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Chapter 4Chapter 4Theoretical FoundationsTheoretical Foundations

of Nursing Practiceof Nursing Practice

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The Domain of NursingThe Domain of Nursing

zz DomainDomainIs the perspective of a professionIs the perspective of a professionProvides practical and theoretical orientationsProvides practical and theoretical orientationsfor a disciplinefor a discipline

zz ParadigmParadigmL inks science, philosophy, and theoriesL inks science, philosophy, and theories

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TheoryTheory

zz TheoryTheoryExplains a phenomenonExplains a phenomenon

zz

Nursing theoryNursing theoryIs a conceptualization of some aspect of Is a conceptualization of some aspect of nursingnursingCommunicates the purpose of describing,Communicates the purpose of describing,explaining, predicting, and/or prescribingexplaining, predicting, and/or prescribingnursing carenursing care

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Components of a TheoryComponents of a Theory

zz PhenomenonPhenomenonzz ConceptsConceptszz

DefinitionsDefinitionszz Assumptions Assumptions

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Types of TheoryTypes of Theory

zz GrandGrandzz MiddleMiddle--rangerangezz

DescriptiveDescriptivezz PrescriptivePrescriptive

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Relationship of Relationship of

Theory to Nursing PracticeTheory to Nursing Practicezz TheoriesTheories

Generate nursing knowledge for use inGenerate nursing knowledge for use inpracticepracticeCan direct how to use nursing processCan direct how to use nursing process

Are adaptable to different clients and all care Are adaptable to different clients and all caresettingssettings

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Interdisciplinary TheoriesInterdisciplinary Theories

zz SystemsSystemszz Basic human needsBasic human needszz

DevelopmentalDevelopmentalzz PsychosocialPsychosocial

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GENERA L SYSTEMS THEORYGENERA L SYSTEMS THEORY

A FOUNDATION FOR NURSING A FOUNDATION FOR NURSING

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Facts about General SystemsFacts about General Systems

Theory (GST) ?Theory (GST) ?zz Introduced in the 1950sIntroduced in the 1950szz Von Bertalanffy (19 6 9) introduced GST as aVon Bertalanffy (19 6 9) introduced GST as a

universal theory applicable to many fields of universal theory applicable to many fields of

studystudyzz Provides a way of examiningProvides a way of examininginterrelationships and deriving principlesinterrelationships and deriving principles

zz Describes how to break the whole apart andDescribes how to break the whole apart andthen learn how the parts work together then learn how the parts work together

Emphasizes the relationships between partsEmphasizes the relationships between partsDescribes how parts function and behaveDescribes how parts function and behave

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Terms that relate to GSTTerms that relate to GST

zz SystemSystem A set of interacting, identifiable parts or components. A set of interacting, identifiable parts or components.

Fundamental components of a system include matter,Fundamental components of a system include matter,energy and communicationsenergy and communications All components are necessary for the system to exist All components are necessary for the system to exist

Components:Components:hh Share a common purpose or goalShare a common purpose or goal

hh Form a whole which is more than the sum of its partsForm a whole which is more than the sum of its parts

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Terms that relate to GSTTerms that relate to GST

zz BoundaryBoundary A separation that differentiates one system from A separation that differentiates one system fromanother another

zz SubsystemSubsystemSmaller parts of complex systemsSmaller parts of complex systems

zz SuprasystemSuprasystem

Systems above other systemsSystems above other systems

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Terms that relate to GSTTerms that relate to GST

zz Open SystemOpen SystemInteracts with the environmentInteracts with the environmentExchanges energy, matter and informationExchanges energy, matter and informationthrough the boundary between the system and thethrough the boundary between the system and theenvironmentenvironment

zz Closed SystemClosed SystemDoes not interact with the environmentDoes not interact with the environment

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Key Points in GSTKey Points in GST

zz All components of a system contribute to the All components of a system contribute to theoverall goal of the system. The system isoverall goal of the system. The system isgreater than the sum of the partsgreater than the sum of the parts

zz Systems are hierarchical in nature andSystems are hierarchical in nature andcomposed of interrelated subsystems. Acomposed of interrelated subsystems. Achange in a component could change other change in a component could change other subsystems as well as the wholesubsystems as well as the whole

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Key Points in GSTKey Points in GST

zz Systems are separated from the environmentSystems are separated from the environmentand from each other by boundariesand from each other by boundaries

zz Systems communicate with and react to their Systems communicate with and react to their environment through input and outputenvironment through input and output

zz An open system allows for movement between An open system allows for movement betweensystems and boundaries, a closed system doessystems and boundaries, a closed system doesnot truly existnot truly exist

zz Open systems maintain balance throughOpen systems maintain balance throughfeedback to survivefeedback to survive

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ReferencesReferences

zz Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder (2004)Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder (2004)Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, ProcessFundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process

and Practice,and Practice,7

th Ed.7

th Ed.zz MacMurray College Department of Nursing ( )MacMurray College Department of Nursing ( )

G eneral Systems Theory: A Model for Nursing G eneral Systems Theory: A Model for Nursing zz Potter & Perry (2005)Potter & Perry (2005) Fundamentals of Nursing,Fundamentals of Nursing,

66 ththEd.Ed.

zz Taylor, L illis, & L eMone (2005)Taylor, L illis, & L eMone (2005) Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care,Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care,55 thth Ed.Ed.

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Selected Nursing TheoriesSelected Nursing Theories

NightingaleNightingale PeplauPeplau HendersonHenderson

RogersRogers OremOrem Leininger Leininger

RoyRoy WatsonWatson Benner andBenner andWrubelWrubel

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The L ink Between TheoryThe L ink Between Theory

and Knowledge Developmentand Knowledge Developmentzz Nursing knowledge is theoretical andNursing knowledge is theoretical and

practical.practical.zz Theories provide direction to nursingTheories provide direction to nursing

research.research.zz Nursing theory and nursing research buildNursing theory and nursing research build

nursings knowledge base.nursings knowledge base.