Chapter 3Chapter 3

Breathing Breathing EmergenciesEmergencies

Breathing EmergenciesBreathing EmergenciesObjectivesObjectives

1.1. Understand the breathing process.Understand the breathing process.

2.2. Recall signs and symptoms of Recall signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. respiratory distress.

3.3. Describe the care for a person Describe the care for a person experiencing respiratory distress.experiencing respiratory distress.

4.4. Explain some common causes of Explain some common causes of obstructed airwaysobstructed airways

Breathing EmergenciesBreathing EmergenciesOutlineOutline

1.1. Respiratory System—Review Respiratory System—Review

2.2. Recognizing Breathing Recognizing Breathing EmergenciesEmergencies

3.3. Causes of Respiratory Causes of Respiratory Distress Distress

4.4. Care for Respiratory DistressCare for Respiratory Distress

5.5. Closing Closing

Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemReviewReview

The respiratory system consists of the The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower airway and the lungs.upper and lower airway and the lungs.

The principal systems that work together The principal systems that work together for breathing to occur are the respiratory, for breathing to occur are the respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, and nervous circulatory, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems.systems.

The diaphragm and chest muscles The diaphragm and chest muscles contract and relax, causing inhalation and contract and relax, causing inhalation and exhalation.exhalation.

Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemReviewReview

The body requires a constant supply of The body requires a constant supply of oxygen for survival.oxygen for survival.

Without oxygen, cells begin to die in 4 to Without oxygen, cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes. Some tissues, such as the 6 minutes. Some tissues, such as the brain, are very sensitive to oxygen brain, are very sensitive to oxygen deprivation.deprivation. 4-6 minutes = possible brain damage4-6 minutes = possible brain damage 6-10 minutes = likely brain damage6-10 minutes = likely brain damage 10+ minutes = certain irreversible brain 10+ minutes = certain irreversible brain

damagedamage

RECOGNIZING RECOGNIZING BREATHING BREATHING

EMERGENCIESEMERGENCIES Breathing emergencies are detected Breathing emergencies are detected during the check for life-threatening during the check for life-threatening conditions.conditions.

Breathing emergencies include Breathing emergencies include respiratory distress and respiratory respiratory distress and respiratory arrest.arrest.

By recognizing respiratory distress and By recognizing respiratory distress and taking immediate action, you may prevent taking immediate action, you may prevent respiratory arrest.respiratory arrest.

SPECIFIC CAUSES OF SPECIFIC CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESSRESPIRATORY DISTRESS

Asthma Asthma Asthma is a condition that narrows the air passages and makes Asthma is a condition that narrows the air passages and makes

breathing more difficult.breathing more difficult. http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/k37.html

EmphysemaEmphysema Emphysema is a disease in which the lungs lose their ability to exchange Emphysema is a disease in which the lungs lose their ability to exchange

carbon dioxide and oxygen effectively.carbon dioxide and oxygen effectively. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87LyzUXFARE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SN4xLqYTuE

BronchitisBronchitis Bronchitis is a disease resulting in inflammation of the lining of Bronchitis is a disease resulting in inflammation of the lining of

the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that causes a build-up of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that causes a build-up of mucus that obstructs air passages.mucus that obstructs air passages. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u775bGjJazM

Anaphylactic ShockAnaphylactic Shock Anaphylactic shock is a condition that results in swelling of the air Anaphylactic shock is a condition that results in swelling of the air

passages that restrict breathing.passages that restrict breathing. The condition is usually caused by a severe allergic reaction to The condition is usually caused by a severe allergic reaction to

food, insect stings, or a medication, such as penicillin.food, insect stings, or a medication, such as penicillin. http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/k38.html http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/f2.html

Obstructed AirwaysObstructed Airways Anatomical vs. MechanicalAnatomical vs. Mechanical

Anatomical: Body part (i.e. throat swelling Anatomical: Body part (i.e. throat swelling closed)closed)

Mechanical: Foreign object (i.e. food, toys, coins)Mechanical: Foreign object (i.e. food, toys, coins) Common Causes?Common Causes? Signs of choking:Signs of choking:

Watery eyes, red face, scared look, rocking Watery eyes, red face, scared look, rocking motion, pointing to chest/throatmotion, pointing to chest/throat

Some sound w/ wheezing, high pitched whistle Some sound w/ wheezing, high pitched whistle – no sound– no sound

Complete vs. Partial ObstructionComplete vs. Partial Obstruction Universal Distress Sign for Choking (hands Universal Distress Sign for Choking (hands

around throat)around throat)

Care For Respiratory Care For Respiratory DistressDistress

Respiratory distress may lead to respiratory arrest if Respiratory distress may lead to respiratory arrest if not cared for immediately.not cared for immediately.

Make sure someone has called 9-1-1 or the local Make sure someone has called 9-1-1 or the local emergency number for help.emergency number for help.

Signs and symptoms of different kinds of respiratory Signs and symptoms of different kinds of respiratory distress are often similar. You do not need to know distress are often similar. You do not need to know the exact cause to provide care.the exact cause to provide care.

Help the victim rest in a comfortable position. Usually Help the victim rest in a comfortable position. Usually sitting is more comfortable because breathing is sitting is more comfortable because breathing is easier.easier.

Maintain normal body temperature. If a room is hot Maintain normal body temperature. If a room is hot or stuffy, attempt to reduce the heat.or stuffy, attempt to reduce the heat.

Assist the victim in taking his or her prescribed Assist the victim in taking his or her prescribed medication.medication.

Unconscious Choking Unconscious Choking VictimVictim

Check the Scene and the VictimCheck the Scene and the Victim Check the Victim for ConsciousnessCheck the Victim for Consciousness

Tap and gently shake the personTap and gently shake the person ““Are You Okay, Are You OkayAre You Okay, Are You Okay””

If person does not respondIf person does not respond Send Someone to call 911Send Someone to call 911

Know Your ABCKnow Your ABC’’ss A- AirwayA- Airway B- BreathingB- Breathing C- CirculationC- Circulation

For adult or child, use modified CPRFor adult or child, use modified CPR http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/d3.htmlhttp://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/d3.html

For an infant, also use modified CPRFor an infant, also use modified CPR http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/d4.htmlhttp://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/d4.html

Conscious Choking Conscious Choking VictimVictim

Choking is a breathing emergency that can lead to deathChoking is a breathing emergency that can lead to death Common Causes of Choking Include:Common Causes of Choking Include:

Trying to swallow large pieces of foodTrying to swallow large pieces of food Wearing DenturesWearing Dentures Eating while talking excitedly or laughing or eating to fastEating while talking excitedly or laughing or eating to fast

A personA person’’s airway can be partially or completely obstructeds airway can be partially or completely obstructed Partial obstructionPartial obstruction

Can cough in an attempt to dislodge objectCan cough in an attempt to dislodge object Complete ObstructionComplete Obstruction

Unable to cough speak or breathUnable to cough speak or breath A person who is choking may clutch at their throat. A person who is choking may clutch at their throat.

Universal sign for chokingUniversal sign for choking

Conscious ChokingConscious Choking Adult or ChildAdult or Child

Get consent, tell them your name and that you are Get consent, tell them your name and that you are certified (if they are under 18, ask the guardian)certified (if they are under 18, ask the guardian)

Tell the victim to keep coughingTell the victim to keep coughing Bend the person forward at the waist and give 5 back Bend the person forward at the waist and give 5 back

blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of the blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of the handhand

If the object does not come out, stand the victim up, If the object does not come out, stand the victim up, place your fist with the thumb side against the middle place your fist with the thumb side against the middle of the person’s abdomen, just above the navel.of the person’s abdomen, just above the navel.

Cover the fist with the other hand, and give 5 quick Cover the fist with the other hand, and give 5 quick upward thrusts.upward thrusts.

Continue this process until:Continue this process until: The object is forced outThe object is forced out The person can breatheThe person can breathe The person becomes unconsciousThe person becomes unconscious

http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/d1.html

Conscious ChokingConscious Choking InfantInfant

Ask the guardian if you can help your baby, tell them Ask the guardian if you can help your baby, tell them your name and that you are certifiedyour name and that you are certified

Support the infants head and neck at all times, placing Support the infants head and neck at all times, placing your thumb and fingers on the jawyour thumb and fingers on the jaw

Position the body so that the head angled downwardsPosition the body so that the head angled downwards Deliver 5 firm back blows between the infants Deliver 5 firm back blows between the infants

shoulder bladesshoulder blades Place your other hand behind the infants head and Place your other hand behind the infants head and

neck, and place on your forearm, still angled neck, and place on your forearm, still angled downwardsdownwards

Place two or three fingers in the centers of the infants Place two or three fingers in the centers of the infants chest, just below the nipple linechest, just below the nipple line

Compress the chest about 1½ inches 5 timesCompress the chest about 1½ inches 5 times Continue this process until:Continue this process until:

The object is forced outThe object is forced out The infant can cry or breatheThe infant can cry or breathe The infant becomes unconsciousThe infant becomes unconscious

http://www.instructorscorner.org/media/videos/d2.html

Practice Practice

Practice SessionPractice Session

Unconscious Victim CheckUnconscious Victim Check

Conscious Choking InfantConscious Choking Infant