Chapter 3

Environmental Toxicology

01: Paracelsus (1493–1541). © National Library of Medicine

02: Individual dose–response curve.

Source: Reprinted with permission from AE Marczewski, M Kamrin.

Toxicology for the Citizen. 2nd ed. East Lansing, Mich: Michigan State

University, Center for Integrative Toxicology; 1991:5.

03: A population dose–response curve.

Source: Adapted from Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment

Forum. Washington, DC, EPA/630/R095/002F; 1998:81.

04: The threshold of a dose–response curve.

Source: Reprinted from National Institutes of Health, National Institute of

Environmental Health Sciences. Chemicals, the Environment and You:

Explorations in Science and Human Health, p. 63. Available at:

http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih2

05: Location of 81 hazards on factors 1 and 2 derived from the relationships

among 15 risk characteristics. Source: Reprinted with permission from P Slovic. Perception of risk. Science. 1987;236:282. Copyright 1987 AAAS.

06: Steps in risk assessment.

Source: From Basic Environmental Health by Annalee Yassi and Tord Kjellström,

Theo de Kok, Tee Guidotti, copyright © 2001 by the World Health Organization.

Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.

T01: Ways to Describe a Dose

Source: Data from RJ Kendall, TA Anderson, RJ Baker, et al. Ecotoxicology. In: Klaassen CD,

Watkins JB III, eds. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill;

2003:422; and National Library of Medicine. Toxicology Tutor I. Basic

T02: Ranking of the Relative Speed of Effect According to the Site and

Route of Exposure

T03: Direct and Indirect Adverse Effects of Xenobiotics