Chapter 29Chapter 29

Review and DiscussionReview and Discussion

European Justification: European Justification: Superiority is a Heavy BurdenSuperiority is a Heavy Burden

Social DarwinismSocial DarwinismApplied Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural selection Applied Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural selection

to sociologyto sociologyDominant races or classes of people rose to the top Dominant races or classes of people rose to the top

through a process of the survival of the fittestthrough a process of the survival of the fittestRudyard Kipling poem “White Man’s Burden” – Rudyard Kipling poem “White Man’s Burden” –

half devil and half childhalf devil and half childEuropeans were not only superior to others, but Europeans were not only superior to others, but

they had a moral obligation to teach other people they had a moral obligation to teach other people how to more civilizedhow to more civilized

What were the political, cultural, and economic reasons that the What were the political, cultural, and economic reasons that the

United States and Europe entered into the New Imperialism?United States and Europe entered into the New Imperialism? Economic reasonsEconomic reasons Euro-Americans used economics and technology to create a new global Euro-Americans used economics and technology to create a new global

economyeconomy conquered lands supplied raw materials as well as new markets for conquered lands supplied raw materials as well as new markets for

manufactured goods. manufactured goods. Copper for electrical wiring, cotton for textile mills, rubber for transportation, Copper for electrical wiring, cotton for textile mills, rubber for transportation,

and especially gold and diamonds and especially gold and diamonds Political motives varied Political motives varied

France to avenge the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, France to avenge the humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War, British to protect its Indian colonyBritish to protect its Indian colony eagerness of the new German state to become a global power. eagerness of the new German state to become a global power.

Cultural motives Cultural motives Missionaries and missionary societies wanted not only to spread the Missionaries and missionary societies wanted not only to spread the

influence of their respective religions around the globeinfluence of their respective religions around the globe abolish slavery and bring monogamy, modern medicine, hygiene, and abolish slavery and bring monogamy, modern medicine, hygiene, and

education to the “heathen.” education to the “heathen.” Social Darwinism explained the inferiority of indigenous peoplesSocial Darwinism explained the inferiority of indigenous peoples

technological advances that allowed European nations and the technological advances that allowed European nations and the United States to conquer vast new territories?United States to conquer vast new territories?

Euro-American domination of the oceans was perhaps most Euro-American domination of the oceans was perhaps most important. important.

The Suez Canal was central to the extension of rapid transport.The Suez Canal was central to the extension of rapid transport. Steel ships grew in size, and improvements in engines allowed Steel ships grew in size, and improvements in engines allowed

ships to travel farther with less coal. ships to travel farther with less coal. Submarine telegraph cables speeded up communication. Submarine telegraph cables speeded up communication. Gunboats extended possibilities for river travel not available to Gunboats extended possibilities for river travel not available to

sailing ships. sailing ships. The discovery and use of quinine reduced malaria-related The discovery and use of quinine reduced malaria-related

deaths to levels that stimulated European expansion. deaths to levels that stimulated European expansion. Weapons technology included breechloading repeating rifles, Weapons technology included breechloading repeating rifles,

smokeless powder, and machine guns—innovations that smokeless powder, and machine guns—innovations that indigenous peoples could not reproduce. indigenous peoples could not reproduce.

Briefly describe the nature and manner of late-nineteenth-Briefly describe the nature and manner of late-nineteenth-

century European colonial administration.century European colonial administration. In most places, local economies underwent In most places, local economies underwent

drastic restructuring to pay expenses and earn drastic restructuring to pay expenses and earn profits. profits.

The amount of control exerted by European The amount of control exerted by European home governments varied widely. home governments varied widely. regions with large numbers of Europeans, such as regions with large numbers of Europeans, such as

Australia and Canada, had more autonomy. Australia and Canada, had more autonomy. Protectorates retained their traditional governments, Protectorates retained their traditional governments,

but Europeans oversaw and advised them. but Europeans oversaw and advised them. Many local government schemes involved the Many local government schemes involved the

cooperation of local elites. cooperation of local elites.

As late as 1879, more than 90 percent of Africa was ruled by As late as 1879, more than 90 percent of Africa was ruled by Africans. Why then did European nations embark on the sudden Africans. Why then did European nations embark on the sudden

“scramble” for Africa?“scramble” for Africa?Within ten years, most of Africa was invaded Within ten years, most of Africa was invaded

and divided among European colonial powers. and divided among European colonial powers. Egypt, the wealthiest and most heavily Egypt, the wealthiest and most heavily

populated African nation, fell into heavy debt populated African nation, fell into heavy debt So what happened?So what happened?allowed Great Britain to assert control over the allowed Great Britain to assert control over the

Egyptian government, especially over the Suez Egyptian government, especially over the Suez Canal. Canal.

In West AfricaIn West Africa the French extended the railroad system inland the French extended the railroad system inland

to open trading opportunitiesto open trading opportunities

African ResistanceAfrican Resistance

Berlin Conference 1884Berlin Conference 1884European nations met European nations met

together to carve up together to carve up AfricaAfrica

Many African nations rose Many African nations rose up to challenge the up to challenge the Europeans. But Failed!!Europeans. But Failed!!

Only Ethiopia and Liberia Only Ethiopia and Liberia preserve its preserve its independence. independence.

Emperor Menelik II (Ethiopia)

Effects of Imperialism on AfricaEffects of Imperialism on Africa

Imperialists profited from African Imperialists profited from African colonies by obtaining natural colonies by obtaining natural resources resources

Schools set up taught Africans that Schools set up taught Africans that European ways were best European ways were best

Imperialism contrary to western ideals Imperialism contrary to western ideals of liberty and equality of liberty and equality

South Africa’s Long StruggleSouth Africa’s Long StruggleWith ApartheidWith Apartheid

In 1910, South Africa won self-rule from Britain.

Over the next decades, the white minority government imposed apartheid. What is that?

a system of racial laws which separated the races and kept the black majority in a subordinate position.

The Policy of Apartheid Would continue until 1992.

Imperialism in Latin America from 1869 to 1914Imperialism in Latin America from 1869 to 1914 Latin American economy Latin American economy focused on exporting raw materials, (agricultural goods) focused on exporting raw materials, (agricultural goods) Latin American countries were not colonized. Why?Latin American countries were not colonized. Why? part because of the Monroe Doctrine—but had to accept “free-part because of the Monroe Doctrine—but had to accept “free-

trade imperialism.” trade imperialism.” Europe and the U.S. invested heavily in South American Europe and the U.S. invested heavily in South American

railroads using their own equipment and expertise. Why?railroads using their own equipment and expertise. Why? Imported equipment ensured that Latin American steel and Imported equipment ensured that Latin American steel and

machinery industries had no chance to develop. machinery industries had no chance to develop. Who paid for these internal improvements?Who paid for these internal improvements? Latin Nations regularly fell into debt Latin Nations regularly fell into debt The United States sent troops to Latin America to ensure The United States sent troops to Latin America to ensure

repayment of loans. repayment of loans. U.S. dominates the Western Hemisphere!U.S. dominates the Western Hemisphere!

Gained controlled of the Panama CanalGained controlled of the Panama Canal intervened militarily in Cuba, particularly after the Spanish-intervened militarily in Cuba, particularly after the Spanish-

American War. American War. acquired Puerto Rico from the Spanish government after acquired Puerto Rico from the Spanish government after

that war.that war.

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia France: Indochina France: Indochina

(modern day Vietnam, (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Cambodia, and Laos

British: India, Burma, British: India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Malay Peninsula, and North Borneo North Borneo

Germany: Pacific Germany: Pacific islands islands

U.S: Philippines, U.S: Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, and Guam, Hawaii, and Cuba Cuba

Netherlands: Dutch Netherlands: Dutch East Indies (present East Indies (present day Indonesia)day Indonesia)

How did the New Imperialism affect Southeast Asia, How did the New Imperialism affect Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hawaii? Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hawaii?

Before 1869Before 1869 much of East Asia had already been claimed by colonial much of East Asia had already been claimed by colonial

powers. powers. Impact of the Suez Canal Impact of the Suez Canal did not encourage Asian colonization; rather, it was because of did not encourage Asian colonization; rather, it was because of

those colonies that the canal was built. those colonies that the canal was built. After 1869After 1869 the British assumed control over the remainder of Burma and the British assumed control over the remainder of Burma and

Malaya, and the Dutch consolidated control of the East Indies. Malaya, and the Dutch consolidated control of the East Indies. The only independent state in the region was Siam. The only independent state in the region was Siam. Large numbers of Chinese and Indians were brought into those Large numbers of Chinese and Indians were brought into those

colonies to fill shortages of labor. colonies to fill shortages of labor. What role did Christian missionaries play? What role did Christian missionaries play? Western education also had important effects on indigenous Western education also had important effects on indigenous

peoples. peoples.