CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3GROUTINGGROUTING

GROUTING MAY BE USED IN THE FOLLOWING GROUTING MAY BE USED IN THE FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS:APPLICATIONS:

1.1. FILLING VOIDS TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENTFILLING VOIDS TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENT2.2. TO INCREASE ALLOWABLE PRESSURE OF THE SOIL BOTH TO INCREASE ALLOWABLE PRESSURE OF THE SOIL BOTH

FOR NEW STRUCTURES AND / OR ADDITIONS TO EXISTING FOR NEW STRUCTURES AND / OR ADDITIONS TO EXISTING STRUCTURES.STRUCTURES.

3.3. CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER FLOWCONTROL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW4.4. PREVENTION OF LOOSE - LOOSE TO MEDIUM SAND PREVENTION OF LOOSE - LOOSE TO MEDIUM SAND

DENSIFICATION UNDER ADJACENT STRUCTURES (I.E. DENSIFICATION UNDER ADJACENT STRUCTURES (I.E. BOTH FOR VERTICAL AND LATERAL MOVEMENTS) DUE TO BOTH FOR VERTICAL AND LATERAL MOVEMENTS) DUE TO ADJACENT EXCAVATIONS, PILE DRIVING ETC.ADJACENT EXCAVATIONS, PILE DRIVING ETC.

5.5. GROUND MOVEMENT CONTROL DURING TUNNELING GROUND MOVEMENT CONTROL DURING TUNNELING OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

6.6. SOIL STRENGTHENING TO REDUCE LATERAL SUPPORT SOIL STRENGTHENING TO REDUCE LATERAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT

7.7. SOIL STRENGTHENING TO INCREASE LATERAL AND SOIL STRENGTHENING TO INCREASE LATERAL AND VERTICAL RESISTANCE OF PILES.VERTICAL RESISTANCE OF PILES.

8.8. STABILIZATION OF LOOSE SANDS AGAINST STABILIZATION OF LOOSE SANDS AGAINST LIQUEFACTIONLIQUEFACTION

9.9. FOUNDATION UNDERPINNINGFOUNDATION UNDERPINNING10.10. SLOPE STABILISATIONSLOPE STABILISATION11.11. VOLUME CHANGE CONTROL OF EXPANSIVE SOILS VOLUME CHANGE CONTROL OF EXPANSIVE SOILS

THROUGH PRESSURE INJECTION OF LIME SLURRY (ONLY THROUGH PRESSURE INJECTION OF LIME SLURRY (ONLY FOR SOME EXPANSIVE SOILS NOT ALL)FOR SOME EXPANSIVE SOILS NOT ALL)

THREE WAYS OF INTRODUCING GROUT MATERIAL INTO THETHREE WAYS OF INTRODUCING GROUT MATERIAL INTO THESOIL ARE POSSIBLE:SOIL ARE POSSIBLE:

A.A. PERMEATION GROUTING :GROUT FILLS THE SOIL PORES. PERMEATION GROUTING :GROUT FILLS THE SOIL PORES. ESSENTIALLY NO CHANGE IN THE VOLUME OR ESSENTIALLY NO CHANGE IN THE VOLUME OR STRUCTURE OF THE ORIGINAL GROUND.STRUCTURE OF THE ORIGINAL GROUND.

B.B. DISPLACEMENT OR COMPACTION GROUNTINGDISPLACEMENT OR COMPACTION GROUNTINGC.C. HYDRAULIC FRACTURE OR ENCAPSULATION OR SQUEEZE HYDRAULIC FRACTURE OR ENCAPSULATION OR SQUEEZE

GROUTINGGROUTING

GROUTSGROUTS

DISPLACEMENT OR COMPACTION GROUTS : STIFF, LOW SLUMP (0-5 CM) MIXTURES OF CEMENT, SOIL, AND / OR CLAY AND WATER LIME SLURRIES ARE MOST COMMONLY USED IN ENCAPSULATION GROUTING

IN WATER / CEMENT GROUTS w/c= 0.5/1 – 6/1 HAVE BEEN USED.IF 0.5/1 RATIO IS USED STRENGTH WILL BE HIGHER BUT IT WILL BE HARDER TO INJECT. SEGREGATION AND FILTERING WILL BE LESS. CHEMICALS (LIKE CALCIUM LIGNOSULFONATE) ARE ADDED TO CONTROL FLUIDITY AND PENETRATION AND SETTING TIME (30 sec -- VERY LONG) AND PLASTISIZERS TO PREVENT FLOCCULATION.

IN SOIL / CEMENT GROUTS, VOLUMES OF SOIL 4-6 TIMES THE IN SOIL / CEMENT GROUTS, VOLUMES OF SOIL 4-6 TIMES THE

VOLUME OF CEMENT ARE MOST COMMON ALTHOUGH RATIOS VOLUME OF CEMENT ARE MOST COMMON ALTHOUGH RATIOS

FROM 1 TO 12 HAVE BEEN USED.FROM 1 TO 12 HAVE BEEN USED.

VOLUME OF THE MIXING WATER VARIES FROM ABOUT 3/4 - 2 VOLUME OF THE MIXING WATER VARIES FROM ABOUT 3/4 - 2

TIMES THE VOLUME OF CLAY PER BAG CEMENT IN CEMENT-TIMES THE VOLUME OF CLAY PER BAG CEMENT IN CEMENT-

CLAY GROUTS.CLAY GROUTS.

VOLUME OF THE MIXING WATER VARIES FROM 1/3-1 TIMES VOLUME OF THE MIXING WATER VARIES FROM 1/3-1 TIMES

THE LOOSE VOLUME OF SAND PER BAG OF CEMENT IN THE LOOSE VOLUME OF SAND PER BAG OF CEMENT IN

CEMENT - SAND GROUTSCEMENT - SAND GROUTS

GENERALLY MINIMUM WATER CONTENT WHICH WILL STILL GENERALLY MINIMUM WATER CONTENT WHICH WILL STILL

YIELD AN INJECTABLE UNXIUIE IS USED.YIELD AN INJECTABLE UNXIUIE IS USED.

SULFATES AND SULFATE BEARING GROUND WATER ARE THE SULFATES AND SULFATE BEARING GROUND WATER ARE THE

ENEMY OF CEMENT.ENEMY OF CEMENT.

PARTICULATE GROUTS CANNOT BE INJECTED AS PARTICULATE GROUTS CANNOT BE INJECTED AS

PERMEATION GROUTS INTO SOILS FINER THAN MEDIUM TO PERMEATION GROUTS INTO SOILS FINER THAN MEDIUM TO

COARSE SANDS. THIS APPROXIMATELY CORRESPONDS TO A COARSE SANDS. THIS APPROXIMATELY CORRESPONDS TO A

PERMEABILITY OF ABOUT 5x10-4 cm/sec.PERMEABILITY OF ABOUT 5x10-4 cm/sec.

AREAS OF USE :AREAS OF USE :

CEMENT GROUTSCEMENT GROUTS : FOR BOTH : FOR BOTH IMPERMEABILISATION AND STRENGTH INCREASEIMPERMEABILISATION AND STRENGTH INCREASE

SOIL, CLAY AND CHEMICAL GROUTSSOIL, CLAY AND CHEMICAL GROUTS : : IMPERMEABILISATION AND COMPACTION IMPERMEABILISATION AND COMPACTION GROUTINGGROUTING

CLAY GROUTSCLAY GROUTS : LIMITED USE (USUALLY FILLING : LIMITED USE (USUALLY FILLING VOIDS ETC)VOIDS ETC)

CLAY-CEMENT GROUTSCLAY-CEMENT GROUTS : FILLING VOIDS, : FILLING VOIDS, MUDJACKINGMUDJACKING

TYPES I AND II PORTLAND CEMENT ARE SUITABLE FOR SOILS TYPES I AND II PORTLAND CEMENT ARE SUITABLE FOR SOILS

COARSER THAN 0.60 mm.COARSER THAN 0.60 mm.

TYPE III PORTLAND CEMENT IS SUITABLE FOR SOILS COARSER TYPE III PORTLAND CEMENT IS SUITABLE FOR SOILS COARSER

THAN 0.42 mm. (BENTONITE: 0.25 mm)THAN 0.42 mm. (BENTONITE: 0.25 mm)

ACCORDING TO CARON, PARTICLES 50 micron SIZE CAN BE ACCORDING TO CARON, PARTICLES 50 micron SIZE CAN BE

INJECTED TO COARSE SAND (> 0.8 mm). COLLOIDAL INJECTED TO COARSE SAND (> 0.8 mm). COLLOIDAL

SUSPENSIONS CAN BE INJECTED INTO MEDIUM SAND ( 0.1 TO 0.8 SUSPENSIONS CAN BE INJECTED INTO MEDIUM SAND ( 0.1 TO 0.8

mm). FINE SANDS & SILTS REQUIRE NEWTONIAN SOLUTIONS OF mm). FINE SANDS & SILTS REQUIRE NEWTONIAN SOLUTIONS OF

LOW VISCOSITY.LOW VISCOSITY.

THE ABILITY OF PARTICULATE GROUTS TO PENETRATE A THE ABILITY OF PARTICULATE GROUTS TO PENETRATE A

FORMATION IS OFTEN INDICATED IN TERMS OF A GROUTABILITY FORMATION IS OFTEN INDICATED IN TERMS OF A GROUTABILITY

RATIO. SOME GROUTABILITY RATIOS THAT HAVE BEEN PROVEN RATIO. SOME GROUTABILITY RATIOS THAT HAVE BEEN PROVEN

USEFUL ARE GIVEN BELOW:USEFUL ARE GIVEN BELOW:

GROUTING CONSISTENTLY POSSIBLEGROUTING CONSISTENTLY POSSIBLE

GROUTING NOT POSSIBLEGROUTING NOT POSSIBLE

GROUTING CONSISTENTLY POSSIBLEGROUTING CONSISTENTLY POSSIBLE

GROUTING NOT POSSIBLEGROUTING NOT POSSIBLE

24)(

)(

85

15 grout

soil

D

DN

11

11)(

)(

95

10 grout

soilc D

DN

6

FOR ROCKS GROUTING POSSIBLE

NOT POSSIBLE

5)( 95

grout

R D

fissureofWidthN

2

SOILS CONTAINING < 10 % FINES ARE USUALLY SOILS CONTAINING < 10 % FINES ARE USUALLY PERMEATION GROUTED WITH CHEMICALS.PERMEATION GROUTED WITH CHEMICALS.

IF FINES CONTENT > 15 % EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL GROUTING IF FINES CONTENT > 15 % EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL GROUTING MAY BE DIFFICULT, FOR FINES CONTENT > 20 % MAY BE DIFFICULT, FOR FINES CONTENT > 20 % PERMEATION GROUTING WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE BUT PERMEATION GROUTING WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE BUT CHEMICAL GROUTS NOT BE DISTRIBUTED ALONG AND CHEMICAL GROUTS NOT BE DISTRIBUTED ALONG AND THROUGH HYDRAULIC FRACTURES.THROUGH HYDRAULIC FRACTURES.

Fig 3.3 Modulus of Deformation versus qu

USE OF HIGH POLYMERS IN JAPAN IS FORBIDDEN OFTEN USE OF HIGH POLYMERS IN JAPAN IS FORBIDDEN OFTEN

THE ACCIDENT IN 1974 AS A RESULT OF INJECTION OF THE ACCIDENT IN 1974 AS A RESULT OF INJECTION OF

ACRYLAMIDES (GROUNDWATER POLLUTION EVEN IN THE ACRYLAMIDES (GROUNDWATER POLLUTION EVEN IN THE

USE OF SILICATES PH VALUE OF GROUND WATER AROUND USE OF SILICATES PH VALUE OF GROUND WATER AROUND

INJECTION POINTS IS REQUIRED TO BE <8.6. THUS, NEW INJECTION POINTS IS REQUIRED TO BE <8.6. THUS, NEW

NON-ALKALINE SILICATE GROUTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED. NON-ALKALINE SILICATE GROUTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED.

THESE CONSIST OF SILICA - SOL SOLUTIONS WITH PH VALUE THESE CONSIST OF SILICA - SOL SOLUTIONS WITH PH VALUE

OF 1 TO 2.OF 1 TO 2.STRUCTURAL CHEMICAL GROUTING IS QUITE POPULAR.STRUCTURAL CHEMICAL GROUTING IS QUITE POPULAR.

Fig 3.4 Various Structural Grouting Applications

COMPACTION GROUTINGCOMPACTION GROUTING

THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT IN COMPACTION THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT IN COMPACTION

GROUTINGGROUTING

LAYOUT OF HOLES IN NUMBERLAYOUT OF HOLES IN NUMBER

LOCATION OF HOLES & INCLINATIONLOCATION OF HOLES & INCLINATION

DEPTHDEPTH

SEQUENCE OF HOLES GROUTED PROCEDURE OF SEQUENCE OF HOLES GROUTED PROCEDURE OF

GROUTING INDIVIDUAL HOLEGROUTING INDIVIDUAL HOLE

TYPICAL APPLICATION DETAILS ARE :TYPICAL APPLICATION DETAILS ARE :

MIN DISTANCE TO THE SURFACEMIN DISTANCE TO THE SURFACE

TRIANGULAR PATTERN USUALLY, 1.5 - 5 M SPACINGTRIANGULAR PATTERN USUALLY, 1.5 - 5 M SPACING

PRIMARY (~5 M) / SECONDARY HOLES, GROUT TAKESPRIMARY (~5 M) / SECONDARY HOLES, GROUT TAKES

HOLES UNDER FOUNDATIONS, RATHER THAN OPEN HOLES UNDER FOUNDATIONS, RATHER THAN OPEN

AREAS; PERIPHERAL HOLES FIRSTAREAS; PERIPHERAL HOLES FIRST

< # 200 % 10 - % 30, SAND IN COMPACTION GROUTING < # 200 % 10 - % 30, SAND IN COMPACTION GROUTING

100% PASSING NO.8 SIEVE, A COARSER SAND WILL 100% PASSING NO.8 SIEVE, A COARSER SAND WILL

CAUSE WATER TO BE DRIVEN OUT.CAUSE WATER TO BE DRIVEN OUT.

PORTLAND SAND, FINE SAND AND WATER % 12. CEMENT PORTLAND SAND, FINE SAND AND WATER % 12. CEMENT

$ 2800 KN/M2 GROUT$ 2800 KN/M2 GROUT

PRESSURES 0-4200 kN/mPRESSURES 0-4200 kN/m22

TWO BASIC METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTION:TWO BASIC METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTION:

1 . FROM TOP TO DOWN1 . FROM TOP TO DOWN

2. FROM UP TO BOTTOM2. FROM UP TO BOTTOM

GROUTING IS DONE IN STAGES, ONLY 0.75 - 1.0 m OF HOLE ISGROUTING IS DONE IN STAGES, ONLY 0.75 - 1.0 m OF HOLE IS

GROUTED AT A TIME.GROUTED AT A TIME.

PROCEDURE FOR GROUTING FROM TOP TO BOTTOMPROCEDURE FOR GROUTING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

1.1. DRILL A HOLE TO THE TOP OF THE ZONE (MIN. 1.5 M)DRILL A HOLE TO THE TOP OF THE ZONE (MIN. 1.5 M)

2.2. INSERT A CASING IN THE HOLE AND FILL THE ANNULAR INSERT A CASING IN THE HOLE AND FILL THE ANNULAR

SPACE BETWEEN THE CASING AND THE HOLE WITH QUICK SPACE BETWEEN THE CASING AND THE HOLE WITH QUICK

SETTING CEMENT.SETTING CEMENT.

3.3. DRILL THROUGH TIE CASING AND ADVANCE THE HOLE 1-DRILL THROUGH TIE CASING AND ADVANCE THE HOLE 1-

2.5 m. NEVER EXCEED 3-3.5 METERS.2.5 m. NEVER EXCEED 3-3.5 METERS.

4.4. PUMP IN GROUT UNTIL THERE IS "REFUSAL" OR SLIGHT PUMP IN GROUT UNTIL THERE IS "REFUSAL" OR SLIGHT

MOVEMENT OF THE GROUND SURFACE.MOVEMENT OF THE GROUND SURFACE.

5.5. REPEAT THE PROCEDURE (ITEMS 3 AND, 4) AFTER REPEAT THE PROCEDURE (ITEMS 3 AND, 4) AFTER

HARDENING OF THE PREVIOUSLY PLACED GROUT UNTIL HARDENING OF THE PREVIOUSLY PLACED GROUT UNTIL

THE BOTTOM OF THE ZONE TO BE STABILIZED IS REACHED.THE BOTTOM OF THE ZONE TO BE STABILIZED IS REACHED.

PROCEDURE OF GROUTING FROM BOTTOM TO UP:PROCEDURE OF GROUTING FROM BOTTOM TO UP:

1.1. DRILL A HOLE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE ZONE TO BE DRILL A HOLE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE ZONE TO BE

STABILIZEDSTABILIZED

2.2. PLACE CASING TO WITHIN A METER OF THE BOTTOM OF PLACE CASING TO WITHIN A METER OF THE BOTTOM OF

THE HOLE.THE CASING SHOULD BE A SNUG FIT AND THE HOLE.THE CASING SHOULD BE A SNUG FIT AND

MAY REQUIRE PUSHING OR DRIVING INTO PLACE.MAY REQUIRE PUSHING OR DRIVING INTO PLACE.

SOMETIMES IT IS DRIVEN ENTIRELY (i.e. PREDRILIING SOMETIMES IT IS DRIVEN ENTIRELY (i.e. PREDRILIING

ELIMINATED)ELIMINATED)

3.3. PUMP IN THE GROUT UNTIL 'REFUSAL' IS ACHIEVED (OR PUMP IN THE GROUT UNTIL 'REFUSAL' IS ACHIEVED (OR

SLIGHT)SLIGHT)

4.4. RAISE THE CASINGRAISE THE CASING

5.5. PUMP AGAIN AND REPEAT 4 AND 5 UNTIL THE GROUND PUMP AGAIN AND REPEAT 4 AND 5 UNTIL THE GROUND

SURFACE IS REACHED.SURFACE IS REACHED.

TOP-DOWN METHOD IS MORE EXPENSIVE BUT THERE ARE TOP-DOWN METHOD IS MORE EXPENSIVE BUT THERE ARE

SUBSTANTIAL ADVANTAGES : GREATER TAKE OF GROUT SUBSTANTIAL ADVANTAGES : GREATER TAKE OF GROUT

PER HOLE AND MORE EFFECTIVE, HIGHER PRESSURES PER HOLE AND MORE EFFECTIVE, HIGHER PRESSURES

MAY BE USED WHEN GOING DEEPER. IN PROBLEM SOILS MAY BE USED WHEN GOING DEEPER. IN PROBLEM SOILS

EXTEND TO THE SURFACE FROM TOP TO DOWN IS EXTEND TO THE SURFACE FROM TOP TO DOWN IS

ESSENTIAL.ESSENTIAL.

PLOT 'TAKES' TO CONTROL THE RELATIVE SOIL PLOT 'TAKES' TO CONTROL THE RELATIVE SOIL

CONDITIONSCONDITIONS

CONTROL OF PUMPING RATE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT CONTROL OF PUMPING RATE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT

CONSIDERATION OF GROUTING TECHNIQUE. MAX. CONSIDERATION OF GROUTING TECHNIQUE. MAX.

PRESSURE DEVELOPED AND QUANTITY OF GROUT PRESSURE DEVELOPED AND QUANTITY OF GROUT

INJECTED DEPEND ON PUMPING RATEINJECTED DEPEND ON PUMPING RATE

RAPID PUMPING IS ECONOMICAL BUT IT CAUSES PRESSURE RAPID PUMPING IS ECONOMICAL BUT IT CAUSES PRESSURE

BUILD UP AND EARLY RAISING OR RUPTURE OF THE OVERLYING BUILD UP AND EARLY RAISING OR RUPTURE OF THE OVERLYING

SOIL. THEREFORE LIMIT THE GROUT QUANTITY INJECTED AND SOIL. THEREFORE LIMIT THE GROUT QUANTITY INJECTED AND

AMOUNT OF DENSIFICATION. THEREFORE APPROPRIATE AMOUNT OF DENSIFICATION. THEREFORE APPROPRIATE

PUMPING RATE IS BASICALLY DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF PUMPING RATE IS BASICALLY DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF

PRESSURE AND RATE OF PRESSURE BUILD UP WHICH ARE PRESSURE AND RATE OF PRESSURE BUILD UP WHICH ARE

INFLUENCED BY ;SOIL TYPE, DEGREE OF COMPACTION, INFLUENCED BY ;SOIL TYPE, DEGREE OF COMPACTION,

MOISTURE CONTENT,DEPTH OF INJECTION, CONFINING SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT,DEPTH OF INJECTION, CONFINING SOIL

AND STRUCTURAL PRESSURE.AND STRUCTURAL PRESSURE.

IN MOST MIXED SOILS BEGINNING RATE WILL BE ON THE ORDER IN MOST MIXED SOILS BEGINNING RATE WILL BE ON THE ORDER

OF 0.3 m3/min. 3 -5 m3/min IS APPLIED IN VERY LOOSE SOUS AND OF 0.3 m3/min. 3 -5 m3/min IS APPLIED IN VERY LOOSE SOUS AND

SOILS WITH LARGE VOIDS. 0.003 -0.014 m3/min IS USED IN SOILS WITH LARGE VOIDS. 0.003 -0.014 m3/min IS USED IN

UNDRAINED CLAYS AND HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAYS.UNDRAINED CLAYS AND HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAYS.

PRESSURES : 350 KPA - 1700 KPA WITHIN 1.5 - 2 M OF THE PRESSURES : 350 KPA - 1700 KPA WITHIN 1.5 - 2 M OF THE

SURFACE AND UP TO 3500 kPa OR MORE WHEN D > 6 M, SELDOM SURFACE AND UP TO 3500 kPa OR MORE WHEN D > 6 M, SELDOM

> 4200 kPa EXCEPT OPEN THE TIGHT HOLE (7000 kPa).> 4200 kPa EXCEPT OPEN THE TIGHT HOLE (7000 kPa).

COMPARISON BETWEEN JET GROUTING METHODS

CCP JSG CJG SSS-MAN

GROUTINGPRESSURE(MPa)

20 20 40 20-70

TYPE OF SUSPENSION

CEMENT WATER

AIR PROTECTCEMENT-WAT.

AIR PROTECTWATER

AIR. WATERMIXTURE

TYPE JET JET SEMI-DISP.FULL

DISPLACEMENT

DIAMETER OF(mm)

1.2 3-3.2 1.8-2.3 2.O-2.8

VELOCITY(r/s) 0.33 0.10 0.08 0.05-0.12

DIAMETER OFCOLUMN (m)

0.8 2.0 3.0 3.5

SOIL EXC.GRAVEL ALL EXC. GRAVEL ALL