Chapter 28- The Subjunctive

Chapter 28- The Subjunctive

SubjunctivesALL subjunctives indicate the hypothetical or the potentialIf you remember this simple rule all subjunctives will seem easier!In English this is expressed with would could shouldIf only you would have studied your vocab!I wish I could come to the party!

Subjunctive- FormsYou need to be able to create the FORMS of the subjunctive as well as the USESThere are FOUR tenses of the subjunctive (could be worse right?)PresentImperfectPerfectPluperfectConceptually, why is there no future tense of the subjunctive?The future already has the potentiality aspect of the subjunctive so it is not needed!

Subjunctives- TypesThere are two main types of subjunctives: independent and dependentThe independent subjunctives are the main verb of the sentenceThe dependent subjunctives are NOT the main verb and are in a subordinate clause

Subjunctive- Present TenseTo form the subjunctive in English we use helping words like would could shouldIn LATIN we show the subjunctive by changing the form of the verbsTo form the subjunctive in the present tense we change the MAIN VOWEL but keep the SAME PERSONAL ENDINGSTo remember the vowels just remember we beat a friar1st conjugation- Change the e2nd conjugation- Change the ea3rd conjugation- Change the e a2nd conjugation- Change the ia

Steps to create the present active subjunctive:

Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).am, amre, amv, amtus Take off the -re.amChange the stem vowel --> eAdd the personal ending to the stem.ame + -t = amet (he/she/it loves)

Subjunctive- Present TenseLaudemLaudsLaudetLaudmusLaudtisLaudent

Laudo [1] Moneo, -re Ago, -ere Audio, -ireMoneamMonesMoneatMonemusMonetisMoneantAgamAgsAgatAgmusAgtisAgantAudiamAudisAudiatAudimusAuditisAudiant

Subjunctives- Present PassiveLauderLaudrisLaudeturLaudmurLaudminLaudenturMonearMonerisMoneaturMonemurMoneminMoneanturAgarAgrisAgaturAgmurAgminAganturAudiarAudirisAudiaturAudimurAudiminAudianturTo form the Present Passive Subjunctive use the stem with the modified subjunctive vowel and add passive endings!

3rd sing., pres., passive, subjunctive of mane, manremaneatur2nd plural pres., active, subjunctive of lber, lberrelberetis1st plural pres., passive, subjunctive of duc, ducereducamur1st singular pres., active subjunctive of fugi, fugerefugiam3rd plural pres., passive, subjunctive of audi, audreaudiantur

Imperfect SubjunctiveSteps to create the imperfect active subjunctive:

Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).am, amre, amv, amtus Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive.amre + -t = amret (he/she/it was loving)

Steps to create the imperfect passive subjunctive:

Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).am, amre, amv, amtus Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive.amre + -tur = amretur (he/she/it was being loved)

3rd sing., imperf., passive, subj. of mane, manremanretur2nd plural, imperf., active, subj. of lber, lberrelberretis1st plural, imperf., passive, subj. of duc, ducereduceremur1st sing., imperf., active, subj. of fugi, fugerefugerem3rd plural, imperf., passive, subj. of audi, audreaudrentur

And the Subjunctive of sum, essePRESENTSimSsSitSmusStisSintIMPERFECTEssemEsssEssetEssmusEsstisEssentThe present subjunctive of sum, like all present subjunctives, changes its stem vowel, so the stem becomes: si- The imperfect subj. of sum forms as expected

Applying that to possum, possePRESENTpossimpossspossitpossmusposstispossintIMPERFECTpossempossspossetpossmusposstispossent

Subjunctive ReviewPresent Subjunctive

we fear a liarPerfect Subjunctive

????Pluperfect Subjunctive

????Imperfect Subjunctive

2nd pp + pers. endings