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The Challenges of Independence
o Common peoples independence movements -> not enough resources and bitter rivalries o Bangladesh violence &
African negligence of the people
o Pop. boom: from New World crops/control and reduced warringo eradication effort of diseases and hygiene boosts
- Big African boost BUT AIDS & production- Asia 600 mil -> India 1 bil.
o colonial lack of industry and internationalization = hard to support
o POP: resistance to birth control - cultural and women status
- Previous high mortality rates
o migration to cities: not enough jobs or resources -> unemployed
- become political menace w/ riots
o severe division of rich and slums o environmental issues
The Challenges of Independence
The Challenges of Independenceo constitutions with women rights & little action
-Women leaders had connections to men
(Corazon Aquino & Indira Ghandi)
- Young marriage & child bearing -> less education
- religion and traditions hold back women
The Challenges of Independence
oFunding for industrialization scarceoDependence on a few primary products for international trade
- leaders blame neocolonial economy
- Corrupt gov and lack of reforms -> international
assistance
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
o Ghanaian leader Nkrumah: had ambitious programs of education and industry
- Leftist ideas (support from Soviets)o Dictator rule through Convention People’s party
- Seem like Confucius and Muhammad - 1966 was deposed by coup while in Vietnam
o Harsh military regimes- Uganda- Myanmar
o Egyptian radical movement - Under the Free Officers Movement & Gamal
Abdul Nasser - allied with Muslim Brotherhood: social uplift &
reforms (middle class and peasant)
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
Egypt lost: 1948 Arab Israeli war 1952 British over
SuezRevolution:
all political parties disbanded
Nasser becomes leader of coup reforms (like 5 year plans)
against Arab nation and for SuezFailed:
land reforms Aswan Dam Project foreign assistance Six Day war with Israel 1967
- Stalemate with Sadat
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
o India: secular democratic views & industrial society
- ^^ literacy, family planning, development , technology
o Nehru and Congress party most power
- Opposing parties locally strong
o Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - 1979 religious revolution to promote
old ways globally in Iran- claimed to be divinely inspired
o had not been westernized or colonizedoShah fled, but returned to power 1953 by CIA -> gov changes -> isolation
- Economic slump and angered middle class
o Saddam Hussein takes over
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
o White ruled South Africa: largest and richest , still colonially dominated
- 1960 independence- homelands set up for tribal blacks- Apartheid until 1990: Nelson Mandela
ostill rivalries between Zulus and Xhosas
o African National congress: illigalo African leaders sent to prisons
- others (Steve Biko) murderedo protests named “communist inspired” o F.W. de Klerk began dismantle of Apartheid