Chapter 27

Chapter 27Section 1 Early Difficulties

Leadership in the PacificGeneral Douglas MacArthur:Son of Arthur MacArthurDistinguished GeneralServed in PhilippinesWounded TwiceWWI1937 RetiresPhilippines AdvisorPresident Orders:Roosevelt Recalls to Active DutySummer 1941Command of all U.S. Army Units in Pacific

The Pacific TheatreJapan Attacks:Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941Hitler Declares WarAgainst AmericaDec. 11, 1941December 8, 1941Bomb PhilippinesClark Air Force Base

Following Weeks:BurmaBorneoNetherlands East IndiesWake IslandHong Kong

The PhilippinesSignificance:Planes Provide Air SupportPacific Fleet in Philippines Fleet WithdrawsThreat of Planes Taiwan Air Base

Fighting in the PhilippinesBattle of Bataan:General Douglass MacArthurUnited States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)American & Filipino Held out Against Imperial Army4 MonthsBy MarchEntire Western PacificJapanese ControlExcept PhilippinesMacArthur's Orders:Retreat to Bataan PeninsulaRapid EvacuationSupplies & Food

Bataan Peninsula

Japanese Control

The PhilippinesJapanese Advance in Philippines:No Air or Navy OppositionAdvance toward Manila Japanese Pressure:Keep Pressure onWar of AttritionRoosevelt OrdersMacArthur to AustraliaMacArthur Vows Philippines"I Shall ReturnSurrender:April 9, 194275,000 Soldiers12,000 Americans63,000 Filipinos

Soldiers in the PhilippinesBataan Death March:Soldiers left on Peninsula Surrender April 194270,000 Soldiers Forced to March65 Mile MarchCamp O'DonnellFell Behind...ExecutedMarch Toll:10,000 DiedSun TreatmentMud EatingGeneral Homma Lead Japanesehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQWdETwFACs

Early War Difficulties Java SeaLeading to a Conflict:Japanese Invasion (2) Approaching East End of Java February 27, 1942(ABDA) Intercept FleetAmerican-British-Dutch-AustralianDifference in LanguageLack of Common TrainingNon Modern ShipsInferior Air SupportBattle of Java Sea:Large Japanese Force SentInstantly Overwhelm ABDA4 Older Destroyers (WWI)Return to Port Surabaya RefuelSeveral Ships SunkDoorman's OrdersFlee to Port

Early Difficulties Sunda StraitBattle of Sunda Strait: (Feb. 28, 1942)Houston & Perth Fleeing Java Sea Find Landing Force at Bantam BayJapanese Invasion:Supported Widely Dispersed Cruisers & DestroyersAllied Response:Attack TransportsJapanese Response:Warships Close inFire a Total...90 Torpedoes

Sunda Strait ResultsAttack Results:Both Ships Sunk2 Japanese Ships Sunk 3 Transports Severely Damaged

Java Sea AftermathResounding Japanese Victory:Ends ABDA ResistanceInvasion Forces Land JavaFleet Losses: (1st Java)ABDA Lost: (14 Total)3 Cruisers3 DestroyersJapanese Lost:2 DestroyersRemaining ABDA Fleet:Remaining Units of Fleet Destroyed Battle of Sunda Strait2nd Battle of Java Sea

Indian Ocean March 31, 1942 May 10, 1942Japanese Forces:Annihilate ABDA at Java Carrier Force (Kido Butai)Admiral Nagumo Head Westward to Indian OceanIndian Ocean Raid:Operation CDestroy British Naval PowerIndian OceanSecure Westward FlankEliminate British AccessOil: Persian GulfRubber: CeylonIslands ControlHarbor & Naval BaseOperations ContinueBurmaCeylon

Indian Ocean AftermathJapanese Fleet: (Kido Butai)"Intimidate" British Fleet Capture Key LocationsBasesPrepare Invasion of CeylonJapanese Invasion:CeylonNever Takes PlaceFirst Carrier Striking ForceRecalled to JapanDoolittle Raid

Response to Pearl HarborDoolittle Raid:16 B-25 Bombers "Mitchell" 5 Man CrewLaunch off Aircraft Carrier (USS Hornet)April 18 Mid-Afternoon Encountered Enemy 400 Miles AwayLaunch 600 Miles Away

Doolittle RaidsRaid Results:Targets were Hit (Minimum Damage)Boosted American Moralehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yXzYxUC93AJapanese:Recall Forces (Home Defense)Medal Return With InterestCivilians ConcernedThe Raid Men:No Planes Reach ChinaMen Escorted by ChineseTwo Crews Captured8 Airmen3 ExecutedJapan Punishes Chinese...250,000 MurderedJapanese High Command EmbarrassedRecall 1st Air FleetSecure 'Pacific Frontier

Battle of Coral Sea(May 7-8 1942)Japan's Aggression:Extending Defensive PerimeterSuccess Indian OceanJapanese Escort:Large Convoy2 Heavy CarriersShokakuZuikaku

American AdvantageSignals Intelligence:Message Intercepted2 Carrier Groups Sent to Coral SeaLexingtonYorktownMay 7, 1942:Early in BattleAmerican Aircraft Sink ShohoAustralian/American Cruisers Block Invasion Japanese Pilots Attack Group

Battle of Coral SeaMay 8, 1942:Japanese PilotsFind American CarriersHeavily Damage YorktownSunk Lexington First Carrier - Carrier BattleNever Saw One Another

Coral Sea ResultsU.S. Results:Strategic VictoryInvasion ThwartedSupply Line Remains OpenFirst Substantial Warship KillShohoLexington SunkYorktown Severely DamagedJapanese Results:Japanese Heavy CarriersSeverely DamagedCouldn't take Part in next OperationJapanese First Major Failure Another Insulthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qj-bAJgwej4Yamamoto:Master Plan FailsDefeat American FleetMidway

Preparing for an InvasionMidway Significance:Last IslandAmerican ControlInvade Pearl HarborEliminate Fleet BaseAdvantage in PacificThe Purpose:Draw Out Pacific Fleet Defeat itJapanese EmbarrassedDoolittle Raid (April)Coral Sea (May)

Yamamotos Master Plan3 Phase Plan:Phase 1:Vice Admiral NagumoCarrier ForceSuppress MidwayLong-Range Strike PowerAmerican WarshipsPhase 2:Admiral YamamotoBattleship GroupHeavy Gun PowerPhase 3:Vice Admiral Kondo Battleship & Cruiser ForcesCapture MidwayAleutian Islands:Simultaneous OperationStrategic Diversion

Battle GroupsAmerica:Quickly Repair Yorktown3 Heavy Carriers Enterprise, Hornet, YorktownJapan:Unable to Repair 2 Heavy CarriersCoral Sea4 Heavy CarriersKido ButaiSuperior Training & Tactics

American FleetAmerican Good Fortune:Superior Communications Intelligence Early Warning of AttackChester Nimitz:Pacific Fleet CommanderCarriers to Pearl HarborRefuel & RearmEscape Japanese SubsSets AmbushCarriers Sent Northeast June 2ndSubmarines Cover Midway

Battle of Midway June 4-6 1942Japanese Attack:Midway IslandAircraftCarrier Fleet Located:Americans Launch AircraftTorpedo Planes Dive-BombersJapanese Re-Arming AircraftTorpedoesAttack CarriersAmerican Aircraft:Torpedo PlanesNo HitsDraw Anti-Air FireFighters

Good Fortune"Act of God":Dive Bombers LostFollow Destroyer Wake CarriersHit & Sink3 Carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Soryu)Planes-Fuel-BombsExplode on Flight DeckHiryu Launch Counterattack Cripple YorktownYorktown Aircraft Sinks Hiryu

Midway ResultsJapanese Carrier Force: Kido Butai (1st Air Fleet)DestroyedEnds Offensive CapabilitiesLost Carriers Skilled PilotsJapan High Water Mark:Prior to MidwayJapan had Naval SuperiorityChoose When & Where to AttackAfter MidwayTwo Fleets EqualAmericans Going on OffensiveGuadalcanal Campaign: (August 7, 1942-February 7, 1943)Japanese Lack Carrier AdvantageAmericans 1st Major Land Offensive in PacificAmericans Offensive-Japanese Defensivehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v4I6RGRW50&feature=fvw

Battle of MidwayAdvantages/ReviewAdmiral Yamamoto's plan is intercepted and decoded by the U.S.

Advantages:Quick repairs to Yorktown allow the U.S. to commit 3 Heavy Carriers against Japan's 4 and had forewarning of Japan's intentions. Also had a little luckJapan had superior training and tactics

Attack:Americans discover group and launch land and carrier based attacks. Torpedo plane based attack failed but did bring Japanese fighters down to lower altitude leaving high-altitude attack open.Bombers lost follow destroyer back to Carrier Division.3 Carriers were (Akagi, Kaga, Soryu) heavily hit and sunkHiryu launch a counterattack and cripple Yorktown (later sunk-sub)Kidu Butai Japanese Carrier force destroyed

End of Japanese strategic offensive capabilitiesLost main carriers and unreplacable skilled pilots

GuadalcanalUnited States 1st major offensiveAmerican Marines6 desperate months held onto a toehold around airportMajor General Alexander A. VandegriftCommander of US Marinesthese people refuse to surrender, the wounded wait until men come to examine them and then blow themselves upJapanese send huge fleet to Soloman IslandsU.S. Fleet defeat Japanese in a bloody battleTurned the war in Pacific in the Allies favorNavajo Code TalkersMarch 1942 Marine Signal Corps organized a unitComposed of Navajo some of who were teenagersProvided unbreakable codeChicken HawkDive BomberHummingbirdFighter planeIron FishSubmarineOften worked in dangerous conditions behind enemy linesBy August 1943 nearly 200 Navajo were participating in the Code Talker programEnd of the War 400 had servedCode was never broken