Chapter 3Migration

Key Terms Mobility: movements from one place to

another Migration: permanent move to a new location Emigration: migration from a location Immigration: migration to a location Net Migration: difference between number of

immigrants & emigrants Positive Net Migration: more immigrants than

emigrants

Key Terms in Temporary Mobility Circulation: short-term, repetitive,

cyclical movements that recur on regular basis. Ex: driving to work everyday, rec activities, church, etc

Seasonal Mobility: temporarily moving to location for season. Ex: college students, ice road truckers

Migration disrupts traditional culture & economic patterns in a region

New languages, religion, ethnicity, cultural traits, economic practices, etc

Modern transportation makes relocation diffusion easier

Key Issue 1Why do people migrate? Reasons for migrating Distance of migration Characteristics of migrants

Reasons for Migrating People migrate because PUSH and PULL

factors Push Factors: induces people to move

out of location Pull Factors: induce people to move into

a new location Three major push & pull factors:

1) economic 2) cultural 3) environmental

Economic Push & Pull Factors Most people move for economic reasons

Job opportunities Read p.82 Case Study Migrating from Ukraine to Italy Country with valuable natural resources

will attract miners & engineers ex: petroleum

New Industry may attract factory workers technicians, scientists

Economic Push & Pull Factors United States & Canada

Popular destination Economic advancement opportunities for

Europeans in 19th century Current pull factors for Latin Americans &

Asians Scotland & Ireland

Recent immigration after discovery of petroleum

Cultural Push and Pull Factors PUSH factors Slavery & Political Instability Forced migration from Africa to Western

Hemisphere, slavery Boundary changes of newly

independent states Cultural tension of mixed ethnicities

Refugees: people who have been forced to migrate from their homes & cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Cultural Push Factors 2 largest groups of international

refugees are Palestinians and Afghans Palestinian Refugees: left Israel after

creation of country in 1948 Afghans: left because of civil war

Cultural Push Factors 2 largest groups of internal refugees are

Sudan and Colombia Sudan: civil war, religious & cultural

disputes Colombia: gov’t battles with drug lords

& guerillas Other countries: Congo, Iraq and

Uganda

Cultural Pull Factors Democratic Countries Individual choice in education, career &

residence Western Europe, North America Pulled residents from communism,

1940s Berlin Wall

Environmental Push & Pull Pulled toward attractive regions Mountains, seasides, warm climate Rocky Mountains, Alps, Mediterranean,

Florida Arizona: dry desert climate was good for

allergies, 1940s Pushed from hazardous regions

Environmental Push & Pull Water Threats: too much or too little Hurricanes & Flooding: New Orleans Droughts: Sahel region of Africa, Dust

Bowl (Oklahoma)

Intervening Obstacles Migrants can’t always reach desired

location because of intervening obstacles Physical: Bodies of water, mountains,

deserts Modern transportation has eliminated

most physical obstacles Current obstacles: government &

politics Passport Visa

Distance of Migration Ravenstein’s Theory:

Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country

Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

Internal Migration International Migration: permanent

movement from one country to another Internal Migration: permanent

movement within same country

Distance-Decay Principle: the farther away a place is located, the less likely that people will migrate to it

Internal Migration Two Types: Voluntary & Forced Voluntary: migrant has chosen to move

Economic push & pull Forced: migrant has been compelled to

moved Cultural factors

Migration Transition A change in the migration pattern in a

society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Migration Transition Stage 2: International & interregional

migration NIR goes up because decline in CDR Technological Advances

Improvement in agriculture: move away from rural areas

Factories: move towards urban areas

Migration Transition Stage 3 & 4: internal migration CBR declines Move from cities to suburbs

Characteristics of Migrants Ravenstein’s Theory Most long-distance migrants are male Most long-distance migrants are adult

individuals rather than families with children

Gender of Migrants 19th & 20th centuries 55% US immigrants were male, more

likely to be employed 1990s 55% US immigrants are female Changing roles of women

Family Status of Migrants Ravenstein’s Theory Most long-distance migrants are young

adults US immigration

40% between ages of 25 & 49 Increasing amounts of children, 16%

children

US: Mexican immigrants Mexico, Stage 2 Most immigrants from rural areas Immigrate to bordering states:

California, Texas Most from interior states, not northern

border (contradicts distance-decay theory)

Most work in agriculture, factories

US: Mexican immigrants Economic Reasons: better jobs Why hire them? Lower wages Not required benefits Can be threatened with deportation Seasonal employees: agriculture Money sent back home to Mexico