Chapter 3- Research Methodologies

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Overall Overview about Research

What is Research? Research is a process.

Is it is a process by which we find the answers to questions. Importantly,research is systematic and guided by the theory and research of others.

Research always starts with a question The Research Question.

The importance of this question for your research cannot be over-stated.

It will guide everything that you do, and it is important to get it right.

From The Research Question we move on to The Literature Review. Hassomeone already answered your question? Has anyone attempted toanswer it? Is there research in the libraries of the world that points you inthe right direction, or suggests what the answer might be? The LiteratureReview will lead you towards The Hypothesis.


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The important thing about The Methodology is whether or not it allows youto test The Hypothesis.

Applying The Methodology to The Hypothesis will result in generation of TheData.

The Data is the information that you have collected. The Data could bescores on a test, answers to your questionnaire, a transcript ofconversations, or a collection of observations.

The list is as long as the list of possible methodologies. What do you do withThe Data? You analyse it.


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The Analysis involves looking at your data and using it to test The Hypothesis.

The method of analysis you select will depend upon what The Data looks like.

You could use anything from a statistical analysis to a more subjective

interpretation of the themes that have arisen through interviews or focusgroups.

This is a crucial moment in the research process.

Sometimes you find that The Analysis of The Data does not allow you to testThe Hypothesis, and you have no clear answer to The Research Question.

This is a tough lesson, and it teaches an important point. Think about TheAnalysis before you go ahead with the research. All the time you are planningyour research, ask yourself whether the components listed above will actuallyallow you to answer your question.


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Finally, comes The Interpretation.

What does your research mean?

What are its implications?

Does it support or challenge pre-existing theories and research?

The Interpretation must be based upon The Analysis of The Data. Itis not sufficient to impose your own views and opinions on the

interpretation process.

Any interpretation you make must be based upon research evidence evidence from your research as reported in the dissertation.


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The Methodology

Once you have a hypothesis, you need a way in which you can test it. Thisis your methodology.

There will be more than one methodology that will allow you to test yourhypothesis.


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The MethodologyThere are four important things when choosing your methodology. It must be:

Practicable. You must be able to actually use the methodology you select. It isno use running a study that requires complex computer software when thesoftware is not available, or would take too much time (and maybe money) toproduce. Your dissertation study will run within a small time period, and themethodology you select should reflect that.

Ethical. More on ethics of research later. Your research methodology should not

cause harm to others, not deceive people, and be based upon the informedconsent of participants involved.

Appropriate. The methodology will determine the kind of data you collect. Thisdata must allow you to test your hypothesis and propose an answer to yourresearch question. If you want to understand something about processing of information in thebrain, then a questionnaire-based methodology will not give you the data you need. It may be more

appropriate to use brain imaging or a psychological test.

Defensible. Whatever methodology you select you must be able to defend it. Q :Why did you use this methodology, and not another one? Often more than onemethodology will be available. Think about why you selected the methodologyyou did. What advantages does it have over other methodologies you could haveused?


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Research Design and Methods

What research design and method(s) do you intend touse?

Identify the research design and methodology you plan to

use to answer the research question(s) or test thehypothesis(es), and explain the rationale for your choice.

(Research design choices include experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental, developmental,

correlational, case study, grounded theory, actionscience, phenomenology, etc. Research methodologyincludes quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods.)


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Research Design and Methods(Source 1)

Methodology formally refers to the study of themethods involved in some field, endeavor, or inproblem solving.

Most sciences have their own specificmethodology.

Methodology is sometimes used synonymouslywith "method", particularly a complex method orbody of methods, rules, and postulates(assumption)employed by a discipline


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Research Methodology, Methods & Techniques (Source 2)

All those methods which are used by the researcher during the course of studying hisresearch problem are termed as research method.

The primary concern of research, particularly applied research, is to formulate or findthe solution on a certain problem.

For this available data and unknown aspect of the problem have to be related to eachother to make a solution possible. With this idea, research methods can be put intocertain groups, stated below:

The first group consist of methods concerning collection of data. When it is not possibleto arrive a solution with the data then these methods are used.

In the second group there are statistical techniques which are taken to relate the dataand the unknown part of the solution.

The third group includes methods which are used to evaluate the accuracy of theobtained result.

Research methods falling on the last two groups are known as analytical tools ofresearch.


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Research Methodology, Methods & Techniques (Source 2)

Research techniques refer to the behavior and instruments we use in performing researchoperation.

Research methods refer to the behavior and instruments used in selecting and constructingresearch techniques.

Like "Participant Observation" is a method in field research, now its techniques would be usingtape recorders, video camera etc. to record the interviews. So now it can be said that comparingto the term "techniques" ,"method" is more general.

Methods generates techniques. The philosophy common to all research methods and techniques,although they mat vary considerably from one science to another, is usually given the namescientific method.

Scientific method implies an objective, logical and systematic method, i.e., a method free frompersonal bias or prejudice, a method wherein if a solution can be reached that can be verified, amethod where the researcher is guided by the rules of logical reasoning, a method where theinvestigation proceeds in a orderly and organized manner and a method that implies internalconsistency.

Research methodology comparing to research methods is wider in dimension. In researchmethodology it has to be explained that why some particular method is used, why not others andwhat is the logic behind that method. So research methods do constitute a part of researchmethodology.


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Research Flow

Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter 2

Literature Rev

Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter 3

Research Method

Chapter 4

Results and Discussion


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Research Flow

Design prototype application

Develop the prototype


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Research Design/Framework

Example:

The Development of Speech TrainingApplication for Hearing Impaired Person


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Example 1: Application Prototype

Block Diagram

InputPre-

processing

SpeechRecognition

Module

VisualMapping

FacialAnimation

PreprocessingPhase

Training and RecognitionPhase

Audio to Visual ConversionPhase


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Example 2: Application Prototype

Block Diagram


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Example: Detail Research Flow


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Detail Flow ofApplication Prototype

Speech Recording

16Khz 16 bit stereo Short-time energy method

1)Pre-emphasis 2)Framework blocking 3)Windowing

4)Autocorrelation analysis 5) LPC analysis

Vector Quantization

Audio HMM

Recognition

Training

Phase

Control Point

Parameter Mapping

and Synchronization..

(Proposed Method)

Filtering

Estimated Parameter

Reconciliation

(Proposed Method)

End Point Detection

Feature Extraction

Phoneme

Transriptionand blocking

Visual Parameter

Estimation

(Proposed Method)

Vector Sequence

3D lip Model

Preprocessing Phase

Training and Recognition Phase

Constraint Optimization Method

Audio to Visual Conversion Phase


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Speech Recording

Detail Flow of Application Prototype


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Filtering



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End Point Detection



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PhonemeRecognitionand Blocking



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Feature Extraction


Steps:1- Pre-emphasis audio2-Framework Blocking3-Windowing

4-Autocorrelation5-LPC analysis


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Vector Quantization


Quantization Character:-12th order LPC vector- Codebook of size 512


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Vector Sequence



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Audio I-HMMRecognition



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TrainingPhase


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Chapter 3- Research Methodologies