Chapter 30Chapter 30

WWII and the End WWII and the End of European World of European World

OrderOrder

Old & New CausesOld & New Causes

OLD CAUSESOLD CAUSES Economic disaster Economic disaster

creates the right creates the right conditions for fascist conditions for fascist groups (Germany/Italy) groups (Germany/Italy) and the military (Japan) and the military (Japan) to gain powerto gain power

Rising nationalism in Rising nationalism in China and Russia creates China and Russia creates internal turmoilinternal turmoil

Inability of international Inability of international organizations (League of organizations (League of Nations) to stop Nations) to stop aggressionaggression

NEW CAUSESNEW CAUSES Success of Guomindang Success of Guomindang

creates worry in Japan of creates worry in Japan of a united Chinaa united China

Great Depression helps Great Depression helps Nazi party come to power Nazi party come to power

Hitler and Mussolini get Hitler and Mussolini get involved in civil wars, involved in civil wars, make plan to expandmake plan to expand

Western powers let Western powers let aggression go unchecked aggression go unchecked b/c no one wants another b/c no one wants another warwar

Unchecked AggressionUnchecked Aggression EUROPE: Nazis annex EUROPE: Nazis annex

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia (lebensraum(lebensraum) ) and later launch blitzkrieg by and later launch blitzkrieg by invading Polandinvading Poland

ASIA: Japan invades ASIA: Japan invades Manchuria and invades China. Manchuria and invades China. Their war crimes still cause Their war crimes still cause tension between the two tension between the two countries today (Rape of countries today (Rape of Nanjing)Nanjing)

(at left) A terrified baby after (at left) A terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by JapanShanghai is attacked by Japan

Conduct of WWIIConduct of WWII

Blitzkrieg Campaign (1939-1941): Nazis Blitzkrieg Campaign (1939-1941): Nazis control most of Europe & Mediterranean; control most of Europe & Mediterranean; prepare to launch offensives against prepare to launch offensives against Britain and RussiaBritain and Russia

Japan attacks China and prepares to Japan attacks China and prepares to launch offensives against Western launch offensives against Western colonies throughout SE Asiacolonies throughout SE Asia

Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, RetreatBlitzkrieg, Stalemate, Retreat

Blitz: Quickly destroys Poland and pushes back Blitz: Quickly destroys Poland and pushes back French and British troops; creates a puppet French and British troops; creates a puppet regime in France (Vichy) and occupies Norway regime in France (Vichy) and occupies Norway and Denmark, leaving Britain standing alone but and Denmark, leaving Britain standing alone but defending itself successfully against German air defending itself successfully against German air raidsraids

Loss at Battle of Britain causes Hitler to turn Loss at Battle of Britain causes Hitler to turn south (Africa) and east (Russia). Both south (Africa) and east (Russia). Both campaigns will end badly for Germany, but not campaigns will end badly for Germany, but not after years of hard fought battles and after years of hard fought battles and catastrophic losses.catastrophic losses.

The HolocaustThe Holocaust 12 million dead (6 million 12 million dead (6 million

Jews)Jews) Other persecuted groups: Other persecuted groups:

Communists, Catholics, Communists, Catholics, homosexuals, lesbians, homosexuals, lesbians, gypsies, Poles (labeled gypsies, Poles (labeled undermenschen)undermenschen)

Period characterized by Period characterized by persecution, forced labor, persecution, forced labor, inhumane medical inhumane medical experiments.experiments.

Mentally and physically Mentally and physically handicapped put to death handicapped put to death immediately.immediately.

End of the ReichEnd of the Reich

German shift to the German shift to the east gives Britain east gives Britain space to launch space to launch offensive, along with offensive, along with USA, who prepare to USA, who prepare to invade and take back invade and take back France.France.

Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge (Germany’s last (Germany’s last stand)stand)

Rise and Fall of JapanRise and Fall of Japan

1/3 of Japanese troops in China while the rest 1/3 of Japanese troops in China while the rest moves into SE Asia and Pacific. moves into SE Asia and Pacific.

US (bulk of Allied forces in Pacific) engages in US (bulk of Allied forces in Pacific) engages in “island hopping” campaign, taking ground slowly “island hopping” campaign, taking ground slowly but decisively in battles like Coral Sea, Midway but decisively in battles like Coral Sea, Midway and Okinawa.and Okinawa.

Nationalistic propaganda encouraged people to Nationalistic propaganda encouraged people to never surrender; many committed suicide and never surrender; many committed suicide and even after atomic bombs were dropped in even after atomic bombs were dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the emperor’s Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the emperor’s surrender came as a shock to many.surrender came as a shock to many.

WWII Ends…Superpower Standoff WWII Ends…Superpower Standoff BeginsBegins

WWII’s end did not create lasting peaceWWII’s end did not create lasting peaceUnited Nations replaces League of United Nations replaces League of

NationsNationsA more internationals community replaces A more internationals community replaces

one dominated by the Western powersone dominated by the Western powers

Cold WarCold War

Many close calls between 1945 and 1990, Many close calls between 1945 and 1990, but no direct conflictsbut no direct conflicts

Tensions rise at a series of conferencesTensions rise at a series of conferencesYalta: Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin divide Yalta: Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin divide

Germany but disagreed about the political Germany but disagreed about the political future of eastern Europefuture of eastern Europe

Potsdam: Russia occupies most of E. Europe Potsdam: Russia occupies most of E. Europe and E. Germany, Austria divided and and E. Germany, Austria divided and occupied and treaty worked out with Italy.occupied and treaty worked out with Italy.

Cold War (con’t)Cold War (con’t) Japan signs separate treaty w/USA; stripped of Japan signs separate treaty w/USA; stripped of

territory and creates a new parliamentary regime territory and creates a new parliamentary regime with US helpwith US help

Korea divided into 2 zones—US and Soviet Korea divided into 2 zones—US and Soviet occupiedoccupied

Attempts to keep colonial borders frustrated by Attempts to keep colonial borders frustrated by overwhelming resentment toward a weakening overwhelming resentment toward a weakening WestWest

Stage is set for decolonization and the Cold War Stage is set for decolonization and the Cold War (Cold War politics will play out as each colony (Cold War politics will play out as each colony gets independence).gets independence).

Nationalism & DecolonizationNationalism & Decolonization

WWII sapped the resources and the will of WWII sapped the resources and the will of Europeans to maintain coloniesEuropeans to maintain colonies

Both the US and USSR condemned Both the US and USSR condemned colonialism (ex—Atlantic Charter) and colonialism (ex—Atlantic Charter) and began to spread their own brand of began to spread their own brand of propaganda among Asia, Africa and the propaganda among Asia, Africa and the Middle East.Middle East.

S/SE Asia Win IndependenceS/SE Asia Win Independence British refusal to grant India independence British refusal to grant India independence

despite their aid in WWII led to widespread civil despite their aid in WWII led to widespread civil disobedience (Quit India movement)disobedience (Quit India movement)

Muslim League (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Muslim League (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah) sides w/British in hopes of gaining a separate sides w/British in hopes of gaining a separate Muslim state, creating tension between Hindus Muslim state, creating tension between Hindus and Muslimsand Muslims

Hasty pullout of British results in violence Hasty pullout of British results in violence despite a partition of a Muslim state (Pakistan)despite a partition of a Muslim state (Pakistan)

Weakening of British signals the end of other Weakening of British signals the end of other colonial empires (Dutch and French) in Asiacolonial empires (Dutch and French) in Asia

Liberation of Nonsettler AfricaLiberation of Nonsettler Africa Many Africans served in the war only to return home to Many Africans served in the war only to return home to

the same racist ideologies they had left behind—this the same racist ideologies they had left behind—this creates even greater support of nationalist movementscreates even greater support of nationalist movements

Need for war supplies meant that many areas of Africa Need for war supplies meant that many areas of Africa had been industrialized (this went against initial had been industrialized (this went against initial imperialist policies)imperialist policies)

Two main paths to decolonization:Two main paths to decolonization: 1) Relatively peaceful devolution of power from western to 1) Relatively peaceful devolution of power from western to

African governments (Ghana)African governments (Ghana) 2) Hasty retreats that left little-educated and ill-prepared Africans 2) Hasty retreats that left little-educated and ill-prepared Africans

in control (this method most often led to violent civil wars, some in control (this method most often led to violent civil wars, some still being played out today)still being played out today)

Struggle for Settler ColoniesStruggle for Settler Colonies

Peaceful withdrawal rarely happened, especially Peaceful withdrawal rarely happened, especially in places where whites had settled and intended in places where whites had settled and intended to stay (Kenya, S. Africa)to stay (Kenya, S. Africa)

Kenya= nonviolent resistance does not make Kenya= nonviolent resistance does not make headway. Jomo Kenyatta and the KAU found headway. Jomo Kenyatta and the KAU found the Land Freedom Army and launch the Mau the Land Freedom Army and launch the Mau Mau Rebellion, a guerilla war against the British.Mau Rebellion, a guerilla war against the British.

Other examples of guerilla militaries Other examples of guerilla militaries FLN in AlgeriaFLN in Algeria OAS in AlgeriaOAS in Algeria

White Supremacy in S. AfricaWhite Supremacy in S. Africa A white minority held on to power all the way A white minority held on to power all the way

until 1990suntil 1990s After British leave, Afrikaner (Dutch) rulers take After British leave, Afrikaner (Dutch) rulers take

control in 1940scontrol in 1940s Afrikaner policy is apartheid, which created Afrikaner policy is apartheid, which created

separate and horribly unequal conditions for separate and horribly unequal conditions for blacks and whitesblacks and whites

Apartheid laws are finally repealed in 1994 after Apartheid laws are finally repealed in 1994 after international pressure is applied to S. Africa’s international pressure is applied to S. Africa’s government. Later, Nelson Mandela becomes government. Later, Nelson Mandela becomes the first democratically elected African president the first democratically elected African president in South Africa.in South Africa.

Arabs, Israelis and PalestineArabs, Israelis and Palestine

Egypt, Iraq, Syria among the states that get Egypt, Iraq, Syria among the states that get independence between wars, though European independence between wars, though European influence remains strong.influence remains strong.

Holocaust creates more sympathy for the Zionist Holocaust creates more sympathy for the Zionist movement, though the increased influx of Jewish movement, though the increased influx of Jewish refugees into Palestine was met with violence.refugees into Palestine was met with violence.

Zionists and Arab Palestinians are determined to Zionists and Arab Palestinians are determined to have a state. Britain just wants to leave. The have a state. Britain just wants to leave. The result is partition (and we all know how well that result is partition (and we all know how well that has worked out).has worked out).

Global ConnectionsGlobal Connections WWII completes the process of the demise of WWII completes the process of the demise of

Western dominance, a process that had begun Western dominance, a process that had begun years earlieryears earlier

Decolonization occurs, but European influence Decolonization occurs, but European influence remains strong, and power passes mostly to remains strong, and power passes mostly to Western-educated elitesWestern-educated elites

Liberation of colonies did not disrupt Western Liberation of colonies did not disrupt Western dominance in the economydominance in the economy

Decolonization does set up new internal Decolonization does set up new internal conflicts, creating civil wars that have lasted into conflicts, creating civil wars that have lasted into the 21the 21stst century. century.