Chapter 3

Settling the Northern Colonies1619-1700

Separatists

Separatists

vs. vs.

PuritansPuritans

PuritanismPuritanismCalvinism Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination.

•Good works could not save those predestined for hell.

•No one could be certain of their spiritual status.

•Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”

Puritans:

Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.

Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

Separatist Beliefs:Separatist Beliefs:

Puritans who believed only “visible Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership.admitted to church membership.

Because the Church of England Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”churches with the “damned.”

Therefore, they believed in a total Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.break from the Church of England.

SeparatistsSeparatists

James I (1603 - 1625)James I (1603 - 1625)•James I was the son of Mary, Queen of

Scots. He had become James VI of Scotland after Mary lost her head, and he

became James I when he took over England.

•He was the first to call himself "King of King of Great BritainGreat Britain." James struggled with

Parliament - he thought he ruled by divine divine rightright.

•There was a new English translation of Bible - the "King James Bible.“

•He persecuted PilgrimsPilgrims because they would not recognize him as the religious

leader of the Church of England.

•So, they became a political risk as well.

Sources of Puritan Migration

Sources of Puritan Migration

1620 1620 a group of 102 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] people [half Separatists]

Negotiated with theNegotiated with theVirginia Company to Virginia Company to settle in its settle in its jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

Non-Separatists Non-Separatists included Captain Myles included Captain Myles Standish.Standish.

Plymouth Bay way Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia outside the domain of the Virginia Company.Company.

Became squatters without legal right to Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a land & specific authority to establish a govt.govt.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

•41 Male passengers on the Mayflower formed into a

““civil body politiccivil body politic””, signed a compact promising to write

and obey ""just and equal just and equal lawslaws ... for the general good

of the colony."

•The compact brought an element of democracy to

America and was an example of the practice of self-self-

governmentgovernment in the colonies.

•All the colonies practiced some form of self-self-

governmentgovernment…………

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.

Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

Signed by 41 adult males.

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

•Difficult winter (44 out of 102 survived)….•First year went through a “starving time”

•Developed friendly relations with Indian tribes•Squanto befriended settlement

•Plymouth settlement survived under the leadership of Gov. William Bradford

•First Thanksgiving

That First Year….That First Year….Winter of 1620-1621

Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.

None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back.

Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.”

Colony survived with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber.

Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.

1691 only 7,000 people

Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

William BradfordWilliam BradfordSelf-taught scholar.

Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections.

Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society.

A Model of Christian Charity

Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay

Colony

Charles I (1625 - 1649)•Son of James I and ruled by divine right. •Conflicts with Parliament = much resistance to his policies.•Forced to sign the Petition of Right

•no taxes without Parliament’s consent; •civilians didn't have to house soldiers;•no military law in peacetime •Due process of law

•In 1629, Charles dissolved Parliament and ruled until 1640.•Persecuted Puritans led to the Puritan Migration. •1642–1651: English Civil Wars, "Cavaliers" (Anglicans, royalists, nobility, Catholics) vs. the "Roundheads" (Puritans and Middle Class). •Charles I was beheaded in 1649-------Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth.

The MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay Colony1629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.

Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.

They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub.

“Great Migration” of the 1630s

Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

Not all Puritans 20,000 came to MA.

Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay

ColonyCommunities well

organizedEstablished towns

Protestant Work EthicFamily values

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

We shall be as We shall be as a a

city on a hill..city on a hill..

Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.

Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.

Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.

Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

•John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

•Middle class settlers, educated and organized

•Successful as fur traders, fishermen and shipbuilders

•Ruled as “Bible Commonwealth” or theocracy

•New England Way = Puritan covenant with God

•To establish holy society----”city upon a hill”

Covenant TheologyCovenant Theology

“Covenant of Grace”: between Puritan communities

and God.

“Social Covenant”: Between members of Puritan

communities with each other.

Required mutual watchfulness.

No toleration of deviance or disorder.

No privacy.

PatriarchyPatriarchy

Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Building the Bay Colony• Franchise (right to vote) extended to “freemen”

– adult Puritan men of Congregational church (about 40% of men in the colony ~ higher percentage than in England)

• However, in town government, all property-owning males could vote in town meetings– Direct democracy----self government

• Since idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influential

Building the Bay Colony

• Clergy were barred from formal political office – early “church/state separation”

• Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hell

Trouble in Bible Colony(Puritan Rebels)

• Social harmony when only Puritans, but that didn’t last

• Quakers: fines, floggings, banishments, executions

• Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t need to obey (“antinomianism” the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) – Banished from Mass. Bay– Travels to Rhode Island with her children

and helps organize this settlement

1638 1638 she confounded the Puritan she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.leaders for days.

Eventually bragged that she had Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.

Direct revelation was even more serious Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??WHY??

Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her she & she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.her family traveled to RI and later to NY.

She and all but one member of her family She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.Westchester County.

John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Young, popular minister in Young, popular minister in Salem.Salem.

Argued for a full break Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.with the Anglican Church.

Condemned MA Bay Condemned MA Bay Charter.Charter.

• Did not give fair Did not give fair compensation to Indians.compensation to Indians.

Denied authority of civil Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious govt. to regulate religious behavior.behavior.

1635 1635 found guilty of preaching found guilty of preaching new & new & dangerous opinionsdangerous opinions and was exiled. and was exiled.

Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams

1636 1636 Roger Williams fled there. Roger Williams fled there.

MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.competing colony.

Remarkable political freedom in Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIProvidence, RI

• Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage later later restricted by a property qualification.restricted by a property qualification.

• Opposed to special privilege of any kind Opposed to special privilege of any kind freedom of opportunity for all.freedom of opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters religious dissenters More liberal than More liberal than any other colony!any other colony!

Rhode IslandRhode Island

New England Spreads Out

New England Spreads Out

New England Spreads Out

• 1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas Hooker

• 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic government

• 1641: New Hampshire taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colony

• 1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, king arbitrarily separates it, becomes royal colony

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Low mortality Low mortality average life average life expectancy was 70 years of expectancy was 70 years of age.age.

Many extended families.Many extended families.

Average 6 children per family.Average 6 children per family.

Average age at marriage:Average age at marriage: Women – 22 years oldWomen – 22 years old

Men – 27 years old.Men – 27 years old.

New

England1. good harbors

2. small farms and towns

3. trade centered around harbors

4. hilly, forested and shallow soil

5. cities: Boston

• 15,000 – 1750

6. fishing, lumber and trapping

7. Family, religion and community

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Indians especially weak in New England Indians especially weak in New England epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.popul.

Wampanoags [near Plymouth] Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.befriended the settlers.

Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two helped by helped by SquantoSquanto..

1621 1621 Chief Massasoit signed Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers.treaty with the settlers.

Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 both groups both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

Puritans vs. Native Americans

Puritans vs. Native Americans

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637Pequots Pequots very very

powerful tribepowerful tribein CT river valley.in CT river valley.

1637 1637 Pequot PequotWarWar

Whites, withWhites, withNarragansettNarragansettIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked Pequotattacked Pequotvillage on Mystic village on Mystic River.River.

Whites set fire Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.peace lasted for 40 years.

Only hope for Native Only hope for Native Americans to resist Americans to resist white settlers was to white settlers was to UNITE.UNITE.

MetacomMetacom [King Philip to [King Philip to white settlers]white settlers]

Massasoit’s son united Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged Indians and staged coordinated attacks coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New on white settlements throughout New England.England.

Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.Boston.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

Massasoit’s son, Metacom (King

Phillip) formed Indian alliance – attacked throughout New

England, especially frontier

English towns were attacked and burned -unknown numbers of

Indians died

1676: War ended, Metacom executed, lasting defeat for

Indians

•Charles II was the son of Charles I.

•Because his father had been killed, Charles II had the ravens

caged so they couldn't leave.

•He was a "Merry Monarch," a very popular king.

•Charles II encouraged religious toleration.

•The “Restoration Colonies”“Restoration Colonies” were settled during his reign.

Charles IICharles II (1660 - 1685)

Goal:• Bring colonies under

England’s rule• Defend colonies from

French & Indians• Stop colonial smuggling

Sir Edmund Andros, King’s

Representative restrictedcolonies:

• Town meetings, the press, & schools

• Revoked land titles• Taxed without consent of

the governed

Collapses after Glorious

Revolution

Forced by King James IAll NE Colonies, NJ & NY

MassachusettsMassachusetts•1621—PilgrimsPlymouth Colony•1630---PuritansMass. Bay Colony

William BradfordWilliam Bradford•Pilgrims

John Winthrop•Puritans

•Plymouth merges with Mass. 1691

Religious freedom, avoid religious

persecution, to start a “city upon a hill”, and to begin a new life.

Mayflower CompactTheocracy

General CourtRoyal Colony

Rhode IslandRhode Island•1644

•Formed from Mass.

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams•Exiled from Mass.

Anne Hutchison•Exiled from Mass.

•Dissatisfied with Mass. Bay Colony

•Religious freedom

•Consent of the governed

•Self-governing colony

ConnecticutConnecticut•1662

•Formed from Mass.

Rev. Thomas Hooker

Religious freedom, exploring the frontier

and settling new areas.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Self-governing colony

New Hampshire•1679

•Formed from Mass.

John MasonSir Ferdinando

Gorges

Part of Mass. Bay Colony and set up for greater opportunity in frontier---trade goods, fur, fishing & lumber

industry

Royal Colony

Colony/DateColony/Date Person ResponsiblePerson Responsible Why FoundedWhy Founded Governed/OwnerGoverned/Owner

•James II was Charles' son, a Catholic.

•He had a Protestant daughter, Mary, and a Catholic son.

•Parliament didn't want his son taking over, so they gave the

crown to Mary and her husband, William III of Orange.

James IIJames II (1685 - 1688)

•This was known as the "Glorious Revolution.""Glorious Revolution."

(Revolution because they overthrew the last Catholic monarch, Glorious because

no one died.)

• Parliament put more restrictions on the

monarch.

•The king couldn't make or suspend laws, have an

army during peacetime, and the king couldn't

interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament.

•English Bill of Rights

New NetherlandIn1609--Dutch

New York—1664England

Henry Hudson for Netherlands

Duke of York of England names it New

York

English fleet takes New Amsterdam from Dutch in 1664 and becomes New York City---Good

harbor for trade

New Netherlands was an autocracy1689---English Bill of RightsRepresentative GovtRoyal Colony

New Jersey---1702Indian land---Dutch

and Swedish gift from King Charles II to

brother James---gives to his friends Lord John Berkeley & Sir George

Carteret

Attract new settlers for Dutch and Swedish

colonistsRoyal Colony

Pennsylvania—1681

Delaware--1682

William PennSwedes

Penn founded for religious freedom for the Quakers---Holy

Experiment—invited all people

Representative govt

Royal Colony

Maryland--1634 Lord BaltimoreReligious toleration—those who believed in Christ---allowed persecuted Catholics to settle in Maryland

Representative govt

Proprietary Colony

Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/OwnerChart 13a

Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands

Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands

1600s Golden Age of Dutch history.

Major commercial and naval power.

Challenging England on the seas.

3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars

Major colonial power [mainly in the East Indies].

New Netherland (New York)

• 1609: Henry Hudson sailing for Dutch East India Company sails into Hudson river looking for passage through continent ~ claims area for Dutch

• 1623-24: Dutch West India Company establishes New Netherland

• Goal: quick-profit fur trade• “Bought” Manhattan from Indians• Company town: no religious tolerance or free speech,

harsh governors

Henry Hudson’s Henry Hudson’s VoyagesVoyages

Henry Hudson’s Henry Hudson’s VoyagesVoyages

New Netherland

• Colony had aristocratic influence (a member of a ruling class or of the nobility) with large feudal estates (“patroonships” – one larger than Rhode Island)

• Very diverse population: in 1640s missionary observed 18 languages

New NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew Netherlands

New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624)

Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.

Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony.

Manhattan [New Amsterdam]

Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

Company town run in interests of the stockholders.

No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.

Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.

Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.

Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.

New Amsterdam Harbor, New Amsterdam Harbor, 16391639

New Amsterdam Harbor, New Amsterdam Harbor, 16391639

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

Characteristics of New Amsterdam:

Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].

Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.

New YorkNew York

Manors &Manors &

Land Land GrantsGrants

PatroonshiPatroonshipsps

similar to similar to the fedual the fedual

systemsystem

New New NetherlanNetherlan

d&d&New New

SwedenSweden

New New NetherlanNetherlan

d&d&New New

SwedenSweden

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlands

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlandsMid-1600s Sweden in Golden Age

settled small, under-funded colony [called “New Sweden”] near New Netherland.

1655 Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesant attack New Sweden.

Main fort fell after bloodless siege.

New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYork

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYorkEarly 20Early 20cc Dutch Revival Dutch Revival

Building in NYC.Building in NYC.

New York New York CityCityseal.seal.

Names Harlem, Brooklyn

Architecture gambrel roof

Customs Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].

Dutch Conflicts

• Dutch cruelties to Indians brought retaliatory massacres – Dutch built wall (Wall Street)

• Connecticut rejected Dutch settlers

Dutch in New York

• English immigration to New Netherland resulted in 1/2 total population - English regarded Dutch as intruders

• Charles II brazenly granted area to his brother (Duke of York)

• English squadron comes, New Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New York had no defense; surrendered, renamed New York

An Angry Peter Stuyvesant

Duke of York

• Mid-1600s: religious dissenters named Quakers arose in England

• Hated by authorities because they refused to pay taxes to Church of England, refused to take oaths, refused military service

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Penn governs the colony, unusual for a proprietorAdvertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms

Frame of Government (guaranteed elected assembly), Charter of Liberties (freedom of worship, open

immigration), fair treatment of Native Americans

Penn’s family owed a large debt from the British Crown. Given a

land grant in 1681. Pennsylvania

That an example may be set up to the nations as ... a

holy experiment.

  William Penn

All men have a natural and infeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own

consciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of

conscience, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishment or modes of worship.

  - William Penn, Declaration of Rights

Penn, more than any other individual founder or

colonist, proved to be the chosen vessel through which

the stream of demand for respect for individual rights was to flow so richly into our

American reservoir of precious ideals.

Pennsylvania & Neighbors

• Penn bought land from Indians ~ treatment of them so fair that Quakers went to them unarmed and even employed Indians as babysitters

• However, as non-Quaker immigrants came, they were less tolerant of Indians (Scots-Irish)

• Liberal features: elected assembly, no tax-supported church, freedom of worship, only 2 capital crimes

New Jersey

• James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the section of New York located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1664– He felt the territory of New York was too

large to administer• Both proprietors allowed religious freedom

and an assembly in addition to giving generous land offers to attract settlers

Lord John Berkeley

Delaware

• Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly

• Governor was the same as Pennsylvania’s until the American Revolution

William PennWilliam Penn

Middle Colonies

1. River systems

2. Valleys – fertile soil

3. ."bread basket" large farms - surplus food

4. diverse population

5. manufacturing

6. iron mines, glass, shipyards, and paper

7. Cities: New York and Philadelphia

New YorkPennsylvaniaNew JerseyDelaware

New YorkNew York

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] [or “Restoration”]

ColoniesColonies

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] [or “Restoration”]

ColoniesColonies

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColony

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColonyCharles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]

1664 English soldiers arrived.

Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.

Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.

Renamed “New York”

England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.

England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania

The QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersCalled Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.

They offended religious & secular leaders in England.

Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.

They met without paid clergy

Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference.

Keep hats on.

Addressed them as commoners ”thees”/“thous.”

Wouldn’t take oaths.

Pacifists.

Aristocratic Englishman.

1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith.

Embraced Quakerismafter military service.

1681 he received agrant from king toestablish a colony.

This settled a debt the king owed his father.

Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].

He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest.

Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.

Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.

BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA

Treated native peoples poorly.

This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Representative assembly elected by landowners.

No tax-supported church.

Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.

Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt.

Death penalty only for treason & murder.

Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

Pennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian Society

Attracted many different people

Religious misfits from other colonies.

Many different ethnic groups.

No provision for military defense.

No restrictions on immigration.

No slavery!!

“Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

New JerseyNew

Jersey

New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

New Jersey — PA’s New Jersey — PA’s NeighborNeighbor1664 aristocratic

proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York.

Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ.

1674 West NJ sold to Quakers.

East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers.

1702 E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

DelawareDelaware

Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

Delaware — PA’s Delaware — PA’s NeighborNeighbor

Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610].

Closely associated with Penn’s colony.

1703 granted its own assembly.

Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.