Chapter 4 Hydropower

Chapter 4

Hydropower plants

Chapter 4 - Hydropower plants

definition of hydropower

Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is

considered a renewable energy source.

A renewable energy source is one that is not depleted

(used up) in the production of energy.

Through hydropower, the energy in falling water is

converted into electricity without “using up” the water.


water cycle

Hydropower energy is ultimately derived from the sun,

which drives the water cycle.

In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a continuous

cycle.

Because of the force of gravity, water flows from high

points to low points.

There is kinetic energy embodied in the flow of water.


water at elevated natural storage


how it works?

1. From potential to kinetic

∆𝒁 =𝒗𝟐

𝟐𝒈+ 𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔


how it works?

1. From potential to kinetic

∆𝒁 =𝒗𝟐

𝟐𝒈+ 𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒃𝒚 𝝆𝒈, 𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆′𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅′ 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆

𝑯𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 =𝒗𝟐

𝟐𝝆


how it works?

2. From kinetic to mechanical

𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆′𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅′𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕

𝑯𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 =𝒗𝟐

𝟐𝝆

𝑯𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝑸

=𝒗𝟐

𝟐𝑸 𝝆

= 𝑷𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

𝑷 = 𝝎𝑻

𝝎


how it works?

2. From kinetic to mechanical

𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕

𝑷 = 𝝎𝑻

Mech. energy

𝑷𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

Kinetic energy

𝜼 = 𝝎𝑻/𝒑𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆


how it works?

3. From mechanical to electrical

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑷 = 𝝎𝑻

𝑷𝒆𝒍𝒆


how it works?

In summary

• Flowing water is directed at a turbine,

utilizing the potential energy to be

kinetic energy in the flowing water.

• The flowing water causes the turbine to

rotate, converting the water’s kinetic

energy into mechanical energy.

• The mechanical energy produced by the

turbine is converted into electric energy

using a turbine generator. Inside the

generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a

magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is a

fact of nature that moving a magnet near a

conductor causes an electric current.


types of water turbines

Crossflow rotor

Turgo rotor Pelton rotor

Kaplan rotor Francis rotor


classifications of Hydro power plants

Based on the size Based on the Head

Category Capacity

Large > 10 MW

Small < 10 MW

Mini < 1 MW

Micro < 100 kW

Pico < 5 kW

Low

head

Medium

head

High

head

<

10 m

10. to 50

m

>

50 m



Turbine

type

Low head

( <10 m)

Medium head

(10 -50 m)

High head

(> 50 m)

Impulse

Crossflow Crossflow Turgo

Turgo Pelton

Pelton

Francis

Reaction

Francis

Kaplan

water turbines ~ head



Large Hydropower

A large hydropower

facility has the

capacity to produce

more than 30,000

kilowatts (kW) of

electricity.



Small Hydropower

Small hydropower facilities

can produce

100 – 30,000 kilowatts (kW)

of electricity.

Small hydropower facilities

may involve a small dam, or

be a diversion of the main

stream, or be a

run-of-the-river system.



Micro Hydropower

Micro hydropower

plants have the capacity

to produce 100

kilowatts (kW) or less.

Micro-hydro facilities

typically use a

run-of-the-river system.


Hydroelectric Generation by Country

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

France

Japan

Venezuela

Norway

India

Russia

United States

Brazil

Canada

China

2013

2012

2011

Billion kilowatt-hours


Efficiency of power plants


Coal vs. Hydro Energy Conversion

• 35% • 95%



Advantages• Renewable Energy

• Clean Energy Source

• Domestic Energy Source

• Generally Available As

Needed

• Provides Recreational

Opportunities

• Water Supply and Flood

Control

Thank you

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Chapter 4 Hydropower