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Chapter 3Conceptual Work Sheets for

Physiological ProcessesNow that we have an understanding of some biophysical structures, and what happens to stability as structures increase in complexity, we can look at the complex human structure that begins as a single cell. In this chapter, we will cover the aspects of human structure and function that are most closely related to behavior.

Anatomy and Physiology—Structure and Function

1. What is anatomy? (1)A. The study of behaviorB. The study of the physical structure of plants and animalsC. The study of the functions performed by organs and other structures of complex creaturesD. The study of the behavior of plantsE. The study of the stars

2. What is physiology? (1)A. The study of the structure of complex creaturesB. The study of medical diseasesC. The study of behaviorD. The study of perceptionE. The study of the function of living things and their organs

Simple Stimulus Transfer, Absorption, and Transformation

Human behavior is strongly affected by environmental stimuli. This section will focus on how stimuli come to be sensed by an organism. Later we will talk about how the sensory experience contributes to behavior.

3. What is stimulus transfer? (1) A. The production of energy by cells in one part of a creatureB. The release of energy that is absorbed by structures in one part of a creatureC. The conducting of a stimulus energy from one part of a creature to anotherD. A situation where all cells in a multiple-celled creature respond to a stimulus as a unitE. All of the above involve stimulus transfer

4. How might the effects of contact with an object on the part of some cells be transferred to the rest of the cells in the group (1)

A. Through “word of cell”B. Through the transferring of the mechanical force of the contact from cell to cellC. Through non-verbal communication between cellsD. Through the release of a low tone by the first cell receiving the impactE. Through absorption of the mechanical force of the contact by the first cell receiving the impact.

5. What two problems might the transfer method described in the above objective present? (1)

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A. If too much energy is released by the cells, it could kill the creature; the release of counter force might result in further force by the object

B. The energy may be lost before it reaches all the cells; if too much energy is released by the cells, it may kill the creature.

C. The energy may be lost before it reaches all the cells; the transfer time may be too long to enable the creature to respond quickly enough.

D. The transfer time may be too long to enable the creature to respond quickly enough; the cells receiving the impact may send a faulty message to the other cells.

E. All of the above are problems that could arise

6. Define absorption. (1) A. A release of energy which occurs when a stimulus makes contactB. The conducting of a stimulus energy from one part of a creature to anotherC. A situation where all cells in a multi-celled creature respond to a stimulus as a unitD. A change in physical or chemical structure when a stimulus makes contactE. A situation where structure fails to change upon coming in contact with a stimulus.

7. By the way, what is a stimulus? (1) A. Any event in our physical worldB. ObjectsC. EnergyD. HeatE. All of the above are stimuli

8. What factors govern whether or not a stimulus is absorbed by a particular creature? (1)A. The form of the stimulusB. The strength of the stimulusC. The physical makeup of the creatureD. The chemical makeup of the creatureE. All of the above

9. Define receptor. (1)A. Specialized cells well suited to absorb certain forms of energyB. Specialized cells whose function is to release certain forms of energyC. Specialized forms of cells that function to counteract incoming energyD. Odd looking metal structures humans put on top of their dwellingsE. Structures that function to reach for and seize certain types of matter.

10. Which of the following best defines stimulus transfer? (1) A. Specialized cells well suited to absorb certain forms of energyB. A change in chemical or physical structure when a stimulus makes contact. C. The conducting of energy from one part of a creature to anotherD. The release of energy by receptors at randomE. A change of stimulus from one form of energy to another.

11. Into what two forms of energy must stimuli be transformed before they can be transferred throughout the human system? (1) A. Kinetic; electrochemicalB. Electromechanical; chemicalC. Chemical; electrochemicalD. Kinetic; psychicE. Kinetic; chemical

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12. Which of the following is an/are example(s) of the simplest form of stimulus transfer? (1) a. Painb. Visionc. Touchd. Colde. All of the above.

Major Stimulus Transfer Systems

13. Define endocrine system (1) A. Stimulus transfer system involving chemicals dispersed by glands into the bloodstream, where contact with

tissues is made through blood circulationB. Stimulus transfer system made of specialized cells that form pathways through which electrochemical energy is

conducted. C. Stimulus transfer system involving the dispersion of electrochemical energy through the bloodstream. D. Stimulus transfer system involving the dispersion of specialized cells into the bloodstream, where they release

kinetic energyE. Stimulus transfer system involving chemicals dispersed by glands to specialized cells which release

electromechanical energy into the bloodstream

14. In the endocrine system, how are the chemicals which make contact with the body structures distributed? (1) A. Through neural pathwaysB. Through the bloodstreamC. Through the respiratory systemD. Through long axon fibersE. Through the autonomic nervous system

15. Which of the following defines nervous system? (1) A. Stimulus transfer system involving the release of certain chemicals into the bloodstream, where contact with

tissues is made through blood circulationB. Stimulus transfer system involving the dispersion of specialized cells into the bloodstream, where they release

kinetic energyC. Stimulus transfer system made of specialized cells that form pathways through which electrochemical energy is

conductedD. Stimulus transfer system involving the production of electrochemical and chemical energy for transferE. None of the above.

16. Which transfer system allows for rapid and selective action? (1) A. The endocrine systemB. The nervous systemC. The kinetic energy transfer systemD. The respiratory systemE. Both the endocrine and the nervous system are very rapid

17. What special part of the nervous system connects with the endocrine system? (1) A. The central nervous systemB. The endocrine nervous systemC. The chemical nervous systemD. The afferent nervous systemE. The autonomic nervous system

18. What does it mean to say the nervous system does nothing on its own? (1)

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A. It’s dependent on the body it’s inB. It needs to be consciously controlled by its ownerC. It’s totally dependent on the environmentD. It always has to be told what to do by its ownerE. It often makes errors of transfer

19. What is the main function of the nervous system? (1) A. Chemical transferB. The maintenance of balance in the creatureC. Integrating movementsD. Stimulus transferE. Extra-verbal transfer

20. Why is stimulus selection a crucial function? (1) A. Because without stimulus selection, we couldn’t respond to each stimulus in its turn. B. Because responding to every stimulus contacted isn’t always good for survivalC. It’s sometimes very important which stimuli out of all those being absorbed at a given instance we respond to D. A & CE. B & C

21. What is meant by the term “arousal function”? (1) A. A decrease in activity in the parts of the body in response to a stimulus inputB. A change in energy from chemical to electrochemical, allowing responses to occurC. An overall stopping of activity in the nervous system, allowing the creatures to restD. An overall increase in activity on the parts of the body in response to a stimulus inputE. All of the above fall under the heading of “arousal”

22. What are the two main ways the nervous system creates arousal? (1) A. The ANS causes the endocrine glands to secrete chemicals into the bloodstream; through activation of the

reticular formationB. Through the activation of the reticular formation; through ANS activation of muscle fibersC. The ANS cause the receptors to become more sensitive to stimuli; The ANS causes endocrine glands to secrete

chemicals into the bloodstreamD. Through the inhibition of the reticular formation; through the direct activation of the brain through chemical

energy. E. Through the inhibition of the reticular formation; the ANS causes endocrine glands to secrete chemicals into the

bloodstream.

23. What are the two types of feedback important for muscle function? (1) A. Feedback from their own action; feedback from other musclesB. Feedback from the nervous system; feedback from other musclesC. Feedback from their own actions; feedback regarding the outcomes of their actionsD. Feedback regarding the outcomes from their actions; feedback from the nervous systemE. Feedback from the endocrine system; feedback from the nervous system

24. What is the point of contact between two neurons called? (1) A. SynapseB. DendriteC. Axon D. Dentritic fieldE. Axonic space

25. Which of the following defines synapse? (1) 4Revised by Jennifer Ward on 11/24/13

A. The space between the two dendritesB. The pathway connecting efferent to afferent nervesC. The part of a neuron that receives a stimulus inputD. The connection between two neuronsE. The part of the neuron cell body that transfers stimuli across the greatest distances.

26. State the All or None Law (1) A. Nerve bundles either fire as a unit, involving all the neurons involved, or they don’t fire at all. B. Neurons either fire as totally as they are capable, or they don’t fire at allC. Neurons have several different levels of firing intensity, from low to high, but at each level they’re either

activated or they aren’tD. As summated action of receptors grows, more neurons in a bundle begin to fireE. Raw stimulus energy is either converted at the receptor level, or it isn’t.

27. If a neuron either fires or doesn’t, why are some stimuli experienced as stronger than others? Talk about how receptors affect single neurons as well as how groups of neurons may affect stimulus strength. (2)

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Conceptual Exercise

The fly glided easily in the air, adhering to what would appear to an observer to be a totally unpredictable flight pattern. It finally came to rest on a large pink structure. Little did it know the series of events such a seemingly harmless act would trigger. For under its many legs, a flurry of activity had begun.

The simple act of landing produced pressure on the landing surface. And, under the surface, special cells had converted that kinetic energy into a surge of a different kind of force—electrochemical energy. This energy was, at that very instant, traveling through a series of nerve cells toward the center of the nervous system.

Upon reaching its destination, the energy was again re-routed, but this time toward a waiting group of muscle cells. As the fly sat, warily rubbing its legs against each other, a giant hand started moving rapidly in its direction. But the fly departed as quickly as it had come, and was soon gone from sight, to land another day on yet another nose.

1. The energy that occurred when the fly landed on the nose was an instance of which of the following? (1) A. Stimulus discriminationB. Stimulus transformC. Stimulus transferD. Stimulus selectionE. A force field

2. What types of cells are specialized to perform the type of function mentioned in the above question? (1) A. Nerve cells B. ReceptorsC. AxonsD. DendritesE. Energy Cells

3. The travelling of the electrochemical energy through the nervous system is called_____ (1) A. Stimulus transformB. Rapid transit

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C. Stimulus selectionD. Energy receptionE. Stimulus transfer

4. In the example, the electrochemical energy was carried from the point of contact to the center of the nervous system by what kind of nerves? (1)

A. AfferentB. EfferentC. AxonicD. DendriticE. Carrier

5. The electrochemical energy was carried from the center of the nervous system to the muscle cells by what kind of nerves? (1)

A. MuscularB. ActionC. AfferentD. EfferentE. Axonic

Thought Questions

1. As we pointed out in the chapter, physiology is the study of the functions performed by organs and other anatomical structures of complex creatures. And psychology, as you know, is the study of behavior. How do the two relate? Is it possible to study functions of structures in a creature without studying its behavior as well? Along the same line, can you study behavior without looking at the structures that make up the creature? Think of some problems faced by modern psychology that seem to require a combination of the two disciplines to answer. Also, think of problems that would require the use of only one of the two areas of study. (6)

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