Chapter 27

Empire and Expansion“IMPERIALISM”

Timeframe: 1890-1909

American Foreign & Domestic Policy

________: the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal ______________________, often in the form of an ____, based on _________________________________."

_________________ : the theory that supports warPost Civil War America: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DOMESTIC Issue: America focused on a domestic agenda and _________Foreign Issue: Emerge as a “___________” for _________________through

military strength, and social structureNew Conscious: STRENGTH, land hungry, pride….

3 GOALS / Influences of American Imperialism

(1) _______________________

(2) _____________________________________• Alfred T. Mahan – ___________________________• Purpose: the key to a nation’s power is to build up your military

(__________________) • Teddy Roosevelt’s (___________) _________________*Paint ships WHITE and cruise all around the worldPurpose: _________________________________(3) _____________________________________ *Saving Souls / Civilizing the uncivilizedExample: Rev. Josiah Strong’s Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its

Present Crisis. __________________________________(_______________________________)

- British Poem published in 1899

Latin American Imperialism________________

• James G. Blaine’s “________________________-”– to get Latin American countries behind the leadership of the U.S(Latin American Markets will be open to Yankee Traders)*_______________________ Washington D.C.(First conference to build a stronger relationship with Latin America)Extension of the __________________

HAWAII• Hawaii had been alluring to Americans since the early 1800's

when shippers, sailors, whalers, and missionaries went there.• Why is America interested:

– Shippers, merchants, sailors (_____________) – Pearl Harbor– Entrenched in Sugar and Fruit plantations ($)– America already largely ran the country through economic issues

as the plantations flourishedMAJOR Problem: Concerns were that (a) _______________________ and (b) ________________________(1890) = “protective tariff” was too

strictHow do we fix it?!?

Queen Liliuokalani• Last reigning queen of the Hawaiian Monarchy• Stood up for / defended the Hawaiian people from the imperialistic powers of the American leaders“_______________________________” - ____________________________ (1893) Led under the influence of the American Embassy Leader (__________________)“The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe…and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it”Papers were drawn up and sent to Washington D.C.Purpose: Annex the Hawaiian islands into America

*1892 – final year of Harrison’s term1893 – President Cleveland (2nd term) WITHDREW the treaty!

The United States would eventually GET / TAKE Hawaii in 1898

Spain and Cuba• 1895 – 1st Cuban Revolt: Cuban rebels (plantation burners) have

an uprising against the oppressive Spanish leaders. (MOST FAMOUS: _____________)

*Main focus: UNITED STATES “supports” Cuba(1) ______________________________________(2) it would be good for the ___________________________________________________________________(3) Cuba ___________________________where the U.S. was

dreaming of a ___________________.

Problem: Spain wants to restore order in Cuba!

_______________“The Butcher”

- Spanish General sent to restore order against the Cuban rebels

Tactics: created concentration camps(1/3 of Cuban Population)

Yellow Journalist LOVED these stories!

Causes of the Spanish American War(Indirect Cause of the Spanish American War)

(1) _________________________________________________________________________________________________William Randolph Hearst sent Frederic Remington down to Cuba and said“________________________________________________________________!”Purpose:

(Indirect Cause of the Spanish American War)(2) _________________________________________________:Spanish official Dupuy de Lôme wrote a letter which criticized Pres. McKinley William Randolph Hearst published the letter for all to read; Americans were upset.Cuban rebel intercepts and passes it along to America

(Direct Cause of the Spanish – American War)(3) ___________________________: February 15, 1898, when the U.S.S. Maine exploded at night in Havana harbor killing 260 American sailors.

1976 – U.S. found out Spain did not cause explosion

Spanish-American War in the Philippines

Teddy Roosevelt (Secretary of the Navy) sends ________________________to move to the Philippines (controlled by Spain) if war broke out.

May 1, 1898, Dewey moves outSpanish Navy vs. American Navy

(We were beasts!)Philippine Action: ___________________ led Filipino rebels against Spain

(supported America)TURNED AGAINST AMERICA and led the Philippine-American War

(_________________________)(ONLY country to fight America after the Spanish-American War ….from a

result of freedom from Spain)Result: The Philippines were sold to America for $20 Million and Congress

annexed them into America as a “_________________”Def:

After, Congress and McKinley wanted Hawaii…so they took it (annexation) on July 7, 1898

Let’s go to Cuba

Spanish-American War in Cuba• U.S. harbored in at Tampa, Florida• Spain in Santiago, Cuba*More deaths from disease than bullets***********_______________________– led by __________________and Leonard Wood- Volunteer Calvary that fought the Spanish soldiers in Cuba- Roosevelt resigned from the Secretary of Navy position- American ships from Tampa down to Santiago, Cuba.- *After the success with Cuba, America wants Puerto Rico!

End of Spanish-American War

• _________________ (1898)• Nicknamed the “___________________”– Coined by John Hay (Secretary of War)– “______________________________” (LATER)

• Armistice (_______________) was signed between America and Spain on August 12, 1898

Gains from the Treaty of Paris

______________and independent, as the Teller Amendment had said it would be.

The U.S. gained (1) ________________________(2) ________________________(3) assumed control of the ___________________.

*Most significant threat: PhilippinesIdeas: (4) ______________________________(5) ______________________________(6) ________________McKinley’s Decision?_____________

Back to the PhilippinesPhilippine-American War 1899-1902

• The Filipino people felt tricked when they weren't given their independence after the Spanish-American War.

• ___________________, the Filipino Army led an rebellion against the American soldiers

• Filipinos were led by Emilio AguinaldoAmerica dips below morals:(1) Water-Boarding(2) Set up concentration camps similar to Weyler's in

Cuba!(3) Killed innocent Filipinos searching for freedom

McKinley’s Reaction / Building the Philippines

• Sent __________________(Later President in 1908-1912) to act as the government leader in the Philippines

• “________________________"—slow Americanization!– With millions in American money, the infrastructure (roads,

sanitation, etc.) was greatly improved. Public health improved as well, trade, school****Builds into his ___________________with Latin America

- guaranteeing loans to Latin American businesses- Outcome: American economic presence in Latin America– Still, the Filipino's wanted freedom. Independence was finally

granted just after WWII, on July 4, 1946.

Puerto Rico• Under American control after the Spanish-American War• Under Military Rule until the ____________(1900) was established• Full U.S. citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans in 1917• Foraker Act: _______________________________________________________________________________________• _____________________________: Question: Do rights apply to the new

cultures under American law• America's laws and customs do not necessarily extend to these new lands

Cuba’s Teller Documents Vs. Platt Amendment

__________________: Congress proclaimed American _________________Cuba and would grant Cuba their freedom

Problem: After America won the Spanish-American War in 1898, Cuba was granted their freedom. While America helped Cuba win independence, their newly written Cuban constitution __________________________________________________!

Platt Amendment: America forced the Cuban leaders to amend their Constitution and place a relationship.

• ________________________ that the U.S. didn't like. • Cuba couldn't take on too much debt. The

__________________________________ if necessary. • U.S can build a _______________________• This became the "Guantanamo Bay" military base.

– Detainment camp

John Hay’s Open Door Policy / Spheres of Influence

• Japan defeats China in a war in 1895• _____________________________________________________– coining the phrase “____________________________” (SOI)United States – influences the ___________________Europe – influences the _______________________• JOHN HAY writes influential letters to these European leaders saying the

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________• European reaction:• Chinese reaction:• American reaction

____________________• Chinese Martial Artists sprung up to “______________________”• China got smashed and was charged!• China's fine was $333 million; America's cut would be $24.5 million. Feeling guilty

about such a high amount, the U.S. used $18 million to educate Chinese students in American universities.

• After: the ___________________was accepted– TRADE WITH CHINA WAS OPEN TO EVERYONE!

1900 Presidential Election

• Just like 1896_____________________(Populist/Dem.) Vs.

____________________(Rep.)McKinley wins reelectionWhy? (Teddy Roosevelt was his running mate)Only six months after being reelected, McKinley was

shot and killed in Buffalo, NY by a mentally unstable man. V.P. Teddy Roosevelt became the youngest president ever at only 42 years old.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Panama Canal

– America, and Teddy Roosevelt, lusted after a canal across isthmus of Central America. • The Spanish-American War showed that ______________________________. A canal would also be _________________________.

Purpose:(1) ________________________(2) ____________________________Problems:

(1) Diseases(2) Task-largest modern engineering undertaking to date

- finished in 1914 - cost $400 million

_____________________(1901)• _________________________(remember?)

– Signed between Britain and the U.S. that neither Could habitat certain Latin American areas

Britain decided to push their aggression to the side___________________________________ Treaty (1901)2 Choices:

(1) _______________ – Volcano erupts killing 300,000 people (2) _____________________ – obvious choiceProblem: Panama is controlled by _______________________

Panamanian Revolution (1901) - Panamanian rebels revolted against Colombia and shot a Colombian leader and a

donkey- America was “conveniently ” offshore and helped Panama wins independence

from Colombia- MAIN RESULT: leased the canal to the U.S. for $10 million and $250,000/year

for a 10 mile wide canal strip. - ISSUE: U.S –__________________________________________!

U.S. appeared as bullying Latin America around! (______________)

TR “ADDS” to the Monroe Doctrine/ _____________________________

• Latin American / Caribbean countries owe $ to Europe (_____________________________.)• TR thinks they will come collect and interfere with the Monroe Doctrine (1823)!• To solve his worries, TR creates the Roosevelt Corollary – an extension to the Monroe Doctrine

in which states act as policemen“__________________________________________________________________!”Monroe Doctrine: “Europe, don’t intervene!”Roosevelt Corollary: “Europe, we will intervene for you!”

(Collecting taxes)

“____________________________________________”

(TR) ________________vs.(FDR) __________________

Roosevelt on the World Stage________________________ (1905)• Between ______________over expansion rights in ______________(Manchuria)• TR was hired as mediator• Treaty of _________________ solved the problem• Outcome: split the land• Relationships between Russia, Japan and America soured! • Result: TR wins the ________________________

Japanese Laborers in California / Immigration Restriction

• In 1906, ____________was recovering from a devastating earthquake and fire. The school board ordered __________________- of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students.

• POSSIBLE WAR!!!!!!!!!• Roosevelt invited the school board to the White House where he mediated a

deal known as the “____________________." It said that the school board would _________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________.

___________________

• William Taft (President after Roosevelt 1908-1912) arranged American bankers to LOAN money to Latin America

Overall Outcome: U.S. government will “GUARANTEE” loans made to Latin American countries that are made by American businesses• Purpose: ___________________________• **** To have a U.S. presence inLatin AmericaFamous Quote: “Dollars for Bullets”

Woodrow Wilson’s _____________Progressive President: _____________ (WWI = 1914-1918)*Gave the Monroe Doctrine / Roosevelt Corollary a “_____” tone!• POINT: Moral DiplomacyWoodrow Wilson ______________________________________________________________________________________________• This HELPS spread Democracy!!!!Problem: MEXICO gets ANGRY!!! (Mexican government DID NOT care about their citizens)*This leads to the Mexican Revolution…..