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Chapter 26- Digestion in Human Beings
26.1 Why We Need Food?
• We need food to:o provide us with energy for our daily activities
like walking, and to maintain our body temperature;
o maintain a healthy body;o grow new cells and tissues; and o repair worn out tissues.
26.2 What is in the Food We Eat?
• You need the essential nutrients in the food you eat.
• The types of nutrients can be found in the food label on a food package.
• The food label lists the nutrient content of the food.
Main types of nutrients• There are three main types of nutrients:
carbohydrates, proteins and fats.• Carbohydrates
o The main carbohydrates in food are starch and sugars. Starch can be found in rice, bread, noodles and potatoes.
o Sucrose, glucose and maltose are also forms of sugars. They can be found in fruits like bananas and apples
o Cellulose is another type of carbohydrate, which can be found in plants. Cellulose make up part of the fibre (roughage) that cannot be digested by the body but instead passed out from the body.
Main types of nutrients• Proteins
o Proteins are very large molecules that are made up of several small molecules called amino acids.
o Proteins are needed to:• build new cells for body growth and for the repair of
worn-out tissues.• make more complex proteins such as enzymes that
carry essential functions in the body.
o Proteins can be found in meat, fish and eggs.
Main types of nutrients
• Fatso Fats are large insoluble molecules that are
made up of glycerol and fatty acids.o Fats provide us with twice as much energy as
carbohydrates.o Fats can be found in food like butter and
cheese.o Fats are stored under our skin to insulate our
body against too much heat loss.
26.3 Why Must Food be Digested?
• We can only use the nutrients in the food we eat when they pass through the gut walls into the blood vessels.
• Here, the nutrients can be carried through the bloodstream to all parts of the body.
• The gut walls and blood vessels are made up of cells. • The cell membrane has small openings (or pores) that
allow small molecules to enter, but not large molecules. • Nutrients like glucose and amino acids are small
molecules. They can pass through the cell membranes easily and enter the bloodstream.
26.3 Why Must Food be Digested?
• But most major nutrients in food are large molecules which cannot pass through the cell membranes.
• They must be broken down into molecules that are small enough to pass through the cell membranes.
• This process is called digestion.• Digestion is the breaking down of large, complex
food molecules into small, simpler molecules. • Our body is able to carry out digestion by producing
complex proteins called enzymes. • The enzymes involved in digestion are called
digestive enzymes.
Nutrients like starch, proteins and fats, are large, complex molecules. They cannot pass through the cell membrane.
Nutrients like glucose and amino acids, are small, soluble molecules. They can pass through the cell membrane.
26.4 What are Enzymes?
• Enzymes are complex proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes remain unchanged at the end of chemical reactions.
• Enzymes act like chemical ‘scissors’.
• They break down large molecules into small molecules to speed up the process of digestion.
Properties of Enzymes• Very specific. Only breakdown certain food. Like
the lock and key• increases the surface area of food thus speeds up
the rate of reaction• sensitive to temperature as it is made up of
proteins thus o when too cold, enzymes become inactiveo when too hot, enzymes become denatured
• Denatured??? enzymes loses it specific structure thus cannot breakdown food molecule.
• Optimum temperature is when enzyme is most active
• Sensitive to pH (acidity or alkalinity)- most enzymes work best at neutral pH - some enzymes work best at acidic/alkaline conditions - Eg:
“Lock and key” hypothesis
active sites
Enzyme molecule
Food molecule
Enzyme-food complex
Enzyme free to take part in next reaction.
Two products leave the enzyme.
Product X
Product Y
Types of digestive enzymes
• A particular enzyme can only bring about one type of chemical reaction.
• For example, enzymes that break down proteins cannot break down starch or fats.
Class of enzyme
Acts on Digested products(s)
Amylase Starch Maltose (a complex sugar)
Maltase Maltose Glucose (simple sugar)
Protease Proteins Amino acids
Lipase Fats Fatty acids and glycerol
26.5 The Human Digestive System
• Food is digested in our body through the digestive system.
• The digestive system is made up a long tube called the gut (or alimentary canal).
• The gut is about nine metres long. The wall of the gut is muscular, which allows food to move along its length.
• Food enters the body through the mouth, and undigested food leaves the body through the anus.
26.5 The Human Digestive System
• Glands connected to the gut are organs which produce special juices containing enzymes.
• These glands are the salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
Digestion
Digestion
Mechanical/Physical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
• teeth, tongue and muscles help to break big pieces of food into smaller pieces.
• breakdown of large food molecules into smaller ones.
26.5 The Human Digestive System
salivary glandmouth cavity
oesophagus
stomach
salivary glands
pancreas
colon
rectumanus
large intestine
liver
gall bladder
small intestine
The mouth
food
oesophaguswindpipe
The mouth
• Food is chewed in the mouth with the teeth.
• Chewing helps to cut and grind the food the smaller pieces.
• This increases the surface area and allows the food to be digested faster.
• As food is chewed, salivary glands in the mouth secrete saliva.
The mouth
• Saliva serves two purposes:o Wets the food, so that it is easier to swallow.o Digests starch into sugars (maltose) with
the help of an enzyme called salivary amylase.
• While chewing food, the tongue rolls the food into small balls when are pushed to the back of the mouth and squeezed into the oesophagus. This is known as swallowing.
The oesophagus
Muscles contract to push the food ball down.
Muscles relax, and the tube widens for food to move.
The oesophagus
• The oesophagus is a long muscular tube leading to the stomach.
• By contracting and relaxing, the muscles help to push the food down to the stomach (peristalsis).
• This is how food moves along the rest of the gut too.
• No digestion occurs in the oesophagus. • However, the digestion of starch by amylase
may continue as the food moves to the stomach.
The stomach
stomach
The stomach
• The stomach is a muscular bag that lies in the upper part of the abdomen.
• Its muscles contract and relax, causing food to break up into even smaller pieces.
• This movement also mixes the food well with gastric juice for better digestion.
• Gastric juice is secreted by glands in the stomach walls, into the stomach cavity. It contains:o proteases which digest proteins; ando hydrochloric acid, which helps proteases to work.
• Food stays in the stomach for a few hours before passing into the small intestine, bit by bit.
Gastric Juice• Enzymes involved:
o proteases (rennin and pepsin)o pepsin digests proteins to polypeptideso rennin converts soluble milk proteins to insoluble
milk proteins• Functions of HCL
1. Stops action of salivary amylase 2. Changes the inactive proteases into their active
forms.3. Provides acidic medium for action of gastric
enzymes.4. Kills germs and certain potential parasites.
The small intestine, liver and pancreas
gall bladder
liver
small intestine
pancreas
The small intestine
• The small intestine is a long muscular tube, which is about 6 m long.
• The liver and the pancreas are connected to the small intestine.
• Food is mixed with 3 fluids in the small intestine to aid digestion:o Intestinal juice from the walls of the intestine. It
contains the enzymes maltase, proteases and lipases.
o Pancreatic juice from the pancreas.o Bile from the liver.
Pancreatic Juice• The pancreas produces alkaline pancreatic juice.• The juice contains the enzymes amylase, protease
and lipase.• Pancreatic juice:o Digestion of fats:
• Fat Fatty acids and glycerol o Digestion of starch
• Starch maltoseo Digestion of proteins
• Proteins peptones/polypeptides
lipase
amylase
trypsin
Intestinal Juice• Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice• Intestinal Juice:
o Digestion of starch: • Maltose Glucose• Lactose Glucose+Galactose• Sucrase Glucose + Fructose
o Digestion of small protein molecules• Peptones amino acids• Trypsinogen trypsin
o Digestion of fats• Fats fatty acids + glycerol
maltase
sucrase
lactase
erepsin
enterokinase
lipase
Liver
• The liver produces a yellowish-green fluid called bile.• Bile is stored in the gall bladder.• The gall bladder has a duct (a small tube) that carries
bile into the small intestine.• Bile does not contain digestive enzymes, but helps to
break up fat into smaller oil droplets in a process known as emulsification.
• This increases the surface area of the oil and allows the fats to be digested quickly by the lipases in the pancreatic and intestinal juices.
Emulsification
Bile
Large oil drop
Small oil droplets
Absorption in the small intestine
• The small intestine allows only small molecules like sugar and amino acids to pass through its wall and into the bloodstream.
• Large molecules like starch and proteins cannot pass through the walls of the small intestine.
• Digestion ends in the small intestine. • The final products of digestion are glucose,
amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol.
Absorption in the small intestine
• After digestion, the smaller digested food molecules can pass through the wall of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
• Undigested matter is mostly made up of fibre. • Together with water and mineral salts, the
undigested food passes into the large intestine.• Fibre can be found in vegetables. It is important
for the gut muscles to move the food along the gut.
The large intestine
large intestine
rectumanus
The large intestine
• The large intestine is about 1.5 m long. • Its function is to absorb water and mineral
salts.• This takes place in the colon.• What is left now is a nearly solid waste
called faeces. • This is temporarily stored in the rectum,
before being expelled through the anus is a process called egestion.
Miscellaneous
• http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/digest_noSW.html• http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/digestivesyste
m• http://hopkins-gi.org/multimedia/database/intro_2
50_Swallow.swf• http://yucky.discovery.com/noflash/body/pg0000
08.html• http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/digestive_syste
m.html#What%20is%20Digestion