Chapter 25 Vocabulary

1. Jane Addams2. Booker T. Washington3. W.E.B. Du Bois4. Emily Dickinson5. Megalopolis6. Settlement house7. Social gospel8. Yellow journalism

9. Hull House10. The Origin of the Species11. Christian Science12. NAACP (National

Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

13. Morrill Act14. Comstock Law15. Women’s Christian

Temperance Union

Chapter 25:America Moves to the City

1865-1900

Louis Sullivan

1856 – 1924

Skyscraper

“Form followsfunction!”

Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg.,

NYC,

1897

Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott

Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899

Tenement House Act of 1879, NYCTenement House Act of 1879, NYC

Dumbbell Tenement Floor Plan

“Dumbbell” Tenement

Immigrant Family Housing in Urban Cities

“Dumbbell” Tenement, NYC

Tenement Slum Living

Living quarters for men

Struggling Immigrant Families

Rent… • 1892: - two rooms in an attic cost $3 -$5

per month –$71.85-$119.76

- three rooms (kitchen and two bedrooms) cost $6 -$12 per month

- $143.71 -$287.41

- four rooms as described above cost $12 -$16 per month

- $287.41-$383.22

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Hester Street – Jewish Section

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

Jane Addams

• Hull House– Chicago

• Nobel Peace Prize 1931

• Sparks settlement house reform across the nation

Hull House1893

Nativism rises again…

Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

“Social Gospel”• Dwight L Moody• Taught on forgiveness• Led social gospel

movement• Mediating:–Labor and capital–Science and faith–Religious and secular

values

Salvation Army

• “Soldiers without swords”

• Came from England in 1879

• Offered free soup• 1st US meeting in

Philadelphia

YMCA/ YWCA

• John Mott • Leader of YMCA in US • Worked with Dwight L

Moody• Received Nobel Peace

Prize in 1946

Charles Darwin

• On the Origin of Species• Divided the church• By 1920s Evolution

becomes scientific main theory

• Conservatives stuck to the Bible as the infallible

Word of God• Others ignored the Bible

and were known as “accomodationists”

Booker T. Washington

•Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama)•Taught African Americans useful trades and skills•“economic independence was the key to political and civil rights•Avoided teaching on social issues

George Washington Carver

• Became a professor at Tuskegee

• Agriculture Chemist• Found many uses for

peanut, sweet potato, and soybean

Dr. W.E.B. DuBois

• 1st African American to get a PhD from Harvard

• Disagreed with Booker T Washington’s plans

• Helped found the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1910

• Demanded “talented tenth” be given immediate access to mainstream America

College Growth• Women’s colleges

• African American Colleges

• Morrill Act (1862) and Hatch Act (1887)

Philanthropy /Private Universities

• “stealing privately to give publically” – cynical view

Pragmatism

• Truth is to be tested above all by its practical consequences

• William James • Embraced uncertainty

and developed their philosophies around it

• Scholars often formed clubs to meet in… “metaphysical club”

Libraries and Education

• Andrew Carnegie• “poor man’s university”• Helped to educate the

average American

Newspapers

• Sensationalism was promoted to increase sales

• Sex, scandal and other human interests were in the headlines

• “presstitutes”• Pulitzer & Hearst …

“stooped, snooped, and scooped to conquer”

Yellow Journalism

William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer

• Hearst Castle (CA)

Associated Press

• Helped to curb the sensationalism and scandal publicizing practices of Hearst and Pulitzer

• News gathering not headline grabbing

Magazines• Harper’s Atlantic Month Scribner’s Monthly

• New York Nation– Read by professors, pastors, publicists– Most influential magazine– Crusaded for civil-service reform and honesty in

government

“Dime novels”• Stories of the wild west • Paperbacks attracted the youth

of the nation• Harlan F Halsey- wrote over

650 novels• General Lewis Wallace- Ben Hur– Sold more than 2 million copies– Uncle Tom’s Cabin of the anti-

Darwinists• Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

also contributed to this period of literature

Mark Twain

• most enduring contribution to recapturing frontier realism and humor

• Huck Finn, Tom Sawyer• Classic novels

Notable Authors• Stephen Crane– Maggie Girl of the Streets– Red Badge of Courage

• William Dean Howells– Editor of Atlantic Monthly

• Kate Chopin– The Awakening

• Henry Adams– Historical stories

New Morality

• Victoria Woodhull – declared her belief in “free love” in 1871

• Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly

• Shocked the new morality in the nation with accusations that Henry Ward Beecher’s affair

• Anthony Comstock- self-appointed defended of sexual purity

• Brings battle to women.. Desire for economic freedom

• Increase in birth control, divorce, and discussions of sexual topics

Families and Women in the City• Cities were catalyst for increased familial

problems– Divorce increased–Working families increased– Increased crowding in cities–More children = more mouths to feed

• Women became more independent – Charlotte Perkins Gilman- Women and Economics– Elizabeth Cady Stanton– Susan B. Anthony– Ida B. Wells

Women’s Independence

• Charlotte Perkins Gilman

• called on women to:– abandon their

dependent status– contribute to the larger

life of the community through productive involvement in the economy

– Insist on having a ballot to vote on

National American Woman Suffrage Association

• Formed by militant suffragists in 1890

• Pioneers included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Carrie Chapman Catt

• Stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge traditional duties

• Women need a voice in urban situations on boards (public health, education, safety)

• Linked the ballot to the role of women

Prohibition

• National Prohibition Party -1869

• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

• France Willard• Carrie Nation • Anti Saloon League –

1893 “Saloon must go!”

• 1919 18th Amendment is passed

Changes in Society• Art and music begin to thrive• Metropolitan Opera House of NY –1883

Phonograph

• Invented by Edison in 1900

• Made music accessible to individual homes

• Over 150,000 homes had one

• Allowed jazz, blues, to be mainstreamed

• “canned music”

Vaudeville

• comedians• Acrobats• Singers• Popular in the

1880s and 1890s

Entertainment Shows

• P.T. Barnum Circus• Buffalo Bill’s Wild

West– Annie Oakley

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Oakley

– Live buffalo– Indians

• Baseball• Basketball

William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West

Show

William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West

Show

“Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull

“Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull

Legendary Female Western Characters

Legendary Female Western Characters

Calamity JaneCalamity Jane Annie OakleyAnnie Oakley