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CHAPTER XX Chapter Title784
Why It Matters
TurningPoints1945ndash1975
American soldier inVietnam 1966
The Problem We All Live Withby Norman Rockwell
As you study Unit 10 you will learnabout the changes that came after
World War II Out of the war came a new sense of global responsibility as
the United States made every effort toprotect Western democracy Many
Americans pressed for social reformand equal rights In addition the use
of new technology changed the way Americans lived and worked
Primary Sources LibrarySee pages 976ndash977 for primary source
readings to accompany Unit 10 Use the American history
Primary Source Document LibraryCD-ROM to find additional primary
sources about the Cold War the civilrights movement and the Vietnam era
null
342725
ldquoI had beenpushed as far as I could standrdquo
mdashRosa Parks 1955
786
The ColdWar Era
1945ndash1954Why It Matters
After the end of World War II the United States and the Soviet Union entered into abitter rivalry Each side tried to gain allies and prove that its systemmdashdemocracy and
free enterprise or communismmdashwas better
The Impact TodayThe rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union shaped much of the modern
world The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War era
The American Journey Video The chapter 27 video ldquoThe Wall and theBerlin Airliftrdquo details the Berlin blockade and the effects of the Berlin airlift
1945bull Conference at Yalta
United Nations formed
1946bull Churchillrsquos ldquoIron Curtainrdquo
speech marks beginningof Cold War
1948bull Soviets blockade
West Berlin
bull State of Israel formed
Truman1945ndash1953
1948bull Marshall Plan
enacted
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
1944 1946 1948
1947bull Truman Doctrine
proposed
null
34324745
787
1949bull NATO pact signed
1954bull Senator Joseph
McCarthy censured
1949bull Communist victory in
China under Mao Zedong
1950bull North Korea invades
South Korea
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 27mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
1950 19541952
Eisenhower1953ndash1961
1950bull General MacArthur
leads troops intoKorea
1953bull Korean War ends
Conflict in Korea United Nations troops fight in the streets of Seoul SouthKorea September 1950
Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper from side to sideleaving a 2-inch tab uncovered along the side
Step 2 Turn the paper and fold it in half
Step 3 Unfold and cut along the inside fold line
Step 4 Label the foldable as shown
Fold it so theleft edge lies2 inches fromthe right edge
Cut along thefold on the front
flap to make2 tabs
Compare-Contrast Study Foldable Organizeand compare information about the rivalry thatshaped the Cold War era by making and usingthis foldable
Reading and Writing As you read about thisperiod of time write what you learn about dem-ocracy and communism under the tabs of your foldable Compare the two sides and use whatyou learn to explain how the Cold War started
The Cold WarDemocracy Communism
May 1948Jewish leaders proclaimnew state of Israel
June 1948Soviets blockade West Berlin
October 1949Mao Zedong formsCommunist China
Main IdeaThe United States struggled to preventthe spread of communism
Key Termsiron curtain containment airlift cold war
Reading StrategySequencing Information As youread the section re-create the timeline below and list important events inthe Cold War
Read to Learnbull how the United States attempted to
stop the spread of communismbull how foreign policy changed as a
result of the Cold War
Section ThemeGlobal Connections Soviet expan-sion led to a cold war between theforces of democracy and communism
Cold War Origins
The three most powerful men in the world met in Yalta to discuss the fate of thepostwar world President Roosevelt hoped to promote his vision of postwar coopera-tion Prime Minister Churchill spoke elegantly and forcefully Soviet leader Stalinremained stubbornly opposed to much of what was proposed Stalin stated to hisaides ldquoThey want to force us to accept their plans on Europe and the world Wellthatrsquos not going to happenrdquo As the Allies discovered Stalin had his own plans
Wartime DiplomacyWhile fighting a common enemy during World War II Western democracies
and Soviet leaders had set aside their differences As the Allies moved towardvictory in 1945 questions about the organization of the postwar world aroseSoviet forces had pushed back German armies and occupied much of Easternand Central Europe Should these areasmdashincluding Poland Hungary andCzechoslovakiamdashremain in Soviet hands
788 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
June1945
June1947
June1948
May1949
April 1945Harry S Trumansucceeds FDR
The Big Three at Yalta
February 1945Conference atYalta is held
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1945 1947 1949
null
6530668
789CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
In February 1945 the ldquoBig Threerdquo Allied lead-ersmdashFranklin D Roosevelt Winston Churchilland Joseph Stalinmdashmet at Yalta a Soviet port onthe Black Sea They came to discuss issues affect-ing the postwar world Out of this meeting camethe Yalta agreement in which the Soviet Unionagreed to enter the war against Japan In returnthe Soviets received some territories in Asia
Reaching an agreement on postwar arrange-ments proved more difficult Roosevelt andChurchill feared the Soviet domination of East-ern Europe and the spread of communismStalin on the other hand wanted to keep a large
area of land between the Soviet Union and itspotential enemies in the West Germany pre-sented a special problem The Allies finallyagreed to divide Germany into four zones untilelections could be held to determine its futureThe Soviet Union the United States Britain andFrance would each control a zone
Stalin agreed to allow free elections in occu-pied Eastern Europe and to cooperate in planningfor the new international organization proposedby the United States and Britain Roosevelt andChurchill felt encouraged about a peaceful post-war world Their hopes went unfulfilled
0deg10degW
20degW 10degE 20degE
50degN
40degN
60degN
500 kilometers0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 miles0
N
SE
W
Atlantic
Ocean
NorthSea
BalticSea
BlackSea
AegeanSea
Adriatic
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
IRELANDUNITED
KINGDOM
FRANCE
SPAINPORTUGAL
ITALY
SWITZ
SAARLUX
BELG
NETH
WESTGERMANY
YUGOSLAVIA
ALBANIA
HUNGARYAUSTRIA
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
POLAND
DENMARK
SWEDEN
NORWAY
SOVIETUNION
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
GREECETURKEY
EASTGERMANY
ANDORRA
FINLAND
Berlin
Vienna
1 Place What nations of Europe remained neutral2 Region Were most of the nations of Eastern Europe NATO
members or under Communist control
Communist control
Divided nation
NATO member
Neutral nation
Jointly-occupied city
Europe After World War II
null
76747734
The United NationsPresident Roosevelt died suddenly on April
12 1945 Vice President Harry S Truman suc-ceeded him Facing the enormous responsibili-ties of the presidency Truman told reportersldquoWhen they told me yesterday [of Rooseveltrsquosdeath] I felt like the moon the stars and all theplanets had fallen on merdquo
One of Trumanrsquos first decisions as presidentwas to go ahead with the meeting to form thenew international organization discussed atYalta On June 26 in San Francisco California50 nationsmdashincluding the Soviet Unionmdashsignedthe charter creating the United Nations (UN)The members hoped the UN could settle dis-putes between nations and prevent future wars
Describing How did the Alliesagree to divide Germany
Geography
Soviet Expansion in EuropeThe uneasy wartime alliance between the
Western nations and the Soviet Union did notlast Stalin did not keep his promise to hold freeelections in Eastern Europe Instead the Sovietsset up Communist governments in these coun-tries and Soviet forces remained in the region
Developments in Eastern Europe led to agrowing distrust between the Soviet Union andWestern nations Europe split into two campsmdashthe Soviet-controlled Communist governments of the East and the capitalist democracies
The Iron CurtainWinston Churchill believed that the division
between East and West was permanent In 1946he declared in a speech in Fulton Missouri thatan ldquoiron curtainrdquo had descended on EuropeChurchill meant that the Soviets had cut offEastern Europe from the West Behind this ironcurtain he said lay the countries of EasternEurope ldquoin what I must call the Soviet sphereand all are subject to a very high measure ofcontrol from Moscowrdquo
Churchill warned that the Soviets wouldeventually look beyond Eastern Europe and tryto gain control of other parts of the world Thisidea alarmed Americans who had feared thespread of communism ever since the RussianRevolution in 1917
Civil war raged in Greece as Communistrebels armed by the Soviet Union attempted tooverthrow the Greek king and his pro-Westerngovernment At the same time the Soviets putenormous pressure on Turkey to give themnaval bases on the straits leading to theMediterranean Sea
790 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
A
B C
B Joseph StalinA Secretary of State Byrnes C Soviet Minister Molotov
The iron curtain represented a barrier tothe free exchange of ideas between coun-tries under Soviet control and the rest ofthe world The iron curtain often appearedin cartoons about the Cold War Whatdoes the cartoon say about the atti-tude of Secretary of State Byrnestoward the Soviet leaders
Analyzing Political Cartoons
null
14450786
791CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
Containing the SovietsSeeking ways to counter Soviet expansion
President Truman drew from the ideas of GeorgeF Kennan an American diplomat and an experton Soviet history and culture Kennan argued thatthe United States and the Soviet Union could notcooperate and that the United States must takeforceful steps to stop Soviet expansion His ideasled to the policy of containment The UnitedStates would try to ldquocontainrdquo Soviet expansionthrough limited military means and nonmilitarymeans in areas of the world that were of strategicimportance to the United States Kennan definedthese areas narrowlymdashmostly Western Europeand Japan But other US officials graduallyexpanded their view of what was of strategicimportance to the country and its future
The Truman DoctrineThe policy of containment soon went into
effect Speaking to Congress in March 1947 thepresident proposed a policy that became knownas the Truman Doctrine a commitment to helpnations threatened by communism and Sovietexpansion
ldquoI believe that it must be the policy of theUnited States to support free peoples who areresisting attempted subjugation [conquest] byarmed minorities or by outside pressuresrdquo
Congress voted to give military and economicassistance to Greece and Turkey to hold back theSoviet threat
The Marshall PlanAt the end of World War II much of Europe
lay in ruins Bombing had destroyed countlesshouses factories bridges and roads Many peo-ple lacked homes and jobs and they often didnot have enough food Their war-ravaged soci-eties provided fertile ground for communismwith its promises of housing and employmentfor all
George Marshall the US secretary of statesaw Western Europe as strategically importantto the United States He believed that the bestway to keep the countries of Western Europefree of communism would be to help restore
their economies In June 1947 Marshall pro-posed a plan to provide massive economic aid toEurope At first his plan met some resistance inCongress After Soviet-supported Communiststook over the government of Czechoslovakiain February 1948 however this resistance disappeared
Congress approved the Marshall Plan a pro-gram of economic aid for Europe that became avital part of the policy of containment Between1948 and 1951 the Marshall Plan contributednearly $13 billion to the rebuilding of the coun-tries of Western Europe As Marshall had pre-dicted no Western government in the region fellto a communist revolution
Explaining How was the MarshallPlan supposed to check communist expansion
Crisis in BerlinThe Allied leaders at Yalta had divided Ger-
many into four occupation zones The SovietUnion controlled the eastern part of the countrywhile the United States Britain and Francedivided the western part The German capital of Berlin located deep within Soviet-controlled East Germany was also dividedamong the four nations
President Truman believed that a reunitedGermany was essential to the future of EuropeStalin on the other hand feared that a reunitedGermany would once again pose a threat to theSoviet Union He sought to maintain Sovietinfluence in a divided Germany Tensions overthe German issue led to a serious crisis in 1948
The Berlin BlockadeOn June 7 1948 the United States Britain
and France announced that they were unitingtheir zones to form a new West German repub-lic Each nationrsquos section of Berlin would beincluded in this republic as well even though the city lay within Soviet-held East Germany
The Berlin blockade was Stalinrsquos answer to theWestrsquos plans for West Germany On June 24 1948Soviet troops rushed into position around theedge of West Berlin Almost overnight they cre-ated a blockade stopping traffic on all highway
null
24623862
nationsmdashthe Federal Republic of Germany orWest Germany and the German DemocraticRepublic or East Germanymdashbecame official
Analyzing How did the Soviet Unionrespond to plans to form a new West German republic
Two Armed CampsThe crisis in Berlin confirmed that the United
States and the Soviet Union were locked in acold warmdasha war in which the two enemies didnot actually fight each other Instead each nationbegan building up its military forces and armsto intimidate the other European nations beganto take sides in this mounting cold war
The United States and the countries of West-ern Europe agreed that the best way to containthe Soviets was through mutual defense In
792 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
Berlin AirliftIn June 1948 the Soviet Union halted all traffic by land
or water into or out of Western-controlled Berlin AlliedPowers began supplying the cityrsquos 25 million residents withthe necessities of lifemdashby air Night and day for more than10 months British and United States cargo planescarried food medicine clothing raw materialsand even coal to Berlin World opinion turnedagainst the Soviet Union and its tactics of starvinginnocent people to achieve its goals Berlin becamea symbol of Americarsquos fight against communism
The effortmdashsome 278000 flights delivering 2 million tons of suppliesmdashmelted the hatredbetween former American and German enemies InMay 1949 the Soviet Union finally lifted its blockade
A West Berlin taxi driver explained how the airlift boosted the morale
of the people of BerlinldquoThere You hear There is another plane
And therersquos another Our faith doesnrsquot comefrom our hearts or our brain anymore
It comes through the earsrdquo
railroad and water routes through East Germany to West Berlin As a result WestBerlin and its two million citizens were cut off from vital supplies The Soviets hoped thisblockade would drive the West out of Berlin
The Berlin AirliftPresident Truman refused to give in to the
Soviets ldquoWe stay in Berlin periodrdquo he declaredbut he did not want to risk war by using militaryforce to end the blockade Instead he organizeda massive airlift to save the city American andBritish cargo planes began flying food fuel andother supplies into West Berlin
The Berlin airlift continued day and night formore than 10 months delivering tons of suppliesto West Berlin Realizing that the Western powersintended to stay in the city Stalin ended the Berlinblockade in May 1949 Despite the success of theairlift Berlin and Germany remained divided In October 1949 the division of Germany into two
null
1190639
793CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
April 1949 the United States Canada and 10Western European nations signed a pact estab-lishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) The agreement stated that ldquoan armedattack against one or more of [the membernations] shall be considered an attack againstallrdquo To defend against a possible Soviet inva-sion of Western Europe the NATO countriescreated a large military force
In response to NATO the Soviet Union cre-ated an alliance of its own with the Communistgovernments of Eastern Europe The allianceestablished in 1955 by mutual defense treatiesknown as the Warsaw Pact had a military forcethat the Soviet Union controlled The formationof NATO and the Warsaw Pact divided Europeinto two armed camps
The United States RearmsAfter World War II some of President Trumanrsquos
foreign policy advisers in the National SecurityCouncil (NSC) argued that America could not relyon other nations to contain the Soviets and resistthe spread of communism Unlike George Kennanand the supporters of the containment policy theNSC advisers believed the United States neededto take a more active stand against communismeverywheremdashnot just in strategic locations
In 1950 the NSC released a report known asNSC-68 which said that the United States mustactively
ldquofoster the seeds of destruction within theSoviet Unionrdquo
and fight communist movements wherever theyarose The United States committed itself tocombating communist expansion everywhere inthe world
5 kilometers0Albers Conic Equal-Area projection
5 miles0
N
S
EW
Spree R
EASTGERMANY
Gatow Tempelhof
Tegel
EastBerlinWest
Berlin
Berlin Wall
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin closed all roads and railwaysinto the Western sections of Berlin cutting off supplies offood and fuel All flights were streamed along one of three20-mile wide air corridors
Airports
American sector
British sector
French sector
Soviet sector
Berlin A Divided City
null
9597286
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a paragraph in
which you use each of the followingterms correctly iron curtain con-tainment airlift cold war
2 Reviewing Facts Did the Berlinblockade force the Western powersto leave the city Explain
Reviewing Themes3 Global Connections What was the
purpose of the Truman Doctrine
Critical Thinking4 Analyzing Information Explain why
the United Statesrsquos actions during theBerlin blockade were considered partof a ldquocold warrdquo
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below andexplain how the Marshall Plan helpedto contain the spread of communism
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
of Europe on page 789 Was Spain aneutral nation Was Turkey a NATOmember
Independence MovementsAs the Cold War grew more bitter in Europe
nations in other parts of the world were under-going dramatic changes Many states broke freeof colonial rule and established independence
The Philippines gained independence fromthe United States in 1946 For years afterwardFilipinos struggled with terrible poverty gov-ernment corruption and civil war In the late1940s Asian countries such as India Pakistanand Burma broke away from the British Empireto form new nations During the 1950s and theearly 1960s more than 25 African nations gainedindependence from European colonial powersThe path to independence in Africa was oftenbloody Once free the new nations faced theenormous task of building modern societies
In the Middle East Jews and Arabs bothclaimed the region of Palestine an area the
British had controlled In 1947 the United Nationsproposed dividing Palestine into independentJewish and Arab states with Jerusalem as aninternational city The Jews accepted the plan butthe Arab states did not After declaring its inde-pendence the new Jewish state of Israel wasattacked by Arab armies in the first of six majorwars between the Arabs and Israel
Communism in ChinaPerhaps the most threatening change of the
postwar period occurred in China the largestcountry in Asia In 1949 a long civil war endedwith the victory of Chinese Communist forcesled by Mao Zedong (MAU ZUHbullDUNG) overthe armies commanded by Chiang Kai-shek(JEEbullAHNG KYbullSHEHK) the head of the Chi-nese government Mao Zedong formed a newCommunist state the Peoplersquos Republic ofChina while Chiang Kai-shek retreated with hisforces to the island of Taiwan off the southeast-ern coast of China The United States recognizedthe government in Taiwan as the legitimate gov-ernment of all China
With Communists in control of mainlandChina the Soviet Union had a powerful ally inAsia It appeared to many people that the entirecontinent of Asia was in danger of converting to communism
Identifying What new nation wasformed in the Middle East in the 1940s
794 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
Geography Compare a map ofAfrica after World War II to a mapof Africa today Photocopy or drawa modern map and indicate fivecountries that have changed theirnames or boundaries
Germany is reunified On October 3 1990 the two parts of Germany finally reunited and Berlinmdashrejoined asone citymdashagain became the nationrsquos official capital TheGerman governmentrsquos move to Berlin from the WestGerman capital of Bonn is scheduled to be completed in the year 2003
Germany
Marshall Plan
null
13175887
CHAPTER XX Chapter Title 795
Why Learn This SkillHave you heard someone say ldquoYou canrsquot judge him
on face valuerdquo It means that people things you seeor things you read might not be as they appear to beThere might be a double or hidden meaning to what you see or hear
Learning the SkillInferences are ideas that are not directly stated
Making Inferences involves reading between thelines to interpret what you are seeing You call uponsome previous knowledge or just use common sense
Practicing the SkillFirst published at the beginning of the Cold War
Animal Farm by George Orwell tells the story of a farm taken over by its overworked mistreated animals The fable exposes the negative effects thattotalitarian government can have on society Readthis passage from George Orwellrsquos novel AnimalFarm Then answer the questions that follow
Squealer tries to persuade the animals thatNapoleon is a good leader saying ldquoDo notimagine comrades that leadership is a pleas-ure On the contrary it is a deep and heavyresponsibility No one believes more firmlythan Comrade Napoleon that all animals areequal He would be only too happy to let youmake your decisions for yourselves Butsometimes you might make the wrong deci-sions comrades and then where should webe Suppose you had decided to follow Snowball rdquo
ldquoHe fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshedrdquo said somebody
ldquoBravery is not enoughrdquo said Squealer ldquoLoyalty and obedience are more important rdquo
1 Does Squealer represent the leaders or the common animals
2 Why does he say that leadership is a ldquodeep andheavy responsibilityrdquo
3 Squealer says that all animals are equal Does hereally believe this Explain
Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
Making Inferences
On one level George Orwellrsquos AnimalFarm describes the price we pay whenwe do not safeguard our freedoms
Applying the SkillMaking Inferences Choose a poem or a quotefound in a newspaper that you think has morethan one meaning Share your selection with aclassmate to see if they infer a hidden meaning
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills
null
12434037
796
1944Congress approves the GI Bill of Rights
1946Miners and railroadworkers strike
1947Taft-Hartley Actlimits unions
1948Truman wins thepresidency
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
When soldiers returned home after World War II they came back to a nation facingthe difficult task of changing from wartime to peacetime Would the economy collapseagain and another depression sweep the country President Truman was optimisticldquoWe are having our little troubles now Just a blow-up after a little let-down from warrdquoPublic concern however forced the nationrsquos political leaders into a heated debate overthe best way to deal with Americarsquos economic problems
Economics
The Postwar EconomyAfter World War II the nation and its economy had to adjust to peacetime
life Industries had to shift from producing war materials to making consumergoods Defense workers had to be retrained to work in consumer industriesand returning soldiers needed jobs
During the war government price controls had kept the cost of consumergoods such as food and clothing quite stable When the government removedthese controls prices began to surge This rise in prices or inflation also resultedfrom a huge increase in consumer demand and spending During the war years
$
Main IdeaThe Truman administration pushedfor economic and social reform
Key Termsinflation closed shop
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and identify three measuresthat were part of Trumanrsquos Fair Deal
Read to Learnbull what economic problems Ameri-
cans faced after World War IIbull what actions President Truman and
Congress proposed to deal with thenationrsquos problems
Section ThemeEconomic Factors Americans tried toadjust to a peacetime economy afterWorld War II
Postwar Politics
Harry S Truman
The Fair Deal
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1944 1948 1946
null
8134505
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
Americans had saved their money because manyconsumer goods were unavailable or rationedNow they were eager to spend this money onnew consumer products and services
Workers Seek Higher WagesAs a result of inflation consumer prices rose at
a much faster rate than wages During the warworkers had accepted government controls onwages and agreed not to strike Now they wouldno longer be put off When employers refused toraise wages labor unions called for strikes In1945 and 1946 millions of steelworkers railroadworkers and others walked off their jobsdemanding higher wages and better conditions
Labor unrest and strikes disrupted the nationrsquoseconomy When miners went on strike in 1946many Americans feared that dwindling coal sup-plies would cause the economy to grind to a haltAt about the same time a strike by railroadworkers caused a total shutdown of the nationrsquosrailroads which were vital to the economy
Truman Takes ActionAlarmed by the labor unrest President Tru-
man pressured the striking miners and railroadworkers to go back to their jobs In May 1946 he threatened to draft them into the army if theydid not return to work The president insisted hehad the right to take such steps to keep vitalindustries operating
President Truman finally forced striking min-ers back on the job by having the governmenttake over the mines At the same time howeverhe persuaded the mine owners to grant many ofthe workersrsquo demands Truman also pressuredrailroad workers to return to work
Describing What happened to theprice of consumer goods when demand grew after the war
Truman Faces the RepublicansIn September 1945 President Truman a
Democrat presented Congress with a plan ofdomestic reforms aimed at solving some of thenationrsquos economic problems Truman latercalled this program the Fair Deal
Truman proposed to raise the minimum wageexpand Social Security benefits increase federalspending to create jobs build new public hous-ing and create a system of national health insur-ance However because of opposition by acoalition of Republicans and Southern Demo-crats these measures failed to pass in Congress
Republicans Control CongressMany Americans blamed Truman and the
Democratic Party for the nationrsquos economicproblems In the congressional elections of 1946the slogan ldquoHad Enoughrdquo helped Republicanswin control of both houses of Congress
The new Republican Congress moved quicklyto create its own plans for the nation Havingrejected Trumanrsquos program for reform theRepublicans now set up proposals to enact aprogram that would limit government spend-ing control labor unions reduce governmentregulation of the economy and reverse policiesadopted in the 1930s under FDRrsquos New Deal
For many Republicans in Congress the mostimportant problem facing the nation was laborunrest and the growing power of labor unionsConservative Republicans favored big business
797
President Truman and Congress were often at odds over the Fair Deal What is the car-toonist saying about Trumanrsquos power
Analyzing Political Cartoons
null
18975636
and wanted to limit the power of unions In the spring of 1947 Congress introduced theTaft-Hartley bill This bill limited the actionsworkers could take against their employers Itoutlawed the closed shop a workplace thathires only union members It also allowed thegovernment to temporarily stop any strike thatendangered public health or safety This provi-sion aimed to prevent any future strikes likethose of the miners and the railroad workers theyear before Union members and their leaderssharply criticized the Taft-Hartley Act calling ita ldquoslave labor billrdquo Although President Trumanopposed recent strikes he also knew that theDemocrats needed the support of labor Trumanvetoed the act but the Republican-controlledCongress overrode his veto
Government ReorganizationOne issue on which Truman and Congress
agreed was the need to improve the adminis-tration of the federal government which had
greatly expanded since the New Deal In 1947Truman appointed a commission headed byformer President Herbert Hoover to studyways of improving the efficiency of govern-ment Out of the Hoover Commissionrsquos workcame plans to create new government depart-ments and agencies
In 1947 Congress passed the National Secu-rity Act It unified the army navy marines andair force under the Department of Defense Asecretary of defense headed the new depart-ment The act also set up a permanent JointChiefs of Staff made up of the heads of each ofthe armed forces to coordinate military policyA National Security Council operating out ofthe White House would advise the presidenton foreign and military matters
The National Security Act also set up anotherinstitution the Central Intelligence Agency(CIA) The CIA aids American foreign policy by collecting information about what is going onin other countries evaluating it and passing it
798 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
By making it possible for millions of GIrsquos to go to collegethe GI Bill changed US higher education forever Universityeducation was now open to people from every income level
The GI Bill
In 1944 Congress passed the ServicemenrsquosReadjustment Act better known as the GI
Bill of Rights GI stands for governmentissue This law provided billions of dollarsin loans to help returning GIrsquosmdashsoldierssailors and marinesmdashattend collegereceive special training set up businessesor buy homes It also provided unemploy-ment and health benefits for the GIrsquos asthey looked for jobs
null
12131032
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
on to the president and other foreign-policydecision makers The CIA uses its own secretagents paid informers and friendly govern-ments to collect such information
Many Americans feared that the CIA wouldbe used to spy on American citizens Trumanhowever promised that the new agency wouldoperate only in foreign lands and would notbring ldquopolice state methodsrdquo into Americansociety The CIA was so successful that in 1949Congress gave that agency the right to receiveexchange and spend money without givingaccount to Congress
The Election of 1948As the 1948 presidential election approached
Truman appeared to be the underdog Continu-ing economic problems made the presidentunpopular with many Americans and his lackof success in winning passage of domesticreforms made Trumanrsquos administration lookweak and ineffective
Divisions within the Democratic Party alsoincreased the chances of an easy Republican vic-tory At the partyrsquos national convention a groupof Southern Democrats walked out to protestTrumanrsquos support for civil rights legislation TheSouthern Democrats formed the Statesrsquo RightsDemocratic Party or Dixiecrats and nominatedGovernor Strom Thurmond of South Carolinafor president At the same time some liberalmembers of the Democratic Party left to formthe Progressive Party with Henry Wallace astheir nominee for president Wallace opposedTrumanrsquos foreign policy and called for closer tiesbetween the United States and the Soviet Union
Dewey Leads PollsWith the Democrats badly divided it looked
as though Governor Thomas Dewey of NewYork the Republican nominee would surelywin the election Opinion polls showed Deweywith a huge lead One pollster remarked ldquoMrDewey is still so clearly ahead that we might justas well get ready to listen to his inauguralrdquo
Landmark Legislation With roughly 8 million citizens in uniform in 1945and 22 million involved in war production the GIBill helped guide a wartime economy smoothlyback into a peacetime economy
ldquoMore than 2250000 American veterans of WWIIreceived at least part of their college education as aresult of legislation known as the GI Billrdquo ndashMichael D Haydock historian
799
null
11974306
800 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
President Truman displays a newspaper headlinethat incorrectly declared Thomas E Dewey as the winner of the 1948 presidential race
The Election of 1948
WASH8
OREG6
CALIF25
NEV3
IDAHO4
MONT4
WYO3
UTAH4
ARIZ4 N MEX
4
COLO6
N DAK4
S DAK4
NEBR6
KANS8
OKLA10
TEXAS23
MINN11
WIS12
IOWA10
MO15
ARK9
LA10
MISS9
ALA11
FLA8
GA12
SC8
NC14TENN
VA11KY 11
ILL28
IND13
MICH19
OHIO25 W
VA8
PA35
NY47
NJ 16
ME5VT
3
NH4
MASS 16
RI 4CONN 8
DEL 3
MD8
111
1 Region From which region did Thurmond receive support2 Analyzing Information By how many electoral votes
did Truman win over Dewey
CandidateElectoral
VotePopular
VotePolitical
Party
303 Democrat
39
189 Republican
24105 8 1 2
21970065
1 1 6 9 021
Truman
Dewey
Thurmond States Rights
Truman campaigned aggressively Travelingmore than 30000 miles (48000 km) by train on a ldquowhistle-stoprdquo tour of the country he gavesome 250 speeches along the way In town aftertown he sharply attacked what he called ldquothat do-nothing good-for-nothing worst Congressrdquofor rejecting his Fair Deal legislation
Truman Stages an UpsetOn Election Day experts still expected Dewey
to win Expectations for a Republican victorywere so great that on the evening of the elec-tionmdashbefore many votes were countedmdashtheChicago Daily Tribune newspaper issued a specialedition announcing ldquoDewey Defeats Trumanrdquo
The nation was in for a great surprise Whenall the ballots were counted Truman had edgedout Dewey by more than two million votes in anarrow upset victory Democrats also regainedcontrol of both the House of Representativesand the Senate in the election
Analyzing Why was the outcome ofthe 1948 presidential election a surprise
A Fair Deal for AmericansTruman took the election results as a sign that
Americans wanted reform He quickly reintro-duced the Fair Deal legislation he had presented to Congress in 1945 Some of thesereform measures passed but his plan lackedbroad support and Congress defeated most ofthe measures Congress did pass laws to raisethe minimum wage expand Social Security ben-efits for senior citizens and provide funds forhousing for low-income families
CitizenshipA Stand on Civil Rights
In a message to Congress in 1948 PresidentTruman declared
ldquoWe shall not however finally achieve theideals for which this nation was founded so longas any American suffers discrimination as aresult of his race or religion or color or theland of origin of his forefathersrdquo
null
11331727
and ordered the armed forcesto desegregatemdashto end theseparation of races The pres-ident also instructed the Jus-
tice Department to activelyenforce existing civil rights lawsWhen Truman proposed his
domestic agenda to Congress in 1949he proclaimed that ldquoevery segment of our pop-ulation and every individual has a right toexpect from our government a fair dealrdquo Tru-man asked for the clearance of slums govern-ment-backed medical insurance higherminimum wages and more federal money forpublic schools Although much of the presi-dentrsquos Fair Deal vision went unfulfilled hemade an important start toward improving thelives of millions of Americans
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the terms inflation
and closed shop in sentences thatwill help explain their meaning
2 Reviewing Facts What actions didPresident Truman take in order toadvance the civil rights of AfricanAmericans
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors What factors
caused inflation of prices after World War II
Critical Thinking4 Determining Cause and Effect How
did the Taft-Hartley Act affect busi-ness and unions
5 Organizing Information Completea diagram like the one shown bydescribing the adjustments made inthe United States to convert from awartime to a peacetime economy
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the elec-
tion map on page 800 Was the totalnumber of votes cast for Dewey andThurmond greater than Trumanrsquostotal
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 801
Peace-time
Although Truman championed ending suchdiscrimination he was unable to persuade Congress to pass legislation that would protectthe voting rights of African Americans abolishthe poll tax and make lynching a federal crimeStill President Truman did take serious steps toadvance the civil rights of African Americans Heordered federal departments and agencies to endjob discrimination against African Americans
Wartime
African Americans welcome Truman to Harlemduring his 1948 presidential campaign How wasTruman successful in advancing civil rights
History
1948 civil rights button
Economics View copies of newspa-pers published five years ago Comparethe prices of three items advertisedat that time to the same items todayCalculate the percent of increase (ordecrease) in price for each of theproducts
and ordered the armed forcesto desegregatemdashto end theseparation of races The pres-ident also instructed the Jus-
tice Department to activelyenforce existing civil rights lawsWhen Truman proposed his
domestic agenda to Congress in 1949he proclaimed that ldquoevery segment of our pop-ulation and every individual has a right toexpect from our government a fair dealrdquo Tru-man asked for the clearance of slums govern-ment-backed medical insurance higherminimum wages and more federal money forpublic schools Although much of the presi-dentrsquos Fair Deal vision went unfulfilled hemade an important start toward improving thelives of millions of Americans
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the terms inflation
and closed shop in sentences thatwill help explain their meaning
2 Reviewing Facts What actions didPresident Truman take in order toadvance the civil rights of AfricanAmericans
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors What factors
caused inflation of prices after World War II
Critical Thinking4 Determining Cause and Effect How
did the Taft-Hartley Act affect busi-ness and unions
5 Organizing Information Completea diagram like the one shown bydescribing the adjustments made inthe United States to convert from awartime to a peacetime economy
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the elec-
tion map on page 800 Was the totalnumber of votes cast for Dewey andThurmond greater than Trumanrsquostotal
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 801
Peace-time
Although Truman championed ending suchdiscrimination he was unable to persuade Congress to pass legislation that would protectthe voting rights of African Americans abolishthe poll tax and make lynching a federal crimeStill President Truman did take serious steps toadvance the civil rights of African Americans Heordered federal departments and agencies to endjob discrimination against African Americans
Wartime
African Americans welcome Truman to Harlemduring his 1948 presidential campaign How wasTruman successful in advancing civil rights
History
1948 civil rights button
Economics View copies of newspa-pers published five years ago Comparethe prices of three items advertisedat that time to the same items todayCalculate the percent of increase (ordecrease) in price for each of theproducts
null
7314302
802
June 1950North Korea invades South Korea
April 1951Truman fires General MacArthur
July 1953Cease-fire agreement is signed
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
The bitter wind stung the raw faces of 12 US Marine officers They had just foughtfor five bloody days to lead their troops out of a Chinese trap in the icy wastes of north-east Korea Now they listened to the words of their commander ldquoWe are going tocome out of this as Marines not as stragglers Wersquore going to bring out our woundedand our equipment Wersquore coming out as Marines or not at allrdquo Two more days offighting followed as the tired but determined Marines held off fierce enemy attacksWith the arrival of air cover on the third day the Marines were able to push back theChinese and make their escape
Conflict in KoreaBefore June 1950 few Americans knew much about Korea a small east Asian
country located on the Korean Peninsula west of Japan In 1945 Korea was acolony of Japan At the end of World War II Japan was stripped of its territorialpossessions The United States and the Soviet Union both sent troops into Koreaand agreed to occupy it temporarily They divided the peninsula in half alongthe 38th parallel of latitude with the Soviets controlling North Korea and theAmericans controlling South Korea
Main IdeaAmericans under the United Nationsflag fought to stop a Communisttakeover of the Korean peninsula
Key Termsstalemate demilitarized zone
Reading StrategySequencing Information As youread the section re-create the timeline below and list key events in theKorean War
Read to Learnbull what events led to the Korean Warbull how Americarsquos war aims changed
during the war
Section ThemeGlobal Connections The UnitedStates fought in Korea to stop Com-munist expansion
The Korean War
June 251950
Oct 191950
Nov 261950
April 111951
July 271953
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1950 1952 1954
Korean service medal
null
826511
803CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
The Soviet Union and the United States couldnot agree on how to unify Korea When thesetwo nations removed their forces in 1949 Korearemained divided Tensions between the twoKoreas were high
On June 24 1950 President Truman flew to his home in Independence Missouri for a briefvacation While sitting on his porch on a hotsummer night the president received a tele-phone call from Secretary of State Dean AchesonldquoMr Presidentrdquo Acheson said in a grim tone ldquoIhave very serious news The North Koreans haveinvaded South Koreardquo Truman knew this meantonly one thing the United States soon would beinvolved in military action in Asia
The Invasion of South KoreaAfter the American troops pulled out of South
Korea North Korea decided to unify the countryby force On June 25 1950 the armies of NorthKorea crossed the 38th parallel into South KoreaPoorly armed the South Koreans were no matchfor the North Within days the Communistforces had gained control over much of SouthKorea including Seoul the capital city
President Truman reacted quickly to theKorean invasion which he believed was sup-ported by the Soviet Union Without askingCongress to actually declare war Trumanordered the use of limited American air and seaforces in Korea He called this ldquopolice actionrdquonecessary to carry out Americarsquos policy of con-tainment Truman said
ldquoKorea is the Greece of the Far East If we aretough enough now if we stand up to them likewe did in Greece three years ago they wonrsquottake any next stepsrdquo
United Nations RespondsAt the same time President Truman asked the
UN to send forces to defend the South KoreansThe United Nations condemned the invasion ofSouth Korea and agreed to send a special forceto the region under the United Statesrsquos directionPresident Truman quickly appointed GeneralDouglas MacArthur a hero of World War II tocommand the UN forces
On June 30 just days after the North Koreaninvasion General MacArthur led Americantroops into Korea to stop the Communistadvance By the end of 1950 other nations weresupplying troops or other assistance to theAmerican-led war effort Even so Americansmade up the majority of troops throughout theKorean War
The United Nations had a clear but difficultgoalmdashpush the North Koreans back across the38th parallel When China intervened in the con-flict this goal changed causing Truman andMacArthur to clash over military strategy
11
44
33
22
N
S
EW
100 kilometers0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
100 miles0
134degE
42degN
38degN
34degN
122degE
YaluR
Seaof
Japan
SOUTHKOREA
NORTHKOREA
PEOPLESREPUBLICOF CHINA
SOVIETUNION
JAPANPusan
SeoulInchon
Panmunjom
Pyongyang
The Korean War1950ndash1953
The Korean War raged along the Korean Peninsula1 Place What city is located along the 38th parallel2 Analyzing Information Whose forces landed at
Inchon in September 1950
Farthest advance ofNorth KoreansSept 1950
UN landing Sept 1950
Farthest advance ofUN forces Nov 1950
Farthest advance ofNorth Koreans andChinese Jan 1951
11
22
33
44
Capital city
Truce line July 1953
null
15511461
Early Phases of the WarBy September 1950 North Korean forces had
pushed all the way to the southern tip of theKorean Peninsula Only a small area in thesoutheast around the port city of Pusan was stillheld by the South Korean army
After joining the South Koreans GeneralMacArthur designed a bold counterattackagainst North Korea In September UnitedNations forces made a daring landing midwayon the Korean Peninsula near the port ofInchon They took that strategic city and movedon to recapture Seoul
Meanwhile American and UN troops beganpushing north from Pusan By October 1 theNorth Koreans caught between UN forcesadvancing from both Seoul and Pusan wereforced to retreat north across the 38th parallelSouth Korea now came under the control of theUnited Nations forces
Taking the OffensiveEncouraged by this success General Mac-
Arthur urged President Truman to order aninvasion of North Korea He assured Trumanthat neither China nor the Soviet Union wouldenter the war to help North Korea and he prom-ised to have troops ldquohome by Christmasrdquo Tru-man sought and received approval from theUnited Nations to cross the 38th parallel invadethe North and create ldquoa unified independentand democratic Koreardquomdasha new goal for the war
After receiving these new orders MacArthurmoved his forces northward The UN forces cap-tured Pyongyang the North Korean capital onOctober 19 and then moved north toward theYalu River part of North Korearsquos border withChina Total victory seemed just days away
As the UN forces advanced the United Statesreceived a warning from the Chinese If theinvasion of North Korea continued Chinawould send in its army to support the NorthKoreans Believing the Chinese warning was abluff President Truman allowed MacArthur tocontinue moving north
The Chinese were not bluffing however Bylate October thousands of Chinese troops beganmassing along the border and some crossed theYalu River southward into North Korea OnNovember 26 huge numbers of Chinese troopslaunched an attack on United Nations forcesBadly outnumbered the UN forces retreatedsouth back across the 38th parallel Withinweeks the Communists had recaptured Seoul
Describing What line separatedNorth from South Korea
American Leadership DividedBy January 1951 United Nations forces man-
aged to stop their retreat Launching a coun-teroffensive they retook Seoul and pushed theCommunists back across the 38th parallel Thewar now became a stalemate a situation inwhich neither side was able to gain muchground or achieve a decisive victory The stale-mate lasted for almost two years with much bitter fighting along the 38th parallel
804 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
American troops move forward to the battlefieldwhile South Korean women and children flee fromthe Communists What was the state of theKorean conflict by January 1951
History
null
16979686
Truman and MacArthur DisagreeAs the stalemate dragged on President Tru-
man began to consider negotiating an end to thefighting General MacArthur however arguedthat the UN forces should now attack Chinaeither by invading the country or by bombingChinese troops stationed in North Korea Tru-man opposed MacArthurrsquos plan fearing thatsuch actions would lead to a larger war withChina or escalate into another world war
In a letter to a member of Congress Mac-Arthur complained that he was being kept fromdoing his job ldquoWe must winrdquo he wrote ldquoThereis no substitute for victoryrdquo
On April 11 1951 President Truman relievedGeneral MacArthur of his command in Korea ldquoIcould do nothing else and still be president of theUnited Statesrdquo Truman concluded He wrote
ldquoIf I allowed him to defy the civil authoritiesin this manner I myself would be violating myoath to uphold and defend the Constitutionrdquo
MacArthurrsquos firing created a storm of protestin the United States The general was extremelypopular and polls showed that a majority ofAmericans supported him against the presidentMoreover MacArthur did not go quietly After receiving a herorsquos welcome on his return to theUnited States he delivered a farewell speech toCongress ldquoOld soldiers never dierdquo he saidldquothey just fade awayrdquo
Ending the ConflictThe two sides in the
Korean War begannegotiations in July1951 The talks lastedfor two years before acease-fire agreementwas signed on July 271953 during the presi-dency of Dwight Eisenhower This agreementending the war created a demilitarized zonemdasharegion where military forces could not entermdashbetween North and South Korea The zoneextended roughly a mile and a half on eitherside of the 38th parallel
The Korean War ended with neither sideachieving victory and almost no change in terri-tory Losses had been great More than 54000Americans died in the war and another 103000were wounded Nearly two million Koreans andChinese lost their lives and large portions ofNorth and South Korea were devastated
Americarsquos involvement in the Korean War senta clear message to the Soviet Union The UnitedStates was committed to fighting Communistexpansion with money arms and even lives Atthe same time the inability of the United States towin a clear victory contributed to uncertainty athome about the nationrsquos foreign policy
Comparing How did Trumanrsquos viewon the Korean War differ from General MacArthurrsquos view
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define the following
terms stalemate demilitarizedzone
2 Reviewing Facts How did theKorean War begin
Reviewing Themes3 Global Connections How did Amer-
ican goals change during the courseof the Korean War
Critical Thinking4 Identifying Central Issues Do you
think Truman should have allowedMacArthur to attack China Why orwhy not
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and provide tworeasons for the Korean War endingin a stalemate
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 803 When did UN forcesmake their farthest advance
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 805
Persuasive Writing Write a one-page editorial in which you arguewhether a US military leadershould or should not be able tooverride a presidentrsquos decision
Stalemate
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 27mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on theKorean War
null
16498985
806
1947House Un-American ActivitiesCommittee holds hearings
1950Congress passes theMcCarran Act
1954McCarthy is censured
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
In 1947 a congressional committee held public hearings on the alleged communistinfluence in the Hollywood film industry Many witnesses called before the committeewere asked the same questions ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member ofthe Communist Partyrdquo Two witnesses denied having communist ties but 10 othersrefused to give a straight ldquoyesrdquo or ldquonordquo answer In dramatic moments worthy of themovies these ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo challenged the committeersquos right to ask about theirpolitical beliefs One of the accused yelled ldquoThis is the beginning of an American concentration camprdquo
Cold War FearsThe Cold War intensified Americansrsquo fears of communist subversion or
sabotage Stories of stolen government documents and spy rings gripped thecountry in the late 1940s Then in 1949 Americans learned that the Soviet Unionhad built its own atomic bomb
Many Americans worried that Communist spies and sympathizersmdashpeoplefriendly to Communists or ldquoRedsrdquo as they were knownmdashhad penetrated alllevels of American society and were attempting to weaken the government
Main IdeaLife in Cold War America was markedby a search for security
Key Termssubversion blacklist perjuryallege censure
Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and explain why these individ-uals are important
Read to Learnbull what effect Cold War fears had on
domestic politicsbull how McCarthyism affected the
nation
Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy Ameri-cans of the postwar era took steps tocombat the spread of communismwithin the United States
The Red Scare
John Howard Lawson of the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo
Historical significance
Alger HissEthel RosenbergJoseph McCarthy
1953The Rosenbergs areexecuted as spies
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1945 1950 1955
null
753372
807CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
This Red Scare dominated the nationrsquos politicsfor years and led to a massive hunt to uncoverCommunists In this climate of fear few Ameri-cans were safe from accusations of disloyaltymdashnot even the president
Republican critics began accusing PresidentTruman of being too easy on Communists In1947 Truman responded by ordering an investi-gation into the loyalty of all federal employeesMillions of government workers had to undergosecurity checks and thousands were investi-gated by the FBI Although the investigationsfound little evidence of espionage many federalemployees lost their jobs
Loyalty Oaths and InvestigationsMany state and local governments colleges
and businesses began similar campaigns touncover communist subversion Some organiza-tions required individuals to sign oaths swearingtheir loyalty to the United States Those whorefused risked losing their jobs
In 1950 Congress passed the McCarran Actwhich required all Communist organizations toregister with the government and to providelists of members President Truman vetoed theact ldquoIn a free country we punish men for crimesthey commitrdquo he said ldquobut never for the opin-ions they holdrdquo Congress overrode his veto
In 1947 a congressional committee the HouseUn-American Activities Committee (HUAC)began investigating communist subversion inthe nation In widely publicized hearings thecommittee questioned people about their knowl-edge of Communists or Communist sympathiz-ers Individuals came under suspicion because ofthe beliefs of their friends or coworkersmdashguiltby association The committeersquos activities fueledan anti-Communist hysteria in the nation
HUAC launched a sensational investigationof the Hollywood film industry rumored to befull of Communists A number of those whowere summoned refused to testify and severalscreenwriters and directorsmdashthe ldquoHollywoodTenrdquomdashwent to jail for refusing to answer ques-tions about their political beliefs or those of theircolleagues Reacting to public and governmentpressure film companies created blacklistsmdash
lists of individuals whose loyalty was suspi-ciousmdashthat barred people from working in Hollywoodrsquos film industry
American Spies RevealedIn 1948 Whittaker Chambers a magazine
editor volunteered to testify before HUACAfter admitting that he had spied for the SovietUnion in the 1930s Chambers accused AlgerHiss a former State Department official of giv-ing him secret government documents in 1937and 1938 to pass on to the Soviets
Chambers produced secret State Departmentpapers he claimed were written by Hiss andmicrofilm of other secret documents Chambersswore that he had received the microfilm (whichwas hidden in a pumpkin) from Hiss Investiga-tors could not prosecute Hiss for spying becausetoo much time had passed since the events had occurred However he was found guilty ofperjury or lying and sent to prison
The Cold War pitted the Soviet Union and its alliesagainst the United States and its allies
Analyzing Information What organization did theWestern powers form
bull The Soviet Union expands intoEastern Europe
bull Communism extends into WesternEurope the Middle East and Asia
bull Western governments fear Sovietaggression
bull The United States aids anti-Communist forces
bull Western powers form NATO
bull The Korean War erupts
bull A USndashSoviet arms race develops
null
18505386
null
18505386
808 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
Margaret Chase Smithof Maine was the firstwoman to be elected toboth houses of Congress
First elected to theHouse in 1940 Smithmade many contributionsduring her four termsDuring World War II sheworked to improve theposition of women in themilitary She played amajor role in the passage
of a new law theWomenrsquos Armed ServicesIntegration Act (1948)that allowed women toserve as permanent regu-lar members of thenationrsquos military forces
Smith also served fourterms in the SenateNever afraid to speak outon the issues she wasone of the first to con-demn the tactics used by
Senator Joseph McCarthyin his crusade againstcommunism
In 1964 Smith was oneof the presidential nomi-nees at the RepublicanNational Conventionmaking her the firstwoman to have her nameplaced in nomination by amajor political party
The most dramatic spy case to come beforeHUAC involved the atomic bomb Julius andEthel Rosenberg a New York couple who weremembers of the Communist Party were accusedof plotting to pass secret information about theatomic bomb to the Soviet Union Brought totrial in 1951 the Rosenbergs were convicted andsentenced to death The judge in the casedeclared their crime ldquoworse than murderrdquo
Groups around the world protested the sen-tence as a gross injustice but higher courtsupheld the death sentence decision Executed in1953 the Rosenbergs maintained their inno-cence to the end and claimed that they were per-secuted because of their political beliefs
Explaining What did the McCarranAct require
McCarthyismFrom 1950 to 1954 the hunt for Communists
in America was dominated by Senator JosephMcCarthy of Wisconsin During those yearsMcCarthy publicly attacked many peopleallegedmdashdeclared without proofmdashto be Com-
munists His unfounded accusations destroyedthe careers of many innocent Americans andheightened the atmosphere of anti-Communisthysteria in the country A new word was coinedMcCarthyism which came to mean the use ofunproved accusations against political oppo-nents
Joseph McCarthy rose to national attentionalmost overnight In a speech in Wheeling WestVirginia in February 1950 he announced thatAmerica had been betrayed by the ldquotraitorousactionsrdquo of certain individuals Raising a sheetof paper he claimed to have in his hand a list of205 State Department employees who weremembers of the Communist Party Millions ofAmericans believed McCarthyrsquos charges
During the next four years McCarthy contin-ued to accuse government officials and others ofbeing Communists His congressional subcom-mittee attacked and bullied the people it calledto testify Many federal employees resigned orwere dismissed as a result of McCarthyrsquos inves-tigations
Even the most powerful government officialshesitated to oppose him McCarthy often targetedDemocrats He and his Republican colleagues in
null
13186336
Congress saw anticommunism as an importantissue to use against the Democratic Party SomeRepublican candidates for Congress includingRichard Nixon successfully smeared their oppo-nents with charges of being soft on communismSuch tactics worked because so many Americansfeared the threat of communism
McCarthyrsquos DownfallIn 1954 McCarthy launched an investigation
of the United States Army He made alarmingclaims that Communists had infiltrated the mili-tary In a series of televised hearings watched bymillions of Americans McCarthy hurled wildaccusations at highly respected army officials
The televised Army-McCarthy Hearingsproved the turning point in the McCarthy inves-tigations For weeks Americans witnessedMcCarthyrsquos sneering and cruel attacks Towardthe end of the hearings Joseph Welch an attor-ney for the army said to McCarthy
ldquoUntil this moment Senator I think I neverreally gauged your cruelty or your recklessness Have you left no sense of decencyrdquo
Many Americans now came to viewMcCarthy as a cruel bully who had little basisfor his accusations Congress also turned againstMcCarthy In December 1954 the Senate votedto censure or formally criticize him for ldquocon-duct unbecoming a senatorrdquo Censure and the
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define the following
terms subversion blacklist per-jury allege censure
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the aimof loyalty oaths
Reviewing Themes3 Government and Democracy What
negative effects did McCarthyrsquos anti-Communist actions have on Americansociety
Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions How do you
think television affected the outcomeof the Army-McCarthy hearings
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and give twoexamples of the governmentrsquosresponse to growing fears of communism
Analyzing Visuals6 Graphic Organizer Skills Examine
the cause-and-effect chart on page807 Into what areas did the SovietUnion expand What was one effectof the Cold War
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 809
Art Draw a political cartoon thatdescribes the effect you thinkJoseph McCarthy had on the Amer-ican people Make sure you includea caption with your cartoon
This 1950 cartoon shows McCarthy spreading chargesof disloyalty Why does the cartoonist portrayMcCarthy as the Statue of Liberty
Analyzing Political Cartoons
Government response
loss of public support ended McCarthyrsquos influ-ence Yet during the years when fears of com-munism had raged in the country McCarthyismhad damaged the lives of many innocent people
Describing What claims didMcCarthy make against the United States Army
null
10391367
810
Reviewing Key TermsOn graph paper create a word search puzzle using thefollowing terms Crisscross the terms vertically and hori-zontally then fill in the remaining squares with extra let-ters Use the termsrsquo definitions as clues to find the words inthe puzzle Share your puzzle with a classmate1 iron curtain 5 inflation2 containment 6 closed shop3 airlift 7 perjury4 cold war 8 allege
Reviewing Key Facts9 Who coined the phrase ldquoiron curtainrdquo What did
it represent10 What did the Marshall Plan provide11 What is a ldquocold warrdquo12 Why did many labor unions strike after the war13 What did the GI Bill provide14 Who did the major parties nominate for the presi-
dency in 1948 Who won the election15 What was the outcome of the conflict in Korea16 What was the purpose of the House Un-American
Activities Committee
Critical Thinking17 Analyzing Themes Global Connections What was
the strategy behind the Marshall Plan18 Analyzing Information How did Truman exercise his
power as commander in chief of the United States mil-itary during the Korean War
19 Drawing Conclusions In addition to fighting commu-nism what other motivation do you think SenatorMcCarthy had for his actions
20 Determining Cause and Effect Re-create the diagrambelow and identify two ways the United States used itsposition as the strongest and wealthiest nation in theworld to shape economic recovery in Europe
The Cold War EraSoviet UnitedUnion States
Shaping European recovery
Soviets occupy much of Eastern and Central
Europe
Truman Doctrine proposed Congress
approves Marshall Plan
US Britain and France unite to form
West German Republic
Berlin blockade
Berlin airlift
NATO Pact
Warsaw Pact
With UN US fights inKorean War
US builds largest military force
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 27mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 811
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
The United States started the Marshall Plan as a wayto prevent an economic collapse in Europe thatwould open the door to communism Which of thefollowing was another purpose of the Marshall Plan
A To shift the balance of power away from Asiannations
B To encourage European Allied efforts in WorldWar II
C To build a strong Europe on which Americaneconomic security could depend
D To prevent the Soviet Union from becoming amajor military power
Test-Taking Tip
This question requires you to remember a fact aboutthe Marshall Plan Remember that the plan was aneconomic programmdashthat is it provided money tohelp rebuild European economies Which answer
fits best with this information
Standardized Test Practice
Technology Activity31 Using the Internet Search the Internet for information
about how the United Nations is organized Design aflowchart or graphic organizer that shows the names ofeach of the main bodies of the UN and how they arerelated to each other
Alternative Assessment32 Portfolio Writing Activity The United States govern-
ment was anxious to avoid military conflict after WorldWar II Review the chapter and make a list of examples ofhow the United States government used negotiation andother nonviolent means to resolve international problemswithout resorting to war
Practicing SkillsMaking Inferences Examine the photograph that appears onpages 784 and 785 Then answer the questions that follow21 Describe the details in the painting 22 What feelings does the face of the young girl express 23 What do you know about the movement to integrate
schools during the 1950s 24 Putting all this together what do you infer as the reason
for the girlrsquos expression25 Find a newspaper or magazine photograph and write at
least three inferences based on the photo
Geography and History ActivityStudy the map on page 793 Then answer the questions thatfollow26 Region Among what four countries was Germany divided27 Place What country or countries occupied East Berlin28 Place What country or countries occupied West Berlin29 Location What is unusual about the location of the air-
ports in Berlin Explain your reasoning
Citizenship Cooperative Activity30 Military Service The GI Bill provided many benefits to
soldiers returning from World War II Through these ben-efits Americans who thought they could never go to col-lege or own their own homes could now achieve thesegoals Organize into four groups to explore the incentivesoffered today for people who join the United StatesArmy Navy Marines and Coast Guard Use the list ofquestions that follow to guide your grouprsquos research
bull Is attending college or another institution of extendedlearning still an option
bull What kinds of economic incentives are offered torecruits
bull What advantages are awarded to those joining thearmed services today that were not available at theend of World War II
Use your information to design a recruitment plan toattract people to a particular branch of the serviceInclude all forms of media in your plan such as bill-boards newspaper ads radio and television