1

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 3.1 – 3.19

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 3

Cells and Tissues

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Cells and TissuesCells and Tissues

Slide 3.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

• Cells are the building blocks of all living things

• Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Anatomy of the CellAnatomy of the Cell

Slide 3.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cells are not all the same

• All cells share general structures

• Cells are organized into three main regions

•Nucleus

•Cytoplasm

•Plasma membrane

Figure 3.1a

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The NucleusThe Nucleus

Slide 3.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Control center of the cell

• Contains genetic material (DNA)

• Three regions

• Nuclear membrane

• Nucleolus

• ChromatinFigure 3.1b

Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane

Slide 3.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Barrier of nucleus

• Consists of a double phospholipid membrane

• Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

NucleoliNucleoli

Slide 3.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli

• Sites of ribosome production

• Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

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ChromatinChromatin

Slide 3.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Composed of DNA and protein

• Scattered throughout the nucleus

• Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

Slide 3.7aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Barrier for cell contents

• Double phospholipid layer

•Hydrophilic heads

•Hydrophobic tails

• Other materials in plasma membrane

•Protein

•Cholesterol

•Glycoproteins

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

Slide 3.7bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.2

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Plasma Membrane SpecializationsPlasma Membrane Specializations

Slide 3.8aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Microvilli

•Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

Figure 3.3

Plasma Membrane SpecializationsPlasma Membrane Specializations

Slide 3.8bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Membrane junctions

•Tight junctions

•Desmosomes

•Gap junctions

Figure 3.3

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Slide 3.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

•Cytosol

•Fluid that suspends other elements

•Organelles

•Metabolic machinery of the cell

• Inclusions

•Non-functioning units

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Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.4

Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Ribosomes

•Made of protein and RNA

•Sites of protein synthesis

•Found at two locations

•Free in the cytoplasm

•Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

• Two types of ER

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Studded with ribosomes

• Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

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Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.13aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Golgi apparatus

•Modifies and packages proteins

•Produces different types of packages

•Secretory vesicles

•Cell membrane components

•Lysosomes

Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.13bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.5

Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Lysosomes

•Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell

• Peroxisomes

•Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

•Detoxify harmful substances

•Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

•Replicate by pinching in half

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Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Mitochondria

• “Powerhouses” of the cell

• Change shape continuously

• Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food

• Provides ATP for cellular energy

Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.16aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cytoskeleton

•Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

•Provides the cell with an internal framework

Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.16bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cytoskeleton

•Three different types

• Microfilaments

• Intermediate filaments

• Microtubules

Figure 3.6

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Cytoplasmic OrganellesCytoplasmic Organelles

Slide 3.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Centrioles

•Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules

•Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Cellular ProjectionsCellular Projections

Slide 3.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Not found in all cells

• Used for movement

•Cilia moves materials across the cell surface

•Flagellum propels the cell

Cell DiversityCell Diversity

Slide 3.19aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.7; 1, 2

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Cell DiversityCell Diversity

Slide 3.19bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.7; 3

Cell DiversityCell Diversity

Slide 3.19cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.7; 4, 5

Cell DiversityCell Diversity

Slide 3.19dCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.7; 6, 7

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Cellular Physiology:Cellular Physiology:

Membrane TransportMembrane Transport

Slide 3.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell

• Transport is by two basic methods

•Passive transport

•No energy is required

•Active transport

•The cell must provide metabolic energy

Solutions and TransportSolutions and Transport

Slide 3.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components

•Solvent – dissolving medium

•Solutes – components in smaller quantities within a solution

• Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and cytosol

• Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of the cell

Selective PermeabilitySelective Permeability

Slide 3.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others

• This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell

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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes

Slide 3.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Diffusion

• Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution

• Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

Figure 3.8

Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes

Slide 3.24aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Types of diffusion

•Simple diffusion

•Unassisted process

•Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes

Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Types of diffusion

•Osmosis – simple diffusion of water

•Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane

•Facilitated diffusion

•Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport

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Diffusion through the Plasma Diffusion through the Plasma MembraneMembrane

Slide 3.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.9

Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes

Slide 3.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Filtration

•Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure

•A pressure gradient must exist

•Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area

Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

Slide 3.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion

• They may be too large

• They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane

• They may have to move against a concentration gradient

• Two common forms of active transport

• Solute pumping

• Bulk transport

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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

Slide 3.28aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Solute pumping

•Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by solute pumps

•ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients

Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

Slide 3.28bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.10

Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

Slide 3.29aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Bulk transport

•Exocytosis

• Moves materials out of the cell

• Material is carried in a membranous vesicle

• Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane

• Vesicle combines with plasma membrane

• Material is emptied to the outside

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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

Slide 3.29bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.11

Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

Slide 3.30aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Bulk transport

•Endocytosis

•Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle

•Types of endocytosis

•Phagocytosis – cell eating

•Pinocytosis – cell drinking

Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes

Slide 3.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.12

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Cell Life CycleCell Life Cycle

Slide 3.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cells have two major periods

• Interphase

•Cell grows

•Cell carries on metabolic processes

•Cell division

•Cell replicates itself

•Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

Slide 3.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells

• Occurs toward the end of interphase

• DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template

Figure 3.13

Events of Cell DivisionEvents of Cell Division

Slide 3.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Mitosis

•Division of the nucleus

•Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei

• Cytokinesis

•Division of the cytoplasm

•Begins when mitosis is near completion

•Results in the formation of two daughter cells

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Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis

Slide 3.34aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Interphase

•No cell division occurs

•The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth

• Prophase

•First part of cell division

•Centromeres migrate to the poles

Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis

Slide 3.34bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Metaphase

•Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell

Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis

Slide 3.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Anaphase

•Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles

•The cell begins to elongate

• Telophase

•Daughter nuclei begin forming

•A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form

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Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis

Slide 3.36aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.14; 1

Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis

Slide 3.36bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.14; 2

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

Slide 3.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein

• Proteins have many functions

•Building materials for cells

•Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)

• RNA is essential for protein synthesis

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Role of RNARole of RNA

Slide 3.38Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Transfer RNA (tRNA)

•Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

•Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

• Messanger RN

•Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

Transcription and TranslationTranscription and Translation

Slide 3.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Transcription

•Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA

• Translation

•Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence

•Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

Slide 3.40Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.15

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Body TissuesBody Tissues

Slide 3.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cells are specialized for particular functions

• Tissues

•Groups of cells with similar structure and function

•Four primary types

• Epithelium

• Connective tissue

• Nervous tissue

• Muscle

Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues

Slide 3.42Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Found in different areas

•Body coverings

•Body linings

•Glandular tissue

• Functions

•Protection

•Absorption

•Filtration

•Secretion

Epithelium CharacteristicsEpithelium Characteristics

Slide 3.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cells fit closely together

• Tissue layer always has one free surface

• The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane

• Avascular (have no blood supply)

• Regenerate easily if well nourished

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Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium

Slide 3.44aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Number of cell layers

•Simple – one layer

•Stratified – more than one layer

Figure 3.16a

Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium

Slide 3.44bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Shape of cells

•Squamous – flattened

•Cuboidal – cube-shaped

•Columnar – column-like

Figure 3.16b

Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Simple squamous

•Single layer of flat cells

•Usually forms membranes

•Lines body cavities

•Lines lungs and capillaries

Figure 3.17a

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Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Simple cuboidal

•Single layer of cube-like cells

•Common in glands and their ducts

•Forms walls of kidney tubules

•Covers the ovaries Figure 3.17b

Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Simple columnar

•Single layer of tall cells

•Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus

•Lines digestive tract

Figure 3.17c

Simple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

Slide 3.48Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Pseudostratified

• Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others

• Often looks like a double cell layer

• Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract

• May function in absorption or secretion

Figure 3.17d

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Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium

Slide 3.49Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Stratified squamous

• Cells at the free edge are flattened

• Found as a protective covering where friction is common

• Locations

• Skin

• Mouth

• Esophagus Figure 3.17e

Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium

Slide 3.50Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Stratified cuboidal

• Two layers of cuboidal cells

• Stratified columnar

• Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape

• Stratified cuboidal and columnar

• Rare in human body

• Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Stratified EpitheliumStratified Epithelium

Slide 3.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Transitional epithelium

•Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching

•Lines organs of the urinary system

Figure 3.17f

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Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium

Slide 3.52Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product

• Two major gland types

• Endocrine gland

• Ductless

• Secretions are hormones

• Exocrine gland

• Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

• Include sweat and oil glands

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Slide 3.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Found everywhere in the body

• Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues

• Functions

•Binds body tissues together

•Supports the body

•Provides protection

Connective Tissue CharacteristicsConnective Tissue Characteristics

Slide 3.54Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Variations in blood supply

•Some tissue types are well vascularized

•Some have poor blood supply or are avascular

• Extracellular matrix

•Non-living material that surrounds living cells

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Extracellular MatrixExtracellular Matrix

Slide 3.55Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Two main elements

•Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules

•Fibers

•Produced by the cells

•Three types

• Collagen fibers

• Elastic fibers

• Reticular fibers

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.56Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Bone (osseous tissue)

•Composed of:

•Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)

•Hard matrix of calcium salts

•Large numbers of collagen fibers

•Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.18a

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.57Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Hyaline cartilage

•Most common cartilage

•Composed of:

•Abundant collagen fibers

•Rubbery matrix

•Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b

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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.58aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Elastic cartilage

•Provides elasticity

•Example: supports the external ear

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.58bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Fibrocartilage

•Highly compressible

•Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Figure 3.18c

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.59Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Dense connective tissue

•Main matrix element is collagen fibers

•Cells are fibroblasts

•Examples

• Tendon – attach muscle to bone

• Ligaments – attach bone to bone Figure 3.18d

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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.60Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Areolar connective tissue

•Most widely distributed connective tissue

•Soft, pliable tissue

•Contains all fiber types

•Can soak up excess fluid Figure 3.18e

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.61Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Adipose tissue

•Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate

•Many cells contain large lipid deposits

•Functions

• Insulates the body

• Protects some organs

• Serves as a site of fuel storage

Figure 3.18f

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.62Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Reticular connective tissue

• Delicate network of interwoven fibers

• Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs

• Lymph nodes

• Spleen

• Bone marrowFigure 3.18g

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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

Slide 3.63Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Blood

•Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix

•Fibers are visible during clotting

•Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

Figure 3.18h

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Slide 3.64Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Function is to produce movement

• Three types

•Skeletal muscle

•Cardiac muscle

•Smooth muscle

Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types

Slide 3.65Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Skeletal muscle

•Can be controlled voluntarily

•Cells attach to connective tissue

•Cells are striated

•Cells have more than one nucleus

Figure 3.19b

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Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types

Slide 3.66Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cardiac muscle

• Found only in the heart

• Function is to pump blood (involuntary)

• Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

• Cells are striated

• One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c

Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types

Slide 3.67Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Smooth muscle

• Involuntary muscle

•Surrounds hollow organs

•Attached to other smooth muscle cells

•No visible striations

•One nucleus per cellFigure 3.19a

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Slide 3.68Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Neurons and nerve support cells

• Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body

• Irritability

•Conductivity Figure 3.20

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Tissue RepairTissue Repair

Slide 3.69Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Regeneration

•Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

• Fibrosis

•Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

• Determination of method

•Type of tissue damaged

•Severity of the injury

Events in Tissue RepairEvents in Tissue Repair

Slide 3.70Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Capillaries become very permeable

• Introduce clotting proteins

•Wall off injured area

• Formation of granulation tissue

• Regeneration of surface epithelium

Regeneration of TissuesRegeneration of Tissues

Slide 3.71Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Tissues that regenerate easily

• Epithelial tissue

• Fibrous connective tissue and bone

• Tissues that regenerate poorly

• Skeletal muscle

• Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

• Cardiac muscle

• Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

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Developmental Aspects of TissueDevelopmental Aspects of Tissue

Slide 3.72Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers

• Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm

• Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm

• With old age there is a decrease in mass and viabililty in most tissues