Chapter 3 Biochemistry

3.1

Organic molecules are carbon based

There are many different organic molecules

Simplest organic molecules- hydrocarbons

3.1

Diverse Organic Molecules are possible because carbon can bond to carbon and form Long chains Ring structures Single , double or triple bonds isomers

We can form many different carbon skeletons

3.2 Functional Groups

Others groups of atoms are added to the carbon skeleton to create molecules with different chemical properties- Functional groups

3.2 Functional Groups

Carboxyl – weak acid, in acids, including amino acids

Carbonyl- polar, found in ketones and aldehydes, sugars

Hydroxyl- polar, in alcoholsAmino- weak base, found in amino

acidsPhosphate- polar, found in DNA and

the energy molecule ATP

3.3 Creating and digesting macromolecules Four classes of organic

macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbs, Proteins and Nucleic acids are polymers

PolymersPolymer- a large molecule consisting of

many smaller similar subunits called monomers

Polymers are formed by connecting monomers in a dehydration reaction. This produces water as a waste.

Polymers are digested by adding water and creating monomers- Hydrolysis reaction

3.4 Carbohydrates

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

3.4 Monosacharides

Molecular formula- CH2O Contain carbonyl and hydroxyl

groups building blocks of disaccharides and

polysaccharides

Glucose- main cellular fuel Fructose- fruit sugarRibose, deoxyribose – sugars

found in nucleic acids

3.5 Disaccharides

When two monosaccharides are linked by a dehydration reaction a discaccharide forms

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose Glucose + Galactose= Lactose

3.7 Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides are polysaccharides

Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

3.8 Lipids

Lipids – also called fats or triglycerides

Are hydrophobic- do not mix in water

Made of glycerol and three fatty acids

linked by dehydration synthesis

Fatty Acids

May be saturated – have no double bonds so carbons have all of the hydrogens possible

Unsaturated – at least one double bond, missing hydrogens

3.8 Fats

Fats store energy (2x as much as an equal mass of carb)

Waterproof Cushion Insulate

Saturated Fats

Come from animals Are solids at room temp Are generally not very healthy for

you and should be limited in your diet

Unsaturated Fats

Come from Plants (with one exception) and are liquids at room temperature

Are generally healthier for us

Polyunsaturated fats

Polyunsaturated fats are found in some types of fish and have been found to help lower cholesterol.

Hydrogenated Oils

Liquid oils are turned into solids by adding hydrogens to them

This process creates Trans Fat – which has been linked with heart disease

Is in most baked goods

Atherosclerosis

The building of lipid deposits in artery walls

Reduces blood flow Plays a role in heart disease

3.9 modified fats

Waxes- one fatty acid linked to an alcohol

Phospholipids- one glycerol, 2fatty acids and a phosphate in place of the third fatty acid- make up cell membranes

3.10 Steroids

Steroids are made of three 6 sided rings and one five sided ring

Cholesterol is a steroid associated with saturated fat

Estrogen and testosterone are made from cholesterol

3.10 anabolic steroids

Synthetic testosterones which build bone and muscle mass

May lead to mood disturbance, liver damage, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, in adolescents bones may stop growing, and acne and baldness (both are influenced by testosterone)

Reproductive Side Effects Males will reduce the production of

natural male hormone which may impair normal reproductive function and fertility.

Females have very little testosterone in their system naturally so they may experience disrupted menstrual cycles, and develop male traits like facial hair, voice deepening etc