Chapter 3-Culture MULTIPLE CHOICEs3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/po3gGVBaez.pdfChapter 3-Culture MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What do sociologists refer to as “the knowledge,

Chapter 3-Culture

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What do sociologists refer to as “the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society”?a. cultureb. societyc. social organizationd. religion

ANS: AMSC: BLM: RememberREF: page 57

2. Three sociologists are discussing the relationship between society and culture. What are they likely to conclude about this relationship?a. Culture and society are both composed of people.b. Culture, unlike society, seldom generates discord, conflict, or violence.c. Culture and society are interdependent.d. Culture can exist without society.

ANS: CMSC: BLM: Higher OrderREF: page 57

3. Traveling outside North American or meeting someone from a culture vastly different from our own provides us with opportunities to do what?a. develop diversity awarenessb. develop a sociological imaginationc. develop language skillsd. develop new gestures and signs

ANS: BMSC: BLM: Higher OrderREF: page 58

4. You have been asked to give a brief presentation to your Introduction to Sociology class on the acquisition of human culture. What will be the basic message of your presentation?a. We learn about culture through interaction, observation, and imitation in order to

participate as members of a group.b. We are born with a shared sense of who we are and where we belong.c. Rules about civility, tolerance, and how to communicate with one another are reflexes,

drives, and instincts humans share.d. Culture comes from the toolkit given to us by nature.

ANS: AMSC: BLM: Higher OrderREF: page 59-60

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5. Giving foods of what shape to the parents of new babies is considered to be lucky in some cultures? a. squareb. triangularc. rectangled. round

ANS: DMSC: BLM: RememberREF: page 60

6. When a person sneezes in response to dust particles, it is called what?a. an instinctb. a reflexc. a drived. a conditioned response


7. Behavioural responses that satisfy needs such as sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification are examples of what?a. instinctsb. reflexesc. drivesd. learned behaviours

ANS: CMSC: BLM: RememberREF: page 59

8. According to sociologist Ann Swidler, what is a “tool kit of symbols, stories, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems”?a. cultureb. societyc. instinctsd. reflexes


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9. Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?a. kindness b. a trainc. flash drivesd. a cabin

ANS: AMSC: BLM: Higher OrderREF: page 61

10. What term would a sociologist use to describe grain elevators, banking pin chips, or training in CPR? a. industrializationb. technologyc. material cultured. nonmaterial culture


11. In which of the following would you be participating in material culture?a. attending a religious service b. driving on a highwayc. going to the theatred. studying a new language


12. Gillian argues that there is one, all-powerful god. What aspect of culture is best exemplified by Gillian’s argument? a. normb. value c. beliefd. language


13. What are customs and practices that occur across all societies?a. symbolsb. beliefsc. norms d. cultural universals


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14. Five interconnected rings appear as an emblem on Olympic promotional material. What would a sociologist refer to the rings as?a. a symbolb. a social factc. cultural referentsd. values


15. Your best friend ends every e-mail to you with the signature :)>+. Which of the following terms best describes her signature?a. an emotionb. an emoticonc. a semicond. a sentiment


16. What is one of our most important human attributes?a. knowledgeb. norms c. languaged. culture


17. What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue?a. Language imprisons people.b. Language is common to both animals and humans.c. Language shapes how its speakers view reality.d. Language is less important than symbols in determining how we view the world.


18. If you were to apply the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which of the following assumptions would you make?a. Thought and language exist independent of one another.b. We have thoughts then we express them through language.c. Language comes before thought.d. We perceive reality then use language to explain it.


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19. What is one significant difference between English and many Aboriginal languages?a. There are many more nouns that have gender in Aboriginal languages.b. English divides nouns in the animate and inanimate.c. Many Aboriginal languages have several different pronouns meaning he or she.d. Many Aboriginal languages are not preoccupied with gender.


20. One of your professors constantly uses the term mankind in place of the term humanity. Why does this annoy you?a. The relationship between language and gender gets masked.b. Using the masculine form ignores women.c. Language becomes objective and standardized.d. Pronouns that show the gender of the person we expect to be in a particular occupation are

missing.


21. Which of the following terms represents a language-based predisposition to think about women in sexual terms?a. femaleb. babec. womand. she


22. Which of the following is the best example of a gender-neutral term?a. maidb. actressc. councilmand. flight attendant

ANS: DMSC: BLM: Higher OrderREF: page 65

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23. Which of the following is an example of the way language may create and reinforce negative perceptions about race and ethnicity?a. counterrepresentations that portray positive images of certain ethic groupsb. overtly derogatory terms popularized in movies, music, and other forms of popular culturec. the “voice” of verbs that overemphasize the importance of the activities and achievements

of members of minority groupsd. the “voice” of verbs that underemphasize the importance of the activities and

achievements of members of majority groups

ANS: BMSC: BLM: RememberREF: page 66

24. According to the 2006 Census, what percentage of Canadians are bilingual?a. under 5 percentb. approximately 10 percentc. 15–20 percentd. over 30 percent


25. According to the 2006 Census, what percentage of Aboriginal persons reported an Aboriginal language as their first language? a. 5–10 percentb. 11–19 percentc. 20–30 percentd. over 30 percent


26. What perspective would you be using if you argued that shared language is necessary for a common culture?a. conflictb. interactionistc. functionalistd. feminist


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27. Suppose you were a conflict theorist. Which of the following statements are you most likely to make?a. Language is a source of power and social control.b. Language is an important means of cultural transmission.c. Language is a way for groups with less power to fight against the dominant group.d. Language is a stabilizing force in society.


28. According to Marx, social leaders use what cultural system to maintain positions of dominance in society?a. force b. discord c. values d. ideology

ANS: DMSC: BLM: Higher Order REF: page 79

29. Which of the following is a core Canadian value?a. consultation and dialogueb. inequality and injusticec. achievement and successd. kindness and love


30. A local human rights organization has started a group at your campus. Recruitment coincides with final exams. Which of the following might students who are both academically driven and humanitarian minded experience?a. conflicted mores b. value contradictionsc. real cultured. informal norms


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31. Canadians may believe that they are law abiding, but will routinely fail to wear a seat belt or slow down in school zones. What does this demonstrate? a. a discrepancy between ideal culture and real cultureb. the difference between Canadians and Americansc. the differences between material culture and nonmaterial cultured. a discrepancy between cultural universals and value contradictions


32. Which of the following is the best example of a proscriptive norm?a. standing during the national anthemb. giving up your seat on a bus to a pregnant womanc. wearing clothingd. texting in class during a lecture


33. Suppose a woman is named “Citizen of the Year” in her home community. What does this demonstrate?a. a folkwayb. a positive sanctionc. a negative sanctiond. a law


34. Suppose that during a movie, one person begins to talk to the person sitting next to him in an audible tone of voice. A man in another row turns around, frowns at him, and says “Keep it down!” What does this illustrate?a. an informal sanctionb. a formal sanctionc. a tabood. a core value


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35. What are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture?a. informal sanctionsb. taboosc. folkwaysd. negative sanctions


36. What kind of norm formally deals with public safety and well-being?a. a civil lawb. folkwaysc. moresd. a criminal law


37. When a person violates a folkway, what is the most likely reaction?a. an informal sanctionb. a formal sanctionc. a positive sanctiond. a prescriptive norm


38. Why are those who break mores more severely sanctioned than those who don’t follow folkways?a. because informal norms may be violated without serious consequencesb. because breaking a more is universally offensivec. because mores are based on cultural values and are therefore considered to be crucial for

the well-being of the groupd. because all mores are considered taboos

ANS: CMSC: BLM: Higher OrderREF: page 69-70

39. A sociologist would refer to specific behavioural expectations of any society as what?a. prescriptionsb. valuesc. codes of conductd. norms


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40. What do sociologists call mores that are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable?a. lawsb. taboosc. negative sanctionsd. formal sanctions


41. Which of the following is a taboo found in virtually every society?a. public urinationb. incestc. nudity d. premarital sex


42. What are formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions?a. folkwaysb. moresc. lawsd. legislative mandates


43. What kind of law deals with disputes between persons or groups?a. civilb. criminalc. informald. formal


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44. With regard to the discussion of cultural change in the text, the Apple iPad is an example of which of the following?a. Cultures tend to remain fairly static.b. Societies experience cultural change at material levels but remain fairly static at

nonmaterial levels.c. Most technological changes are modifications of existing technology.d. The pace of technological change has decreased significantly in recent years.


45. Who coined the term cultural lag?a. Emile Durkheimb. Max Weberc. William F. Ogburnd. Karl Marx


46. What is the gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions?a. cultural diffusionb. cultural relativityc. cultural innovationd. cultural lag


47. What is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized?a. inventionb. diffusionc. discoveryd. cultural advancement

ANS: CMSC: BLM: RememberREF: page 70-71

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48. Historically, what involved unearthing natural elements or existing realities including fire or the true shape of the earth?a. inventionb. diffusionc. discoveryd. cultural advancement


49. When existing cultural elements are reshaped into a new form, what process has occurred?a. cultural lagb. an inventionc. a discoveryd. cultural diffusion


50. What is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another?a. discoveryb. diffusionc. functional reorganizationd. rediscovery


51. Exploration, the media, and tourism assist with what process related to culture?a. discoveryb. diffusionc. functional reorganizationd. rediscovery


52. The popularity of Chinese food in Canada is an example of which of the following?a. cross-cultural advertising b. cultural lagc. cultural diffusiond. cultural diversity


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53. North American society can be described as which of the following?a. homogeneousb. heterogeneousc. culturally advancedd. immigrant threatened


54. What do sociologists call a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some significant way from that of the larger society?a. a subcultureb. a counterculturec. a contracultured. an ethnic neighbourhood


55. Which of the following reflects Hasidic Jews in Montreal?a. They are considered to be a counterculture because they strongly reject dominant societal

values and norms.b. They are considered a subculture because their values, norms, and appearance differ

significantly from those members of dominant culture.c. They are largely unaware that their values are distinct from those of most other Canadians.d. They would like to be more assimilated within Canadian culture.


56. Which of the following reflects the Hutterites of Western Canada?a. They believe that communal living is necessary.b. They attempt to achieve complete isolation from the wider society.c. They refuse to use any sort of modern machinery or equipment.d. They are a good example of a counterculture.


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57. What are groups that strongly reject the dominant societal values and norms and seek alternative lifestyles?a. subculturesb. counterculturesc. contraculturesd. infracultures


58. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture?a. the Hutteritesb. the flower children of the 1960sc. the drug enthusiasts of the 1990sd. Italian Canadians


59. Why are hard-core skinheads considered a counterculture?a. There are fewer of them relative to other groups in the mainstream society.b. They focus on views that contradict the norms and values of mainstream Canadian culture.c. They dress in a clearly identifiable manner.d. They tend to live on the fringe of society.


60. What is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own?a. culture shockb. societal disbeliefc. national anomied. subcultural shame


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61. Suppose a person enters a new society and becomes nauseous at the sight of the customs and social environment. What is this person experiencing?a. societal disbeliefb. cultural shockc. subcultural shamed. national anomie

ANS: BMSC: BLM: Higher OrderREF: page 74-75

62. Which of the following is based on the assumption that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others?a. group superiorityb. ethnocentrismc. the authoritarian personalityd. self-centeredness


63. If you overhear someone using derogatory stereotypes to ridicule a recent immigrant who stands out in appearance, what are you witnessing?a. positive ethnocentrismb. negative ethnocentrismc. positive cultural relativismd. high culture


64. A team song or camp chant taught to children are forms of which of the following?a. positive ethnocentrismb. negative ethnocentrismc. positive cultural relativismd. high culture


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65. What is the belief that the behaviours and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards?a. cultural xenocentrismb. diversity in practicec. cultural relativismd. reverse ethnocentrism


66. What does anthropologist Marvin Harris use to explain why cattle, which are viewed as sacred, are not killed and eaten in India, where widespread hunger and malnutrition exist?a. cultural xenocentrismb. diversity in practicec. cultural relativismd. reverse ethnocentrism


67. Some Westerners assume that hunger and poverty in India is caused by cow worship, and would be eliminated if Indians would adapt our practices of slaughtering cattle. What would anthropologist Marvin Harris likely say about such a conclusion?a. It demonstrates cultural relativism.b. It is ethnocentric.c. It shows that we fully understand and accept cultural diversity.d. It indicates that Canadians are xenophobic.


68. Taking school children to the symphony exposes them to what kind of culture?a. idealb. realc. highd. popular


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69. Being on your favourite social networking site with your friends is participating in what kind of culture?a. nonmaterialb. popularc. highd. counter


70. Activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes are referred to as what kind of culture?a. nonmaterialb. popularc. highd. global


71. Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu defines high culture as a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate classes. What is this theory?a. cultural capitalb. functionalistc. containmentd. social control


72. Which of the following statements reflects the relationship between high culture and popular culture?a. People appreciate high culture more than they do popular culture.b. High culture often requires training to be appreciated and understood, whereas popular

culture does not.c. Popular culture is much less accessible than high culture.d. High culture is primarily for the upper and middle classes, whereas popular culture is for

the lower classes.


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73. If you followed social theorist Pierre Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory, what would you argue about high culture?a. It is very often poor in quality.b. It is something that only the rich can understand.c. It requires no training or education to understand or appreciate.d. It is a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate class.


74. What do functionalists argue about popular culture?a. It serves as the glue that holds society together.b. It can glorify things like crime, which undermines core cultural values rather than

reinforces them.c. In the form of television and the Internet, it helps integrate recent immigrants into the

mainstream culture.d. It can homogenize long-term residents as a result of seeing the same images and being

exposed to the same beliefs and values.


75. Suppose you were a conflict theorist. Which of the following statements would you agree with? a. Popular culture may be the “glue” that holds society together.b. Popular culture is created by corporations in the same way that any other product or

service is produced.c. Popular culture may be dysfunctional if it undermines core cultural values.d. Popular culture may help us temporarily forget the problems we face in everyday life.


76. Many people buy products at The Disney Store because they believe in the trustworthiness of the item. This belief has been promoted through marketing to create what sociologist Pierre Bourdieu called what?a. commodity feverb. symbolic capitalc. cultural capitald. popular cultural trust


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77. According to K.S. Jewell, popular cultural images are often linked to negative stereotypes, particularly of Black women. Which is an example?a. Disney’s Princess and the Frog movieb. Aunt Jemima Pancake advertisementsc. The television show SuperNannyd. The series Desperate Housewives


78. Which statement matches the perspective on culture with the correct theory?a. Postmodernists demonstrate “reality” is not what it seems and speak of cultures, rather

than culture. b. Conflict theorists highlight how people maintain and change culture through their

interactions with others.c. Functionalists examine the intertwining relationship among race, gender, and popular

culture.d. Interactionists help us see how popular culture promotes consumption of commodities.


79. Using a symbolic interactionist perspective, what does Simmel state about money?a. Money becomes a means to an end. b. We are aware of worth based on objective, economic calculations.c. Intrinsic qualities of sports figures or wealthy entrepreneurs matter more than how much

money they make in our assessment of their worth.d. People create money as a means of exchange but then it acquires a social meaning that

extends beyond the economic function.


SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONSScenario 1

Instructions: Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow.

Before taking a sociology course, a group of friends – Monica, Rose, and Terry—would have described culture as classical music and the finer things. After a few months studying culture from a sociological perspective, they are on a mission to understand the social implications of culture. Of course, as post-secondary students their lives are not consumed with sociology alone. Rather, Monica is obsessed with Facebook. Rose attends the opera with her mother each weekend, and has recently got two new body piercings. Terry, who is from a working-class background, spends most of her time in the library studying.

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80. That Terry focuses on her schooling over other activities is best understood as a reflection of which of the following?a. the strong hold of popular cultureb. her attempts to acquire cultural capitalc. the pressure to succeed in North American cultured. cultural imperialism


81. Rose’s interest in both piercings and the opera demonstrates which of the following? a. Popular culture and high culture are not easily melded together.b. Popular culture is more pervasive than high culture.c. Those who participate in high culture tend to dismiss popular culture.d. Forms of popular culture and high culture are not mutually exclusive.


82. What sociological concept defines Monica’s interactions on social networking sites?a. object fadb. idea fadc. activity fadd. personality fad


TRUE/FALSE

1. A society includes the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passes from person to person and from one generation to the next.

ANS: FREF: page 58

2. Most sociologists agree that human beings have instincts.

ANS: FREF: page 59

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3. Cultural universals are useful because they ensure the smooth and continuous operation of society.

ANS: TREF: page 62

4. Regardless of the perspective used to approach the issues involved, cultural universals are always the result of functional necessities.

ANS: FREF: page 62

5. Culture could not exist without symbols because there would be no shared meanings among people.

ANS: TREF: page 63

6. The fact that most people associate the colour blue with boys and pink with girls is an example of the importance of symbols in our culture.

ANS: TREF: page 63

7. Language is solely a human characteristic.

ANS: FREF: page 64

8. Many Aboriginal languages do not have personal pronouns based on gender.

ANS: TREF: page 64-65

9. Values dictate which behaviours are appropriate and which are not in a given culture.

ANS: FREF: page 69

10. Core Canadian values do not contradict each other.

ANS: FREF: page 68-69

11. Proscriptive norms state what behaviours are appropriate and acceptable.

ANS: FREF: page 69

12. Praise, honours, or medals for conformity to specific norms are all examples of positive sanctions.

ANS: TREF: page 69

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13. Negative sanctions are always formal; that is, they relate only to law.

ANS: FREF: page 69

14. Cultures generally remain static.

ANS: FREF: page 70

15. Today, discovery most often results from scientific research.

ANS: TREF: page 71

16. Hutterite life is centered on the community rather than on the individual.


17. The downside of cultural relativism is that it may be used to excuse customs and behaviour that violate basic human rights.

ANS: TREF: page 75

18. High culture is sometimes referred to as mass culture.

ANS: FREF: page 77

19. The widespread infusion of the English language into countries that speak other languages can be viewed as a form of cultural imperialism.

ANS: TREF: page 77

20. A strength of the functionalist perspective on culture is a focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society’s continued survival.

ANS: TREF: page 79

21. Some conflict theorists suggest that corporations do not create popular culture as much as they co-opt existing popular culture for their own economic gain.


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22. The term symbolic capital refers to culturally approved intangibles such as honour, integrity, esteem, trust, and goodwill.

ANS: TREF: page 80

23. Symbolic interactionists focus primarily on macro level concerns.

ANS: FREF: page 81

24. Interactionism provides a systematic framework for analyzing how we shape culture and how, in turn, it shapes us.

ANS: FREF: page 81-82

25. In the future, the issue of cultural diversity will very likely decrease in overall importance.

ANS: FREF: page 82

ESSAY

1. Outline the role culture plays in shaping patterns of human behaviour and social interaction.

ANS: Answers will vary

2. Using examples, outline different types of material culture and the impact of material culture on social life.


3. List and describe the main nonmaterial components of culture. Explain how these components contribute to both harmony and conflict in society.


4. Differentiate between high culture and popular culture. Discuss how each of the main sociological perspectives understands popular culture.ANS: Answers will vary

5. Outline different ways in which our society might be able to confront the issue increasing cultural diversity.


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Documents

Chapter 3-Culture MULTIPLE CHOICEs3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/po3gGVBaez.pdfChapter 3-Culture MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What do sociologists refer to as “the knowledge,