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4-1 I. The Role of Climate Day to day conditions of Earth’s atmosphere in a particular place and time A. Weather = Average year after year conditions of temp. and precipitation in a particular region B. Climate = 1. Affected by: latitude, winds, ocean currents, trapping of heat in atmosphere, amount of precipitation 2. As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating Earth has three main climate zones: a. polar, temperate, and tropical.
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Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities 4-1 I. The Role of Climate
Day to day conditions of Earths atmosphere in a particular place
and time A. Weather = Average year after year conditions of temp.
and precipitation in a particular region B. Climate = 1. Affected
by: latitude, winds, ocean currents, trapping of heat in
atmosphere, amount of precipitation 2. As a result of differences
in latitude and thus the angle of heating Earth has three main
climate zones: a. polar, temperate, and tropical. The Effect of
Latitude on Climate
90N North Pole Sunlight Polar 66.5N Arctic Circle Temperate
Sunlight Tropic of Cancer 23.5N Equator Most direct sunlight 0
Tropical Tropic of Capricorn 23.5S Earth has three main climate
zones.These climate zones are caused by the unequal heating of
Earth's surface.Near the equator, energy from the sun strikes Earth
almost directly.Near the poles, the sun's rays strike Earth's
surface at a lower angle.The same amount of solar energy is spread
out over a larger area, heating the surface less than at the
equator. Sunlight Temperate Antarctic Circle 66.5S Sunlight Polar
90S South Pole Page 88 3. Heat Transport in the Biosphere
a. Warm air over the equator rises, while cooler air over the poles
sinks toward the ground b. Upward and downward movement of air
creates air currents/ winds, that move heat throughout the
atmosphere. c. Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in
Earths oceans 1. Water is also moved at the surface by winds Heat
Transport in the Biosphere
Earths Winds WINDS Polar Easterlies 66.5N Westerlies 23.5N
Northeast Trade Winds 0 Equator 23.5S Southeast Trade Winds Earth's
winds and ocean currents interact to help produce Earth's
climates.The curved paths of some currents and winds are the result
of Earth's rotation. Westerlies 66.5S Polar Easterlies Prevailing
winds Page 89 Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Ocean Currents OCEAN CURRENTS 66.5N 23.5N Equator 0 23.5S Earth's
winds and ocean currents interact to help produce Earth's
climates.The curved paths of some currents and winds are the result
of Earth's rotation. 66.5S Warm currents Cold currents Page 89 Page
87 II. Greenhouse Effect
Some heat escapes into space A. Atmospheric gases that trap the
heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range
include: carbon dioxide methane water vapor Greenhouse gases trap
some heat Atmosphere Earths Surface 4-2 III. Shaping an Ecosystem
A. Biotic Factors:
all the living things with which an organism might interact B.
Abiotic Factors: Nonliving environment Ex. Temp., rain, wind,
rocks, soil, air, sun C. Biotic and abiotic factors determine the
survival and growth of an organism and productivity of the
ecosystem in which the organism lives. D. Habitat: area where an
organism lives Conditions which an organism lives and how it uses
it E. Niche: 1. No two species can share the same niche in the same
habitat 2. Different species can occupy niches that are very
similar IV. Community Interactions
Occurs when organisms attempt to use the same resources A.
Competition: 1. Competitive Exclusion Principle: no two species can
occupy the same niche (role) in the same habitat at the same time
Page 92 B. Predation: One organism captures and feeds on another a.
Prey = organism being captured C. Symbiosis: two species living
closely together (Page 93) 1. Mutualism: Both species benefit from
relationship Ex. Flowers and bees 1 member benefits & the other
is neither harmed/helped; rare 2. Commensalism: Ex. barnacles on
whales; pilot fish with shark;egret on cattle 1 organism lives
in/on another and harms it 3. Parasitism: Ex: Fleas/ ticks on dogs;
sinus infection-bacteria & humans; athletes foot (fungus) &
humans V. Ecological Succession
A. Succession predictable changes in an ecosystem 1. Primary
Succession- nothing there before a. Occurs where no soil exists b.
occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt c. The first
species to populate the area are called pioneer species Primary
Succession Page 94 2. Secondary Succession (Page 95)-something was
there before
a. Disturbance changes community without removing soil b. Forest
fire, hurricane, tornado, human activities (subdivision,
clear-cutting, mining) 3. Marine Succession a. whale dies and sinks
to the ocean floor b. Scavengers and decomposers eat the tissue
within a year
c. decomposition enriches the sediments with nutrients d.
heterotrophic bacteria decompose skeleton remains 4-3 VI. Biomes A.
Group of ecosystems with same climate and dominant communities B.
Plants and animals exhibit variations in tolerance = ability to
survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their
optimal conditions Climate within a small area that differs
significantly from the climate around it C. Microclimate: Ex: Oasis
in a desert Desert (Cold and Hot Deserts) Temperate
Grasslands
VII. Ten Major Terrestrial Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Dry
Forest Savanna-Grassland Desert (Cold and Hot Deserts) Temperate
Grasslands Temperate Woodland/Shrubland-Chapparral Temperate
(Deciduous) Forest-GA Northwest Coniferous Forest- Washington
State, Seattle Taiga (Boreal) Tundra VII. Ten Major Terrestrial
Biomes-HONORS
A. Tropical Rain Forest C; greater than 200cm rain yearly; warm
temps, wet weather and lush plant-life; near equator B. Tropical
Dry Forest C. Savanna-grassland; long, dry winter, wet
summer;Africa C; 100 to 150 cm-10 to 30 in. D. Desert- 30 C cool
deserts; C in hot deserts; less than 25 cm rain yearly; extreme
dryness (arid) w/ hot-cold temps E. Temperate Grassland- 10 25 C;
cm rain yearly; limited rain; grasses and nonwoody plants F.
Temperate Woodland/ Shrubland-chaparral
G. Temperate (Deciduous) Forest -10 to 25 C; cm rain yearly; 4
seasons; GEORGIA H. Northwest Coniferous Forest- needle-like
leaves; moderate temps, lots of precipitation, Washington State,
Seattle I. Taiga (Boreal)- (-30) to 20 C; cm rain yearly; cold
forest; cone-bearing evergreens; mostly snow precipitation;
northern US, southern Canada J. Tundra-PERMAFROST-(-40) to 10 C;
less than 25 cm rain yearly; cold, dry, treeless; little
precipitation, but ice-covered;long, cold winters; short, lush
summers; Alaska Reg Ed- FOR BIOME BOOKLETS:
---- Tropical Rain Forest C; greater than 200cm rain yearly ---
Savanna C; 100 to 150 cm-10 to 30 in. --- Desert C cool deserts; C
less than 25 cm rain yearly --- Temperate (Deciduous) Forest -10 to
25 C; cm rain yearly --- Taiga (Boreal)- (-30) to 20 C; cm rain
yearly ---Tundra-PERMAFROST-(-40) to 10 C; less than 25 cm rain
yearly The Major Biomes Page 99 60N 30N 0 Equator 30S 60S
Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland This map shows
thelocations of the worlds major biomes. Other parts of Earths
surface are classified as mountains or ice caps. Each biome has a
characteristic climate and community of organisms. Temperate forest
Northwestern coniferous forest Tropical dry forest Desert Temperate
woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga) Tropical savanna
Tundra Mountains andice caps 4-4 VIII. Aquatic Ecosystems
A. Determined by depth, flow, temp., and chemistry of the overlying
water IX. Freshwater A. Flowing-Water Ecosystem 1. Rivers, streams,
creeks, and brooks are freshwater ecosystems that flow over land 2.
originate in mountains or hills B. Standing-Water Ecosystem 1.
Lakes and ponds 2. water circulates within, this helps to
distribute heat, oxygen, and nutrients 3. Still waters provide
habitats for organisms such as plankton free-floating
organisms
Unicellular algae i. Phytoplankton = Unicellular and small animals
that feed on phytoplankton ii. Zooplankton = C. Freshwater Wetland
1. water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of
the soil at least part of the year 2. Can be flowing or standing
and fresh, salty, or brackish 3. Three Types of Freshwater
Wetlands:
i. Bogs are wetlands that typically form in depressions where water
collects ii. Marshes are shallow wetlands along rivers iii. Swamps,
which often look like flooded forests, water flows slowly X.
Estuaries A. Where rivers meet the sea B. mixture of fresh and salt
water, and are affected by the ocean tides C. Salt marshes occur in
estuaries along seacoasts in the temperate zone D. Mangrove swamps
are coastal wetlands that occur in bays and estuaries across
tropical regions, including southern Florida and Hawaii XI. Marine
Ecosystems A. well-lit upper layer of the ocean = photic zone 1.
Algae and other producers can grow only in this thin surface layer
B. aphotic zone which is permanently dark is below the photic zone
1. Chemosynthetic autotrophs are the only producers that can
survive here C. Ocean is divided into zones based on the depth and
distance from shore: The intertidal zone, coastal ocean, open ocean
Continental slope and continental rise
Marine Ecosystems Photiczone Land 200 m 1,000 m Intertidalzone
Coastal ocean Open ocean 4,000 m Aphoticzone Benthiczone 6,000 m
The ocean can be divided into zones based on light penetration and
into zones based on depth and the distance from shore. Each zone
contains a characteristic assemblage of organisms. Ocean trench
10,000 m Continental slopeand continental rise Abyssal plain
Continental shelf Page 109 4-1 The Earths polar zones are cold
because
A. they are never heated by the sun. B. at the poles, the sun's
rays are at a very low angle. C. the greenhouse effect does not
occur at the poles. D. heat is transported from the poles to the
equator. 4-1 The upward movement of warm air and the downward
movement of cool air creates A. upwellings. B. air currents. C.
ocean currents. D. the greenhouse effect. 4-1 Earth's temperature
range is maintained by
A. the greenhouse effect. B. climate zones. C. ocean currents and
winds. D. latitude differences. 4-1 Variation of temperature in the
temperate zone is due primarily to
A. air and ocean currents. B. the greenhouse effect. C. variation
in the suns energy production. D. latitude and season. 4-1 The
tropical zone is warm all year long because
A. the suns angle changes the most in that part of Earth. B. ocean
water is warmest near the equator. C. it receives direct or nearly
direct sunlight year-round. D. landmasses in the tropic latitudes
hold on to heat. 4-2 Which of the following is a biotic factor in a
bullfrog's niche?
A. water B. a heron C. climate D. day length 4-2 An organisms niche
is different from its habitat because
A. The niche does not include the place where the organism lives.
B. the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism
lives. C. the niche includes only abiotic factors. D. the niche
includes only biotic factors. 4-2 The attempt by organisms of the
same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the
same place is called A. competition. B. predation. C. symbiosis. D.
cooperation. 4-2 An association between two species in which one
species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is
called A. symbiosis. B. mutualism. C. commensalism. D. parasitism.
4-2 When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the
first species to populate the area are usually A. grasses and
shrubs. B. pioneers such as lichens. C. small plants such as
mosses. D. small animals such as rodents. 4-3 When the climate in a
small region of a biome is different from the overall climate of
the biome, the regions climate is called A. tolerance. B. a harsher
climate. C. a microclimate. D. a local variation. 4-3 The ability
of an organism to survive under conditions that differ from its
optimal condition is called A. niche. B. tolerance. C. variation.
D. succession. 4-3 Which of the following biomes is characterized
by less than 25 centimeters of annual precipitation? A. tropical
savanna B. desert C. boreal forest D. temperate grassland 4-3 Which
of the following biomes is characterized by a mixture of deciduous
and coniferous trees? A. temperate woodland and shrubland B. boreal
forest C. temperate forest D. tropical dry forest 4-3 Which of the
following biomes is characterized by the presence of permafrost? A.
boreal forest B. temperate grassland C. northwestern coniferous
forest D. tundra 4-4 Which of the following factors is important in
determining the type of aquatic ecosystem found in a specific area?
A. geographic location B. amount of dissolved chemicals C.the
percentage of land covered by water D. the kinds of organisms in
the water 4-4 The two types of freshwater ecosystems are
distinguished by whether or not they have A. high oxygen content or
low oxygen content. B. phytoplankton or zooplankton. C. high
temperature or low temperature. D. flowing water or standing water.
4-4 Coastal wetlands that are widespread in tropical regions such
as southern Florida and Hawaii are known as A. detritus. B. bogs.
C. mangrove swamps. D. benthos. 4-4 Coral animals cannot grow in
water that A. contains salt.
B. contains oxygen. C. is cold. D. receives sunlight. 4-4 The zone
that covers the ocean floor is the A. benthic zone.
B. abyssal plain. C. continental shelf. D. continental rise. 4-1
The Earths polar zones are cold because
A. they are never heated by the sun. B. at the poles, the sun's
rays are at a very low angle. C. the greenhouse effect does not
occur at the poles. D. heat is transported from the poles to the
equator. 4-1 The upward movement of warm air and the downward
movement of cool air creates A. upwellings. B. air currents. C.
ocean currents. D. the greenhouse effect. 4-1 Earth's temperature
range is maintained by
A. the greenhouse effect. B. climate zones. C. ocean currents and
winds. D. latitude differences. 4-1 Variation of temperature in the
temperate zone is due primarily to
A. air and ocean currents. B. the greenhouse effect. C. variation
in the suns energy production. D. latitude and season. 4-1 The
tropical zone is warm all year long because
A. the suns angle changes the most in that part of Earth. B. ocean
water is warmest near the equator. C. it receives direct or nearly
direct sunlight year-round. D. landmasses in the tropic latitudes
hold on to heat. 4-2 Which of the following is a biotic factor in a
bullfrog's niche?
A. water B. a heron C. climate D. day length 4-2 An organisms niche
is different from its habitat because
A. The niche does not include the place where the organism lives.
B. the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism
lives. C. the niche includes only abiotic factors. D. the niche
includes only biotic factors. 4-2 The attempt by organisms of the
same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the
same place is called A. competition. B. predation. C. symbiosis. D.
cooperation. 4-2 An association between two species in which one
species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is
called A. symbiosis. B. mutualism. C. commensalism. D. parasitism.
4-2 When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the
first species to populate the area are usually A. grasses and
shrubs. B. pioneers such as lichens. C. small plants such as
mosses. D. small animals such as rodents. 4-3 When the climate in a
small region of a biome is different from the overall climate of
the biome, the regions climate is called A. tolerance. B. a harsher
climate. C. a microclimate. D. a local variation. 4-3 The ability
of an organism to survive under conditions that differ from its
optimal condition is called A. niche. B. tolerance. C. variation.
D. succession. 4-3 Which of the following biomes is characterized
by less than 25 centimeters of annual precipitation? A. tropical
savanna B. desert C. boreal forest D. temperate grassland 4-3 Which
of the following biomes is characterized by a mixture of deciduous
and coniferous trees? A. temperate woodland and shrubland B. boreal
forest C. temperate forest D. tropical dry forest 4-3 Which of the
following biomes is characterized by the presence of permafrost? A.
boreal forest B. temperate grassland C. northwestern coniferous
forest D. tundra 4-4 Which of the following factors is important in
determining the type of aquatic ecosystem found in a specific area?
A. geographic location B. amount of dissolved chemicals C.the
percentage of land covered by water D. the kinds of organisms in
the water 4-4 The two types of freshwater ecosystems are
distinguished by whether or not they have A. high oxygen content or
low oxygen content. B. phytoplankton or zooplankton. C. high
temperature or low temperature. D. flowing water or standing water.
4-4 Coastal wetlands that are widespread in tropical regions such
as southern Florida and Hawaii are known as A. detritus. B. bogs.
C. mangrove swamps. D. benthos. 4-4 Coral animals cannot grow in
water that A. contains salt.
B. contains oxygen. C. is cold. D. receives sunlight. 4-4 The zone
that covers the ocean floor is the A. benthic zone.
B. abyssal plain. C. continental shelf. D. continental rise.