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Chapter 3:Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning
Elicited Behaviors Simple Mechanisms of Learning Classical Conditioning
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Three Types of Behavior
Reflexes involuntary responses to stimuli.
Fixed Action Pattern stereotyped responses triggered by
environmental stimuli. Learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
© Renee Purse/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Elicited Behaviors
Reflexes A relatively simple, involuntary response to
a stimulus
Salivation Startle reflex Orienting response Rooting reflex http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#
Flexion response
Elicited Behaviors
Flexion response
Example of aReflex arc
Elicited Behaviors
Fixed Action Patterns
Web building in spiders Ducks flying in a V-shape Cats scratching ground to
cover urine/feces Sign stimulus
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Types of Learning
Associative learning involves a connection between two elements or events. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
Nonassociative learning involves change in the magnitude of response to environmental events. Habituation Sensitization
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Nonassociative learning
Habituation The response to steady or repeated
(harmless) stimulus decreases over time. Example: You don’t hear your air
conditioner after it’s been running awhile.
http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=startle%20reflex&hl=en&emb=0&start=10
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Nonassociative learning
Sensitization The experience of one stimulus heightens
the response to a subsequent stimulus. Example: People are “jumpy” following
natural disasters, like earthquakes.
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Nonassociative learning
Dishabituation
http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=dishabituation&hl=en&emb=0
Simple Mechanisms of Learning
Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
http://duchenne.ie/image.axd?picture=parachute_jump.jpg
Simple Mechanisms of Learning
Simple Mechanisms of Learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov conditioning apparatus
Classical ConditioningBefore Stimuli Are Paired
Ex. meat powder leads to salivation Neutral stimulus elicits no particular
response Ex. ringing bell leads to orienting
response only
UnconditionedStimulus
(US)
Unconditioned
Response(UR)
Elicits
Classical Conditioning During Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus paired with US Bell rings, then meat powder is
delivered Trial – one pairing Repeated for several trials
US(meat)
UR(saliva)
NS(sound) nothing
Classical Conditioning After Conditioning
After Several Trials When bell rings, dog salivates The bell is now a Conditioned Stimulus
(CS) Salivation is a Conditioned Response
(CR) US(meat)
UR(saliva)
CS(sound)
CR(saliva)
Classical Conditioning
Basic Procedure
Classical Conditioning
Appetitive Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned emotional response (CER)
Suppression ratio =
# of presses# of presses + # of pre-conditioning presses
SR = 0 SR = .33 SR = .5
Classical Conditioning
Excitatory Conditioning
Inhibitory Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Timing of Stimuli
Exception: A potentially effective backward conditioning procedure in whichthe NS is a biologically relevant stimulus for a conditioned fear response.
Classical Conditioning
