this:

First is the soldier of a service unit by hereditary descent, a classified by (hereditary) duty, a loyal and

assured servant of the king. Such soldiers are referred to as mola.

အဓပၸါယကား- ၁။အစဥအဆကအမႈထမးမးမလာေသာအမႈထမး၊ယၾကညစတခရေသာေကးရငး ကၽြနရငး

အမႈထမး၊ ဤကသ႔ေသာအမႈထမးမားသည `ေမာလ`မည၏။

Second, in Burma there are some people to be found who are more than usually strong, and like the elite

suyin service men among the six ranks of the government employee of the sugyi (Legion comprising of

indigenous and foreign troops). These are given greater importance and must be held in reserve.

၂။ျမနမာနငငတြငစႀကးေျခာကေၾကာငးစသညတ႔တြငစရငးအမႈထမးမားကသ႔ အလြနမာသည ခငခသည

ျဖစ၍ အလြနအေလးျပအပ ၾကညရႈေစာငမအပ၏။

29

Such people can be armed and salaried to fight against their own people in their own country and they are

referred to as bhata.

မညသညၿမ႕ရြာကမဆ ကယနငငအတြငး မမအမးသားတ႔က စစတကေစရနအခေၾကးေငြေပးထားေသာ

လကနကကငလဟသမတ႔သည `ဘတ`မည၏။ အခစားလကနကကငဆလသည။

Third, there are people who can be enrolled as armed guards on an occasional basis when trouble arises in

their own country. The word for these is se¼i. They are called "an armed group".

၃။ ကယနငငအတြငး ၿမ႕ရြာတ႔တြင အေရးအေၾကာငးကစၥရလင ေကာငငငကာရေအာင အသငျပငဆင

စညးၾကပထားေသာလကနကကငသည `ေသဏ`မည၏။ သငး လကနကကငဆလသည။

Fourth, there may be subjects of an allied kingdom available for hire in sufficient number who can be

properly enrolled into an armed unit, or an allied king may find circumstances calling for provision of

armed help. Such soldiers are referred to as sakhā, and should be called a friendly armed force.

၄။ မဟာမတနငငသားတ႔က ေခၚယငားရမးၿပးလင အခေၾကးေငြေပး၍ အသငစညးၾကပထားေသာ

လကနကကငသညလညးေကာငး၊မဟာမတမငးတ႔ကအေရးအေၾကာငးကစၥရ၍ စစကေသာလကနကကင

သညလညးေကာငး၊ `သခါ`မည၏။ မတေဆြလကနကကငဆလသည။

Fifth, there may be people of a race different from one's own, whose country has been attacked and

annexed, who will be properly employed and enrolled into an armed unit. Such people are referred to as

ripu and may be regarded as armed enemies.

၅။ မမက အျခားလမးနငငက တကခကသမးယ၍ ရရလာေသာနငငသားတ႔က သငေလာရာေစခငးမည

စညးၾကပထားေသာ လကနကကငသည `ရပ`မည၏။ ရနသလကနကကင ဆလသည။

(Among the Burmese, since the country of the Shans has been conquered and annexed, armed groups

enrolled and stationed in the Shan country must be regarded as "armed enemies".)

30

The "serviceman" and "black foreigner" units enrolled in the territories annexed by the English in India,

Arakan, Thāwel and the Talaing country must be called "armed enemies".

အဂၤလပတ႔မာလညးတကခကသမးယ၍ရေသာအႏၵယ၊ရခင၊ထား၀ယ၊တလငးစေသာနငငတ႔၌စညးၾကပ၍

ထားေသာ စစဘာရ၊ကလားနကစေသာ လကနကကငတ႔သည ရနသလကနကကငမညကန၏။

Sixth, for scouting ahead of the army in country fit for the birds, with forests and great mountains, people

of the Chin, Karen, Taungthu (cultivator), hunters who know the forests and mountains and are fit to be

set in the advance guard, may on occasion when there is an affair be enrolled as an armed a¥avika (forest)

unit. They may be called "armed foresters".

၆။ငကသငတတေသာအရပ၊ ေတာ၊ေတာငႀကးမားရာအရပမားက တပခတကရာတြငတပဥးကထား၍

ခတကေစသငေသာ ေတာစဥ၊ေတာငစဥမားက သကၽြမးနားလညေသာ ခငး၊ကရင၊ေတာငသ၊မဆးတ႔က

ေရးေၾကာငးကစၥရလငေကာကငငကာရေအာငအသငစညးၾကပ၍ထားေသာလကနကကငသည`အဋ၀က`

မည၏။ ေတာသားလကနကကငဆလသည။

A digression - The people of the West dress such "armed forester" units in green, arm them with muskets

and use them as scouts in advance of the army.

စကားခပစကားခပစကားခပစကားခပ။ ။ သးေဆာငးလမးတ႔မာ ဤေတာသားလကနကကငတ႔က အစမး၀တေစ၍ ေသနတတ႔က

ေပးအပၿပးလင တပဥးကခတပေစသည။

In the chaddanta Jætaka , it is written that out of sixty thousand Hillman hunters in Kāsi in the land of

varanasī, well acquainted with the mountains and forests, Queen Subhaddā chose the hunter So¼uttara,

guilty of eighteen crimes , to kill the Elephant King and send his tusks back to her.

This man had eighteen crimes upon his conscience and after considering and deciding to kill the Elephant

King without mercy, he did indeed slay the future Buddha, so the story is told.

31

ဆဒၵနဆငမငးဇာတတြငဆဒၵနဆငမငးကသတ၍အစြယကအယေစလႊတမညရရာေတာဆငး၊ေတာငဆငးက

သေသာ ကာသတငး ဗာရာဏသျပည၌ ေတာသားမဆးလကနကကင လမးေျခာကေသာငးရ သညအနက

ေယာက ၤားအျပစတစဆယရစပါးရေသာ ေသာနတရမညေသာမဆးက သဘဒၵါမဖရား ေရြးခယစစစကာ

ဤသကား ေယာက ၤားအျပစတစဆယရစပါးရသည၊ ဆဒၵနဆငမငးက မညာမတာဧကနသတမညဟ

စဥးစားဆငျခငႏႈတယၿပးလငဘရားေလာငးဆဒၵနဆငမငးကအသတေစလႊတေၾကာငးႏငလာ သည။

Out of these six types of soldiers, in a battle the Hillman and hunters may be expended first; the

protection of the armed ex-enemy forces against loss should be given weight;

ဤလကနကကငေျခာကမးတ႔တြင စစမကတကရာ ေတာသား၊မဆးလကနကကငတ႔က ေသေၾကပကစး

မညထက ရနသလကနကကငတ႔ ေသေၾကပကစးမညက အေလးျပအပ ေစာငေရာကအပသည။

next after them the men of the friendly armed force should be carefully protected against loss;

ရနသလကနကကငတ႔ေသေၾကပကစးမညထက အေဆြခငပြနးလကနကကငတ႔ ေသေၾကပကစးမညက

အေလးျပအပေစာငေရာကအပ၏။

next after them, men of the armed groups should be protected against loss;

အေဆြခငပြနးလကနကကငတ႔ထကသငးလကနကကငတ႔ေသေၾကပကစးမညကအေလးျပအပေစာငေရာက

အပ၏။

next after them, men serving for pay should be protected against loss;

သငးလကနကကငတ႔ထကအခစားလကနကကငတ႔ေသေၾကပကစးမညကအေလးျပအပေစာငေရာကအပ၏

။

even more than them, the king's servants, the men of the asuyin must be carefully protected against loss.

32

အခစားလကနကကငတ႔ထကကၽြနေတာရငး၊အစရငးျဖစေသာလကနကကငတ႔ေသေၾကပကစးမညက

အေလးျပအပေစာငေရာကအပ၏။

As is said in this sattaka nipāta of a³guttara nikāya scripture, there should be thirteen skills of soldiers in

each group.

ဤသတကနပါတ၊အဂၤတရနကယတြငေဟာေတာမသညအတငးဤလကနကကေျခာကမးတ႔တြငတစမးတစ

မးလင သရမးတစဆယသးမးစ ရသငသည။

This totality of armed men is the bala (force) which is one of the limbs of the state. If this one, armed,

"limb" is lacking, the state cannot be stable.

ဤလကနကကငဟေသာ`ဗလ`သညနငင၏အဂၤါခနစပါးတ႔တြငတစပါးအပါအ၀ငျဖစ၍ဤလကနကကင

`ဗလ` ဟေသာ အဂၤါတစပါးမရလင နငငသညေကာငးမြနခငခစြာ မျဖစနင။

ကမးကး ...

အဘဓါနပၸဒပကာ ဋကာ၊ ၂။ဘက႑။ ႏာ-၂၄၄

ဇာတကအ႒ကထာ၊ ၁၆။တ သနပါတ၊ ၄။ဆဒၵႏဇာတက၊ ႏာ-၄-၄၂

အဂၤတရနကာယ၊ သတကနပါတ၊ ၇။မဟာ၀ဂၢ၊ ၃။နဂေရာပမသတ၊ ႏာ-၂-၄၇၈

၈။၈။၈။၈။ အေကၡာဘဏတငေအာငအေကၡာဘဏတငေအာငအေကၡာဘဏတငေအာငအေကၡာဘဏတငေအာင တပကးမးစညးၾကပဖြ႕စညးျခငးတပကးမးစညးၾကပဖြ႕စညးျခငးတပကးမးစညးၾကပဖြ႕စညးျခငးတပကးမးစညးၾကပဖြ႕စညးျခငး

8.Nine types of army grouping up to the akkhobinī

The methods that, according to the books, were used for uniting this mass of armed men which formed

the bala and ordering them as an army are not generally known in our time and I shall therefore give some

account of this matter so that it may be understood.

33

ဤ`ဗလ`ဟေသာ ရမကလကနကကငတ႔ကအေပါငးအစဖြ႕၍တပစညးၾကပရာ၌ စာေပကမးဂနတ႔တြငလာ

သညအတငး စညးၾကပနညးက ယခထကတငမသၾကေသး၍ တပစညးၾကပနညးက သကၽြမး နားလည

ေအာင ဤအရာ၌ထညသြငးေရးသားေပအ။

Out of the books that give accounts of the "four limbs" of an army, the book says

စာေပကမးဂနတ႔တြငလာေသာ တပ၏အဂၤါေလးပါးရသညက အမရေကာသကမး၌ဤသ႔ဆ၏။

Hatthi assa ratha patti,Sena ca chaturangini.

That is: elephants, cavalry, chariot and infantry - these four are the limbs of an army; they are called the

"four limbs".

ဆင၊ျမငး၊ရထား၊ေျခသညအားျဖင ေလးခအေပါငးသည တပ၏အဂၤါမည၏။စစအဂၤါေလးပါးဟလညးေခၚသည။

The "Amarakosa" says also that there are nine ways of organising an army;

တပကးမးစညးၾကပနညးက အမရေကာသကမး၌ ဤသ႔ဆ၏။

“Ekakebha rathā tayassā,

patti pañca padātikā;

Pattayangehi tigunehi,

kamā saññā yathottaram.

Senāmukham gumva ganā,

vāhinī putanā camū;

anīkinī ca tasantu,

dasa akkhobhini matan”ti.

That is to say:

34

One elephant, one chariot, three horsemen and five infantrymen make up the section called patti. Units

above the patti in their order all consist of the four "limbs", elephant, chariot, cavalry and infantry, each

larger group having three times the numbers of the group below it.

ဆငတစစး၊ရထားတစဆတ႔လညးေကာငး၊ျမငးသးစးတ႔လညးေကာငး၊ေျခသညငါးေယာကတ႔သညလညး

ေကာငး၊ ပတမညေသာတပမည၏။ပတတပမ အထကအထကတပစတ႔သည အစဥအတငးပတတပ၌ပါေသာ

ဆင၊ျမငး၊ရထား၊ေျခသညဟေသာ အဂၤါေလးပါးတ႔က သးခႏငေျမာကအပေသာ အမညတ႔ျဖစကန၏။

The next group above the patti is called senāmukha, the next is the gumva, then there come the gana, the

vāhinī, the putanā, the samū, the anīkinī, and the ten anøkinø is called akkhobhinī.

ေသနာမခတပ၊ ဂမၻဂဏတပ၊ ၀ါဟနတပ၊ ပတနာတပ၊ စမတပ၊ အနကနတပ၊ အနကနတပ ဆယတပသည

အေကၡာဘဏတပမည၏။

Sena næma hatthi assæ ratha patti. Dvadasa puriso hatthø, ti puriso asso, chatu puriso ratho, chattaro

sarahattha patti.

Anikam nama hatthanikam assanikam rathanikam pattanikam. Tayo hatthi pacchimaµm hatthanikam,

tayo assa pacchimam assanikam, tayo ratha pacchimam rathanikaµm chattaro purisa sarahattha patti

pacchimam pattanikam.

In the Pācittiyapāli book of the Vinaya there appears: The elephant men, the charioteers the cavalry and

the infantry are called "the military".

၀နညး၊ ဘကၡပါစတ၊ပါဠေတာ၌ ဆင၊ျမငး၊ရထား၊ေျခသညတ႔သည စစသည မညကန၏။

The elephant riders with the men that follow at the elephant's foot making twelve - the elephant, its rider

and the spearman make three; the horse, its rider, its driver and the four men who are the flank guards

make up the chariot unit; four men with their arms make up the infantry section.

ဆငစး၊ ဆငေျခဖးေယာကၤ ားတစဆယႏစေယာကရေသာ ဆငစစသည, စးသ၊လကငေယာကၤ ားသးေယာက

ပါရေသာျမငးစစသည,စးသ၊ေမာငးႏငသ၊နားပနးေစာငဟေသာေယာကၤ ားေလးေယာကပါရေသာရထားစစ

သည, လကနက ကင ေယာကၤ ားေလးေယာကတ႔သည ေျခလငစစသညမည၏။

35

In any army there will be an elephant section, a cavalry section, a chariot section and an infantry section.

တပမညသညကား။ ဆငတပ၊ ျမငးတပ၊ ရထားတပ၊ေျခသညတပ ဟသညတညး။

There must be at least three elephants to be called an elephant unit; there must be at least three horses to

be called a cavalry unit; there must be at least three chariots to be called a chariot unit; there must be at

least four armed men to be called an infantry unit.

အနညးဆးဆငသးစးသညဆငတပမည၏။အနညးဆးျမငးသးစးသည ျမငးတပမည၏။အနညးဆး ရထား

သးဆတ႔သညရထားတပမည၏။အနညးဆးလကနကကငေယာကၤ ားေလးေယာကတ႔သညေျခသညတပမည

၏။ ဟဆ၏။

Comparing these statements from the Amarakosa and from the Pācittiya, the composition of an army can

be calculated thus - the elephant has three riders; there are two tusks, two ears, four legs and the tail and

these nine limbs must be guarded, making nine men by the elephant's feet - a total of twelve men as the

complement for each war elephant unit.

ဤသ႔ဆခၿပးေသာအမရေကာသကမး၊ဘကၡပါစတပါဠေတာတ႔ကႏးေႏာ၍တပစညးၾကပပးကား

ဆငစးလသးေယာက။ ။အစြယႏစေခာငး၊ နားရြကႏစဖက၊ ေျခေလးေခာငး၊အၿမး၊ ဤအဂၤါကးပါးတ႔က

ေစာငေရာကသည။ ဆငေျခဖးလကးေယာက၊ ႏစစ ေယာကၤ ားတစဆယႏစေယာကႏငတကြေသာ တကဆင

တစစး။

The commentary on the Pācittiya has four elephant riders and two men at each of the four legs, or eight

men, making the same complement of twelve men for each war elephant.

ဘကၡပါစတအ႒ကထာ၌ကားဆငစးလေလးေယာက။ေျခေလးေခာငး၌ ႏစေယာကစထား၍ ဆငေျခဖးလရစ

ေယာက၊ ဤသ႔တကဆငတစစး၌ လတစဆယႏစေယာကဟဆ၏။

For the cavalry, each horse would have one rider with two spearmen, one on each side. This complement

of three men would go with each of the three horses in the group.

ျမငးစးသရတစေယာက၊ ၀ယာလကငႏစေယာက၊ဤေယာကၤ ားသးေယာကႏငတကြေသာ ျမငးသးစး။

36

For the chariots, there would be one charioteer with a driver and two flank guards, one on each side, so

that each war chariot would have a complement of four men.

ရထားစးသတစေယာက၊ ရထားေမာငးႏငသတစေယာက၊ ၀ယာနားပနးေစာငႏစေယာက၊ ဤေယာကၤ ား

ေလးေယာကႏငတကြေသာ စစတကရထားတစဆ။

There would be five infantry men with their weapons.

လကနကႏငတကြေသာ ေျခသညသရငါးေယာက။

As we have said, the elephants, horses, chariots and footmen, the riders and guards would make up the

minimum army unit called the patti.

ဤသ႔ဆခၿပးေသာစးနငး၊ၿခရသႏငတကြေသာဆင၊ျမငး၊ရထား၊ေျခသညစစေပါငးသညပတမညေသာအနညး

ဆး တပတစတပျဖစ၏။

Tripling the numbers in this patti unit of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen made up the unit called

senāmukha.

ဤပတတပ၌ပါသမေသာဆင၊ျမငး၊ရထား၊ေျခသညအေရအတြကတ႔၏သးဆတကသည`ေသနာမခ`မည

ေသာ တပျဖစ၏။

Tripling the numbers again of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen makes the unit called the gumva.

ဤေသနာမခတပ၌ပါသမေသာဆင၊ျမငး၊ရထား၊ေျခသညအေရအတြကတ႔၏သးဆတကသည`ဂမၻ`မညေသာ

တပျဖစ၏။

In the same way, tripling the gumva produces the ga¼a and successively the vāhinī, the putanā, the samū,

and the anīkinī.

ဤနညးအတငး သးဆစအထကထကသ႔တက၍ `ဂဏ`တပ၊ `၀ါဟန`တပ၊ `ပတန`တပ၊ `စမ`တပ၊

`အနကန`မညေသာတပတ႔ျဖစၾကကန၏။

37

Multiplying the numbers of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen in the anīkinī by ten we finally reach

the great army which was the akkhobhinī.

ဤအနကနတပ၌ပါသမေသာဆင၊ျမငး၊ရထား၊ေျခသညအေရအတြကတ႔၏ဆယဆတကသည`အေကၡာဘဏ

` မည ေသာတပႀကးတစတပျဖစ၏။

ကမးကး ...

ပဋသမၻဒါမဂၢအ႒ကထာ၊ ၂။ ဣဒၶကထာ၊ ႏာ-၂-၂၉၂

သလကၡနအ႒ကထာ၊ ႏာ-၁-၂၆၄

အပါဒါနပါဠ၊ ၁။ဗဒၶ၀ဂ၊ ႏာ-၁-၂၄

ဇာတကပါဠ၊ ဂါထာ-၇၇၁ ႏာ-၂-၂၁၉

အဘဓါနပၸဒပကာဋကာ၊ ၂။ဘက႑၊ ႏာ-၂၆၈-၉

၀နညး၊ပါစတယပါဠ၊ ၈။ဥယတေသနာသကၡာပဒ၊ ႏာ-၁၄၀ ႒-၁၂၅ ၁၀။ ဥေယာဓကသကၡာပဒ၊ ႏာ-၁၄၃

9. Power from alliances

၉။၉။၉။၉။ မဟာမတအငအားမဟာမတအငအားမဟာမတအငအားမဟာမတအငအား

When there is a need for naval action, an ally who will be associated with and give help in it becomes one

of the seven "limbs" of the state.

ေရးေၾကာငးကစၥရလင ကညဘကရေသာမဟာမတဟသညလညး နငင၏အဂၤါခနစပါးတ႔တြင တစပါးအပါ

အ၀င ျဖစသည။

Even though your own territory is small and has no great revenue resources, if you can place sufficient

reliance on kings of large states with strong revenues and ally yourself with them so that they will regard

38

aid given as their own defence in naval matters, enemy rulers of foreign states with power greater than

your own will not be able to get the better of you.

မမပငေသာနငငရငးေသးငယ၍ အားခြနဗလမရေသာလညး အားခြနဗလႀကးမားေသာနငငႀကးမငးတ႔ႏင

ယၾကညစတခေလာကေအာင ေရးေၾကာငးကစၥရလင ကယမႈကသ႔ ကညေစာငမၾကညရႈေအာငေပါငးသငး၍

ထားလင ရနသျဖစေသာ မမထကအားႀကးေသာအျခားေသာနငငမငးတ႔ မႏပစကနင။

Further, if your merchants and traders have only their own country, whatever it is, to function in, their

profits will not be large and they will not be able to operate on a wide scale.

တစေၾကာငးလညး၊ ကနစညကးသနးေရာငး၀ယျခငးတ႔မညသည ကယနငငအတြငး၌သာ ကးသနး ေရာငး

၀ယျခငးျပေနလင အျမတအစြနးမားစြာ မျဖစနင။ ကးသနးေရာငး၀ယျခငး အႀကးအကယမျဖစနင။

If your commerce is not on large scale, you will never be in a position to collect substantial revenues from

it.

ကးသနးေရာငး၀ယျခငး အႀကးအကယမျဖစကလညး အေကာကေတာ၊အခြနေတာ မားစြာရရနမရ။

If your economy is integrated with that of a more extensive territory through an alliance, your people will

be able to make good profits and, because of this, your revenues will increase.

ႀကးကယျပန႔ေျပာေသာနငငႀကးတ႔ႏငမဟာမတအျဖစဆကလကေရႊလမးေငြလမးေဖာကၿပးလငကးသနး

ေရာငး၀ယရ၍ နငငသားတ႔လညး အျမတအစြနးမားစြာရသည။ အေကာကေတာ၊ အခြနေတာလညး မားစြာ

ရသည။

Because of the benefits so derived, if an alliance, which is the seventh "limb" of this state, is made, the

state will grow and be strong. If not, it will remain feeble and easily destroyed.

ဤသ႔ဆခၿပးေသာအကးအျပစမားေၾကာင ခနစခေျမာကေသာ ဤနငင၏အဂၤါျဖစေသာ မဟာမတ မငးရလင

နငငႀကးကယခငခသည။ မရလငေသးသမပကစးလြယရနရသည။

As we have said, the authors of the books could see the benefits arising to states where the rulers, kings or

others were fully involved in their alliances and cherished the seven "limbs" of the state; they could also

39

see the detriments when they were not and concluded that when the seven "limbs" were cultivated the

state grew and was strong.

ဤသ႔ဆခၿပးသညအတငး နငငရငမငးအစ မဟာမတအဆးရေသာ နငင၏အဂၤါခနစပါးတ႔သည ေကာငးမြနစြာ

ျပညစရာ၌ ဆခၿပးေသာအကး၊ မၿပညစရာ၌ ဆခၿပးေသာအျပစတ႔ကျမငေသာေၾကာင နတ ကမးဆရာတ႔

သည နငငဟသည- ဤအဂၤါခနစပါးႏင ေကာငးမြနစြာျပညစမ ႀကးကယခငခနငသည။

If, however, one or other of them was damaged, the result would be that the state would be like a man

with a crippled arm or leg and would never be able to be extensive or sound.

တစပါးပါးခ႕တလငပငေျခလကစေသာအဂၤါတစပါးပါးခ႕တေသာသကသ႔ နငငသည ႀကးကယေကာငးမြနစြာ

မခငခနငဟဆေလသည။

ကမးကး ...

အဘဓါနပၸဒပကာ ဋကာ၊ ႏာ-၂၄၃-၄