Chapter 25

The Limits of Reason

A New Barbarism

The Industrial Revolution The transatlantic trade

Satire Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)

Gulliver’s Travels A Modest Proposal

In view of the poverty of Irish farmers, Swift proposed that most of the children there should “at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom” as food to be consumed at the dinner table.

SatireVoltaire (1694-1778)Candide

Voltaire The personification of the Enlightenment Great admirer and popularizer of all things E

nglish (Newton, Bacon, Locke) Écrasez l’infâme: crush infamy (all forms of r

epression, fanaticism, and bigotry) Contacts with Frederick of Prussia and Cath

erine the Great

SatireWilliam Hogarth (1697-1746)

The Marriage Transaction Gin Lane

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: The Orgy, 1733-34

http://www.artdaily.com/Fotos/galerias/274/Hogarth%20A.jpg

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Marriage, 1735

http://lewis.up.edu/EFL/asarnow/351/rakeprog/Image21.jpg

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Debtor’s Prison, 1735

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: the Rake at Bedlam, 1735

http://eeweems.com/val_lewton/_imagery/_bedlam/rakes_progress_500.jpg

William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the marriage settlement, 1743

http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG113&collectionPublisherSection=work

http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG117&collectionPublisherSection=work

William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: The Bagnio, 1743

William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the lady’s death, 1743

http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG118&collectionPublisherSection=work

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Politics: The Social Contract (1762)

Education: Emile (1762)

Influence: Montessori (1870-1952)

Slogan in French Revolution:

“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 The mind is not a passive recipient of inform

ation (Locke’s “blank slate”) but, rather, a participant in the knowledge process.

Focused on the question of cognition:

Reality = the mind + its perception / understanding

(Fiero 643)

Immanuel KantThe “Categorical Imperative”: "Act only

according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."

What we must do in any situation of moral choice is act according to a maxim that we would will everyone to act according to.

(Fiero 643) & http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm

The French Revolution

Causes

1. Financial Disorder

Unjust tax systemBankruptcy of the Government:

war expenses extravagant life styles

2. Class ConflictThree Estates (the Old Regime)

First: clergy (1%) (owned 10% of the land) largest landowner, tax exemption

Second: nobility (2%) (owned 25 % of the land) best positions in government and army, tax exemptionThird: everyone else (97%) heavy taxation, feudal dues

3. The Enlightenment

VoltaireLockeMontesquieuRousseau

4. American Revolution

1776

The Declaration of

Independence

Two Stages:

The Moderate Stage:

1789-1791

The Radical Stage:

1792-1794

The Moderate Stage:

1789-1791

The Moderate Stage 1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates

General. 1789 Third Estate declared itself the

National Assembly. 1789 Oath of the Tennis Court

Beginning of the French Revolution

ReformsAll forms of privilege were abolished.The Catholic Church of France became

a national institution.Guilds and trade unions were

abolished.Decentralization: France was divided

into 83 equal departments.

The Radical Stage The Second French Revolution,

1792-1794

The Guillotine

Legacy“The Revolution eroded the strength of

those traditional institutions—church, guild, parish—that had for centuries given people a common bond. In their place now stood patriotic organizations and a culture that insisted on loyalty to one national cause” (Norton 706).

After the Revolution

1795-1799: The Directory1799-1815: Napoleon

The Directory

A board of 5 menIneffective reaction

Napoleon Bonaparte1799-1804: Consolidating Authority

1799 First Consul1801 Concordat with the pope1802 Consul for life1804 Crowned himself emperor

Napoleon Bonaparte1806-1815: Napoleon’s downfall

1806 The Continental System1808 Invaded Spain1812 Invaded Russia1814 Abdication1815 Exile

System of Administration

CentralizationCareers open to talentEquality before the lawAbolition of ancient customs and

privileges

Impact of French Revolution

Liberty: more freedomEquality: no legal

distinctions of rankNation: a nation of citizens,

a nation ruled by law

The End