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Chapter 23Chapter 23
Food Production and Food Production and Pest ManagementPest Management
Fig. 13-18, p. 285
Biodiversity Loss Soil Water Air Pollution Human Health Loss and degradation of grasslands, forests, and wetlands
Erosion Water waste Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use
Nitrates in drinking water
Loss of fertility Aquifer depletion
Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air
Salinization Increased runoff and flooding from cleared land
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use
Fish kills from pesticide runoff
Waterlogging
Sediment pollution from erosion Greenhouse gas
emissions of nitrous oxide from use of inorganic fertilizers
Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes
Desertification
Killing wild predators to protect livestock
Fish kills from pesticide runoff
Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Belching of the
greenhouse gas methane by cattle
Loss of genetic diversity of wild crop strains replaced by monoculture strains
Bacterial contamination of meat
Overfertilization of lakes and rivers from runoff of fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes
Pollution from pesticide sprays
THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Modern agriculture has a greater harmful Modern agriculture has a greater harmful environmental impact than any human environmental impact than any human activity.activity.
Loss of a variety of genetically different crop Loss of a variety of genetically different crop and livestock strains might limit raw material and livestock strains might limit raw material needed for future green and gene needed for future green and gene revolutions.revolutions. In the U.S., 97% of the food plant varieties In the U.S., 97% of the food plant varieties
available in the 1940 no longer exist in large available in the 1940 no longer exist in large quantities.quantities.
THE GENE REVOLUTIONTHE GENE REVOLUTION
To increase crop yields, we can mix the To increase crop yields, we can mix the genes of similar types of organisms and mix genes of similar types of organisms and mix the genes of different organisms.the genes of different organisms. Artificial selection has been used for centuries to Artificial selection has been used for centuries to
develop genetically improved varieties of crops.develop genetically improved varieties of crops. Genetic engineering develops improved strains Genetic engineering develops improved strains
at an exponential pace compared to artificial at an exponential pace compared to artificial selection.selection.
Controversy has arisen over the use of Controversy has arisen over the use of genetically modified food (GMF).genetically modified food (GMF).
Mixing GenesMixing Genes
Genetic engineering Genetic engineering involves splicing a involves splicing a gene from one gene from one species and species and transplanting the transplanting the DNA into another DNA into another species.species.
Figure 13-19Figure 13-19
Genetically Modified FoodGenetically Modified FoodShould we fear or embrace it?Should we fear or embrace it?
Which salmon do you want for dinner?Which salmon do you want for dinner?
//
Selective BreedingSelective Breeding
For thousands of For thousands of years, plant and years, plant and animals with animals with favorable traits have favorable traits have been bred to been bred to perpetuate these perpetuate these traits in offspring.traits in offspring.
• Canines have been selectively bred to help humans
Selective BreedingSelective Breeding
• Teosinite is a large wild grass that grows in Mexico and is the closest living relative to corn
• Corn was domesticated >8,700 years ago and probably looked similar to teosinite
Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering
All genetic variation All genetic variation is due to random is due to random genetic mutationsgenetic mutations
In time, humans In time, humans began using more began using more sophisticated sophisticated breeding practices breeding practices such as mutation such as mutation breedingbreeding
• Organisms are exposed to chemicals or radiation with the hopes of producing new genetic traits , such as the ruby red grapefruit
Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering
We are now able to We are now able to physically physically manipulate the manipulate the genes of organismsgenes of organisms
For example, For example, genes from one genes from one organism can be organism can be placed into another placed into another organismorganism
• FLAVR SAVRTM Tomato was 1st GM food approved safe by the FDA
• It was intended to have a longer shelf life
Gene silencingGene silencing
• Some genetically modified Some genetically modified organisms do not contain a organisms do not contain a foreign gene foreign gene
• instead engineering allows instead engineering allows scientists to “turn off” scientists to “turn off” normally expressed genesnormally expressed genes
• Scientists remove gene Scientists remove gene and reinsert it in the wrong and reinsert it in the wrong direction forming nonsense direction forming nonsense mRNA mRNA
• Gene silencing has been used to reduce the amount of caffeine in some coffee beans
Advantages of genetic engineeringAdvantages of genetic engineering
PlantsPlants•Pest resistancePest resistance•Virus resistanceVirus resistance•Increased crop yields Increased crop yields and longer shelf lifeand longer shelf life•Environmental Environmental tolerance (able to tolerance (able to withstand drought, withstand drought, extreme temperatures, extreme temperatures, etc.)etc.)
Other organisms•Faster growth rates•Increased body mass•Ability to produce valuable proteins in animal milk
Pest resistancePest resistance
Insects can damage Insects can damage cropscrops
Many insecticides from Many insecticides from the past have negative the past have negative environmental environmental consequences (DDT)consequences (DDT)
Modern insecticides Modern insecticides safer, but have to have safer, but have to have repeated applicationsrepeated applications
Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is soil bacterium (Bt) is soil bacterium that targets a specific that targets a specific group of insect larvaegroup of insect larvae
• Regular corn in left destroyed by corn borer
• Bt corn from same field on right
NeutraceuticalsNeutraceuticals• Adding or increasing vitamin Adding or increasing vitamin
or mineral contents, or mineral contents, modifying fats and oils, and modifying fats and oils, and altering starch and sugar altering starch and sugar quantitiesquantities
• Benefit consumer rather Benefit consumer rather than farmerthan farmer
• Examples: Golden Rice, Examples: Golden Rice, potatoes modified to convert potatoes modified to convert more starch into glucose, more starch into glucose, oils that are healthier, oils that are healthier, decaffeinated coffeedecaffeinated coffee
• Golden rice was developed using daffodil and soil bacterium genes to provide beta-carotene to people in developing countries
Pharmaceuticals “Pharming”Pharmaceuticals “Pharming”
Placing vitamins and other Placing vitamins and other essential nutrients into foodessential nutrients into food
Very similar to neutraceuticalsVery similar to neutraceuticals Edible vaccines could be used in Edible vaccines could be used in
developing countries to increase developing countries to increase vaccinate ratesvaccinate rates
Future Developments•Transgenic cows making blood proteins for hemophiliacs or lactoferrin for infant formula•Pigs developed to provide organs for human transplant
Environmental ToleranceEnvironmental Tolerance
Plants are being developed that can Plants are being developed that can withstand:withstand: High salinityHigh salinity DroughtDrought FrostFrost
Concerns of genetic engineeringConcerns of genetic engineering
• Allergens transferred to new foods
• Unknown long-term health effects
• Inadequate regulation
• Cross-pollination• Ecosystem
disruption• Evolution of
“superweeds”
Have problems arisen?Have problems arisen?
Pioneer Hi-Bred Pioneer Hi-Bred wanted to boost the wanted to boost the nutritional value of its nutritional value of its soy-based animal feed. soy-based animal feed.
It developed GM It developed GM soybeans containing soybeans containing 2S albumin, a protein 2S albumin, a protein from Brazil nuts. from Brazil nuts.
2S albumin is a human 2S albumin is a human allergen, and the allergen, and the allergen was transferred allergen was transferred into the beans. into the beans.
The soybeans were intended only for animal consumption, but Pioneer’s soybeans were not released for use.
Have problems arisen?Have problems arisen?
No individuals have been made sick from No individuals have been made sick from genetically modified foodgenetically modified food
Genes have escaped and hybridized with Genes have escaped and hybridized with wild relatives up to 13 miles awaywild relatives up to 13 miles away
PRODUCING MORE MEATPRODUCING MORE MEAT
About half of the world’s meat is produced by About half of the world’s meat is produced by livestock grazing on grass.livestock grazing on grass.
The other half is produced under factory-like The other half is produced under factory-like conditions (feedlots).conditions (feedlots). Densely packed livestock are fed grain or fish Densely packed livestock are fed grain or fish
meal.meal. Eating more chicken and farm-raised fish and Eating more chicken and farm-raised fish and
less beef and pork reduces harmful less beef and pork reduces harmful environmental impacts of meat production.environmental impacts of meat production.
CATCHING AND RAISING MORE CATCHING AND RAISING MORE FISH AND SHELLFISHFISH AND SHELLFISH
After spectacular increases, the world’s total After spectacular increases, the world’s total and per capita marine and freshwater fish and per capita marine and freshwater fish and shellfish catches have leveled off.and shellfish catches have leveled off.
Figure 13-23Figure 13-23
Fig. 13-24, p. 292
Trade-Offs
Aquaculture
Advantages Disadvantages
High efficiency Needs large inputs of land, feed, and water
High yield in small volume of water
Large waste output
Destroys mangrove forests and estuaries
Can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries Uses grain to feed
some species
Low fuel use Dense populations vulnerable to disease
Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years
High profits
Profits not tied to price of oil
Government Policies and Food Government Policies and Food ProductionProduction
Governments use three main approaches to Governments use three main approaches to influence food production:influence food production: Control pricesControl prices to keep prices artificially low. to keep prices artificially low. Provide subsidiesProvide subsidies to keep farmers in business. to keep farmers in business. Let the marketplace decideLet the marketplace decide rather that rather that
implementing price controls.implementing price controls.
SOLUTIONS: MOVING TOWARD SOLUTIONS: MOVING TOWARD GLOBAL FOOD SECURITYGLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
People in urban areas People in urban areas could save money by could save money by growing more of their growing more of their food.food. Urban gardens provide Urban gardens provide
about 15% of the about 15% of the world’s food supply.world’s food supply.
Up to 90% of the Up to 90% of the world’s food is wasted.world’s food is wasted.
Figure 13-26Figure 13-26
CATCHING AND RAISING MORE CATCHING AND RAISING MORE FISH AND SHELLFISHFISH AND SHELLFISH
Government subsidies given to the fishing Government subsidies given to the fishing industry are a major cause of overfishing.industry are a major cause of overfishing. Global fishing industry spends about $25 billion Global fishing industry spends about $25 billion
per year more than its catch is worth.per year more than its catch is worth. Without subsidies many fishing fleets would have Without subsidies many fishing fleets would have
to go out of business.to go out of business. Subsidies allow excess fishing with some Subsidies allow excess fishing with some
keeping their jobs longer with making less keeping their jobs longer with making less money.money.
Aquaculture: Aquatic FeedlotsAquaculture: Aquatic Feedlots
Raising large numbers of fish and shellfish in Raising large numbers of fish and shellfish in ponds and cages is world’s fastest growing ponds and cages is world’s fastest growing type of food production.type of food production.
Fish farming involves cultivating fish in a Fish farming involves cultivating fish in a controlled environment and harvesting them controlled environment and harvesting them in captivity.in captivity.
Fish ranching involves holding anadromous Fish ranching involves holding anadromous species that live part of their lives in species that live part of their lives in freshwater and part in saltwater.freshwater and part in saltwater. Fish are held for the first few years, released, Fish are held for the first few years, released,
and then harvested when they return to spawn.and then harvested when they return to spawn.
Solutions: Steps Toward More Solutions: Steps Toward More Sustainable Food ProductionSustainable Food Production
We can increase food security by slowing We can increase food security by slowing populations growth, sharply reducing poverty, populations growth, sharply reducing poverty, and slowing environmental degradation of the and slowing environmental degradation of the world’s soils and croplands.world’s soils and croplands.
PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PEST MANAGEMENTPEST MANAGEMENT
Organisms found in Organisms found in nature (such as nature (such as spiders) control spiders) control populations of most populations of most pest species as part pest species as part of the earth’s free of the earth’s free ecological services.ecological services.
Figure 13-27Figure 13-27
PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PEST MANAGEMENTPEST MANAGEMENT
We use chemicals to repel or kill pest We use chemicals to repel or kill pest organisms as plants have done for millions of organisms as plants have done for millions of years.years.
Chemists have developed hundreds of Chemists have developed hundreds of chemicals (pesticides) that can kill or repel chemicals (pesticides) that can kill or repel pests.pests. Pesticides vary in their persistence.Pesticides vary in their persistence. Each year > 250,000 people in the U.S. become Each year > 250,000 people in the U.S. become
ill from household pesticides.ill from household pesticides.
PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PEST MANAGEMENTPEST MANAGEMENT
Advantages and disadvantages of conventional Advantages and disadvantages of conventional chemical pesticides.chemical pesticides.
Figure 13-28Figure 13-28
Individuals Matter: Rachel CarsonIndividuals Matter: Rachel Carson
Wrote Wrote Silent SpringSilent Spring which introduced the which introduced the U.S. to the dangers U.S. to the dangers of the pesticide DDT of the pesticide DDT and related and related compounds to the compounds to the environment.environment.
Figure 13-AFigure 13-A
The ideal Pesticide and the The ideal Pesticide and the Nightmare Insect PestNightmare Insect Pest
The ideal pest-killing chemical has these The ideal pest-killing chemical has these qualities:qualities: Kill only target pest.Kill only target pest. Not cause genetic resistance in the target Not cause genetic resistance in the target
organism.organism. Disappear or break down into harmless Disappear or break down into harmless
chemicals after doing its job.chemicals after doing its job. Be more cost-effective than doing nothing.Be more cost-effective than doing nothing.
SuperpestsSuperpests
Superpests are Superpests are resistant to resistant to pesticides.pesticides.
Superpests like the Superpests like the silver whiteflysilver whitefly (left) (left) challenge farmers challenge farmers as they cause > as they cause > $200 million per $200 million per year in U.S. crop year in U.S. crop losses.losses.
Figure 13-29Figure 13-29
Pesticide Protection Laws in the U.S.Pesticide Protection Laws in the U.S.
Government regulation has banned a number Government regulation has banned a number of harmful pesticides but some scientists call of harmful pesticides but some scientists call for strengthening pesticide laws.for strengthening pesticide laws. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate the sales and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate the sales of pesticides under the of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)..
The EPA has only evaluated the health effects of The EPA has only evaluated the health effects of 10% of the active ingredients of all pesticides.10% of the active ingredients of all pesticides.
Fig. 13-30, p. 299
What Can You Do?
Reducing Exposure to Pesticides
• Grow some of your food using organic methods.
• Buy organic food.
• Wash and scrub all fresh fruits, vegetables, and wild foods you pick.
• Eat less or no meat.
• Trim the fat from meat.
Other Ways to Control PestsOther Ways to Control Pests
There are cultivation, biological, and There are cultivation, biological, and ecological alternatives to conventional ecological alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides.chemical pesticides. Fool the pest through cultivation practices.Fool the pest through cultivation practices. Provide homes for the pest enemies.Provide homes for the pest enemies. Implant genetic resistance.Implant genetic resistance. Bring in natural enemies.Bring in natural enemies. Use pheromones to lure pests into traps.Use pheromones to lure pests into traps. Use hormones to disrupt life cycles.Use hormones to disrupt life cycles.
Other Ways to Control PestsOther Ways to Control Pests
Biological pest Biological pest controlcontrol: Wasp : Wasp parasitizing a parasitizing a gypsy moth gypsy moth caterpillar.caterpillar.
Figure 13-31Figure 13-31
Other Ways to Control PestsOther Ways to Control Pests
Genetic Genetic engineering can engineering can be used to be used to develop pest and develop pest and disease resistant disease resistant crop strains.crop strains.
Both tomato plants were exposed to Both tomato plants were exposed to destructive caterpillars. The genetically destructive caterpillars. The genetically altered plant (right) shows little damage.altered plant (right) shows little damage.
Figure 13-32Figure 13-32
Case Study: integrated Pest Case Study: integrated Pest Management: A Component of Management: A Component of
Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture
An ecological approach to pest control uses a An ecological approach to pest control uses a mix of cultivation and biological methods, and mix of cultivation and biological methods, and small amounts of selected chemical small amounts of selected chemical pesticides as a last resort.pesticides as a last resort. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Case Study: integrated Pest Case Study: integrated Pest Management: A Component of Management: A Component of
Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture Many scientists urge the USDA to use three Many scientists urge the USDA to use three
strategies to promote IPM in the U.S.:strategies to promote IPM in the U.S.: Add a 2% sales tax on pesticides.Add a 2% sales tax on pesticides. Establish federally supported IPM demonstration Establish federally supported IPM demonstration
project for farmers.project for farmers. Train USDA personnel and county farm agents in Train USDA personnel and county farm agents in
IPM.IPM. The pesticide industry opposes such The pesticide industry opposes such
measures.measures.
What does organic mean?What does organic mean?
Conventional farmersConventional farmers Organic farmersOrganic farmers
Apply chemical fertilizers to Apply chemical fertilizers to promote plant growth. promote plant growth.
Apply natural fertilizers, such as Apply natural fertilizers, such as manure or compost, to feed soil manure or compost, to feed soil and plants. and plants.
Spray insecticides to Spray insecticides to reduce pests and disease. reduce pests and disease.
Use beneficial insects and birds, Use beneficial insects and birds, mating disruption or traps to mating disruption or traps to reduce pests and disease. reduce pests and disease.
Use chemical herbicides Use chemical herbicides to manage weeds. to manage weeds.
Rotate crops, till, hand weed or Rotate crops, till, hand weed or mulch to manage weeds. mulch to manage weeds.
Give animals antibiotics, Give animals antibiotics, growth hormones and growth hormones and medications to prevent medications to prevent disease and spur growth. disease and spur growth.
Give animals organic feed and Give animals organic feed and allow them access to the allow them access to the outdoors. Use preventive outdoors. Use preventive measures — such as rotational measures — such as rotational grazing, a balanced diet and grazing, a balanced diet and clean housing — to help minimize clean housing — to help minimize disease. disease.
SOLUTIONS: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
Three main ways to reduce hunger and Three main ways to reduce hunger and malnutrition and the harmful effects of malnutrition and the harmful effects of agriculture:agriculture: Slow population growth.Slow population growth. Sharply reduce poverty.Sharply reduce poverty. Develop and phase in systems of more Develop and phase in systems of more
sustainable, low input or organic agriculture over sustainable, low input or organic agriculture over the next few decades.the next few decades.
Sustainable Sustainable AgricultureAgriculture
Results of 22 Results of 22 year study year study comparing comparing organic and organic and conventional conventional farming.farming.
Figure 13-34Figure 13-34
The use of nitrogen based fertilizers in the The use of nitrogen based fertilizers in the Mid-western U.S. is a major contributing Mid-western U.S. is a major contributing factor to which of the following?factor to which of the following?
a.a. Spread of West Nile virusSpread of West Nile virus
b.b. Hypoxia in the Gulf of MexicoHypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
c.c. Water shortages in communities near the Water shortages in communities near the Great LakesGreat Lakes
d.d. Soil erosion in TexasSoil erosion in Texas
e.e. The increase in severe storms in the The increase in severe storms in the Southeastern U.S.Southeastern U.S.
Biological controls are frequently used to replace Biological controls are frequently used to replace persistent chemical pesticides. Which of the persistent chemical pesticides. Which of the following represents the greatest potential risk following represents the greatest potential risk of using biological controls?of using biological controls?
a.a. The control agents attacks not only its The control agents attacks not only its intended target but also beneficial species.intended target but also beneficial species.
b.b. The control agent mutates and is no longer an The control agent mutates and is no longer an effective control.effective control.
c.c. Repeated applications or introductions are Repeated applications or introductions are required to eliminate the pest population.required to eliminate the pest population.
d.d. Residual pesticides in the environment kill the Residual pesticides in the environment kill the control agent before it can eradicate the pest.control agent before it can eradicate the pest.
e.e. Biological controls prove to be more costly to Biological controls prove to be more costly to use than chemical pesticides.use than chemical pesticides.
Which type of soil Which type of soil contains: contains:
30%clay, 30% silt, 30%clay, 30% silt, 40% sand?40% sand?
a.a. ClayClay
b.b. LoamLoam
c.c. Clay loamClay loam
d.d. Silty clay loamSilty clay loam
e.e. Sandy Clay loamSandy Clay loam
Which of the following is true of farm-raised Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon?salmon?
a.a. They are more genetically diverse than They are more genetically diverse than their wild counterparts.their wild counterparts.
b.b. They seldom escape from their They seldom escape from their containment areas.containment areas.
c.c. They have no impact on the quality of the They have no impact on the quality of the water in which they are raised.water in which they are raised.
d.d. They are often infected with parasites They are often infected with parasites and sea lice.and sea lice.
e.e. They are maintained at lower population They are maintained at lower population densities than are wild salmon.densities than are wild salmon.
Which of the following is the best illustration Which of the following is the best illustration of a pesticide treadmill?of a pesticide treadmill?
a.a. Sequence of several pesticides used by Sequence of several pesticides used by farmers to maximize effectivenessfarmers to maximize effectiveness
b.b. Increased used of pesticides to eradicate Increased used of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pestsgenetically resistant pests
c.c. Biomagnification of pesticides in the fatty Biomagnification of pesticides in the fatty tissue of primary consumerstissue of primary consumers
d.d. Movement of pesticides following their Movement of pesticides following their percolation into the groundwaterpercolation into the groundwater
e.e. Process that is used to manufacture Process that is used to manufacture pesticidespesticides
The development of dangerous strains of disease The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following consequence of which of the following agricultural practices?agricultural practices?
a.a. Using herbicides in mechanized, large-scale Using herbicides in mechanized, large-scale farmingfarming
b.b. Using plant-based insecticidal compounds on Using plant-based insecticidal compounds on vegetable cropsvegetable crops
c.c. Growing crops that are genetically modified for Growing crops that are genetically modified for increased yieldsincreased yields
d.d. Including the use of legumes into crop-rotation Including the use of legumes into crop-rotation protocolsprotocols
e.e. Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestockregimens of densely concentrated livestock
Which of the following practices is consistent with Which of the following practices is consistent with the production of organic crops according to the production of organic crops according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture?the U.S. Department of Agriculture?
a.a. Using sodium nitrate as a fertilizer on green, Using sodium nitrate as a fertilizer on green, leafy vegetablesleafy vegetables
b.b. Using strychnine to prevent buildup of aphid Using strychnine to prevent buildup of aphid populations in field cropspopulations in field crops
c.c. Using chemicals known as pheromones to Using chemicals known as pheromones to disrupt insect mating cyclesdisrupt insect mating cycles
d.d. Using sewage sludge to improve the fertility Using sewage sludge to improve the fertility and structure of soiland structure of soil
e.e. Using genetically modified plant varieties that Using genetically modified plant varieties that kill insects that chew their leaveskill insects that chew their leaves
Products certified 95 percent or more organic display the Products certified 95 percent or more organic display the USDA seal. USDA seal.
Products that are completely organic — such as fruits, Products that are completely organic — such as fruits, vegetables, eggs or other single-ingredient foods — are vegetables, eggs or other single-ingredient foods — are labeled 100 percent organic and can carry a small USDA labeled 100 percent organic and can carry a small USDA seal. Foods that have more than one ingredient, such as seal. Foods that have more than one ingredient, such as breakfast cereal, can use the USDA organic seal or the breakfast cereal, can use the USDA organic seal or the following wording on their package labels, depending on the following wording on their package labels, depending on the number of organic ingredients: number of organic ingredients:
100 percent organic. Products that are completely 100 percent organic. Products that are completely organic or made of all organic ingredients. organic or made of all organic ingredients.
Organic. Products that are at least 95 percent organic. Organic. Products that are at least 95 percent organic. Made with organic ingredients. These are products that Made with organic ingredients. These are products that
contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients. The contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients. The organic seal can't be used on these packagesorganic seal can't be used on these packages
Solutions: Making the Transition to Solutions: Making the Transition to More Sustainable AgricultureMore Sustainable Agriculture
More research, More research, demonstration demonstration projects, projects, government government subsidies, and subsidies, and training can training can promote more promote more sustainable sustainable organic organic agriculture.agriculture.
Figure 13-35Figure 13-35
