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Chapter 23. Organic Chemistry. Mr. Watson. HST. Methane. Butanes. Cycloalkanes. Gasoline-Knocking. Internal Combustion Engine. Box 8.2, pg. 285 Text C 9 H 20(l) + 14O 2(g) ---> 9CO 2(g) + 10H 2 O (g). CH 3 CH 3 | | CH 3 - C - CH 2 - CH - CH 3 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 23Chapter 23
Organic Chemistry
Mr. Watson HST
Mr. Watson HST
Mr. Watson HST
MethaneMethane
Mr. Watson HST
ButanesButanes
Mr. Watson HST
CycloalkanesCycloalkanes
Mr. Watson HST
Gasoline-KnockingGasoline-Knocking
Mr. Watson HST
Mr. Watson HST
Internal Combustion EngineInternal Combustion EngineBox 8.2, pg. 285 Text
C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) ---> 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
CH3 CH3 | |CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH3 | CH3 isooctaneoctane number = 100
CH3- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
n-heptaneoctane number = 0
Mr. Watson HST
Octane RatingOctane Rating
(R+M)/2R - RON - research octane number,
indicates the quality of the fuel used under normal driving conditions. The car is driving on level ground ~ 45 miles/hour. The RON engine is operating at 600 RPMs with normal carboration.
Mr. Watson HST
Octane RatingOctane Rating(R+M)/2
M - MON - MON testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON.
Mr. Watson HST
Octane RatingOctane Rating
(R+M)/2engine is operated under test conditionsdegree of knocking determinedfuel is then blended from n-heptane and
isooctane to duplicate conditionspercentages measured, 87% isooctane, 87
octane gasoline
Mr. Watson HST
Oxygenated & Reformulated Oxygenated & Reformulated GasolinesGasolines
Oxygenated Gasolines – gasoline blends with organic compunds that contain oxygen, such as MTBE, methanol, ethanol, and tert-butyl alcohol
Reformulated Gasolines – oxygenated gasolines that contain lower percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons and have a lower volatility than ordinary gasoline
Mr. Watson HST
Catalytic CrackingCatalytic Cracking
A process that uses a catalyst, heat, and pressure to break long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter-chain hydrocarbons including both alkanes and alkenes, many in the gasoline boiling point range
Alkenes have higher octane numbers than corresponding alkanes
Mr. Watson HST
EthyleneEthylene
Mr. Watson HST
Mr. Watson HST
Addition PolymerAddition Polymerpolymer formed by joining many molecules
of the same compound to form the large molecule
The compound usually contains a carbon-carbon double bond
Mr. Watson HST
Condensation PolymerCondensation Polymerpolymer formed by molecules of two
different compounds joining to form the large molecule
one compound usually has an amine functional group
other molecule has carboxylic acid functional group
split out water molecule to form peptide linkage
Mr. Watson HST
Mr. Watson HST
Uses for Plastic ContainersUses for Plastic Containers
Soft-drink bottles, most commonly recycled plastic
Milk, juice and water jugs. Recycled HDPE used as trash containers, drainage pipes, garbage bags, and fencing. Second most commonly recycled plastic.
Mr. Watson HST
Uses for Plastic ContainersUses for Plastic Containers
vinyl siding, magnetic stripe cards, window profiles, gramophone records (which is the source of the term vinyl records), insultation on electrical wire, pipe, plumbing and conduit fixtures.
various containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for computer components, and various molded laboratory equipment. Its most common use is in plastic bags
Mr. Watson HST
Plastic ContainersPlastic Containers
food packaging, ropes, textiles, stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes
plastic model assembly kits, license plate frames, plastic cutlery,CD "jewel" cases
Mr. Watson HST
Plastic ContainersPlastic Containers
Container manufactured using a blend of plastics, eg two or moreplastics (PET and any other polymer), the container should beidentified 7.
Mr. Watson HST
Polyethylene terephthalatePolyethylene terephthalate (aka (aka PETPET) )
+
Mr. Watson HST
PolyethylenePolyethylene
Mr. Watson HST
PolyethylenePolyethylene
Mr. Watson HST
Polyvinyl ChloridePolyvinyl Chloride
Mr. Watson HST
PolypropylenePolypropylene
Mr. Watson HST
PolystyrenePolystyrene
Mr. Watson HST
Benzene-AromaticityBenzene-Aromaticity
Mr. Watson HST
TolueneToluene
Mr. Watson HST
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
NO2
NO2
O2NHNO3
H2SO4
Mr. Watson HST
Mr. Watson HST
Alcohols and Carboxylic AcidsAlcohols and Carboxylic Acids
Alcohol R’-O-H
O
Carboxylic acid R-C-O-H
O
Ester R-C-O- R’
where R & R’=> alkyl group => CH3-(CH2)n-
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc
==
Mr. Watson HST
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils Triglycerides – Fats and Oils SoapSoap
O
CH2-O-C-R
O
CH -O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-C-R”
==
=
OCH2-O-H Na-O-C-R
OCH -O-H Na-O-C-R’
OCH2-O-H Na-O-C-R”
==
=
NaOH
heat
fat or oil glycerol fatty acid salts
Mr. Watson HST
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils Triglycerides – Fats and Oils BiodieselBiodiesel
O
CH2-O-C-R
O
CH -O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-C-R”
==
=CH2-O-H CH -O-HCH2-O-H3 CH3OH
heat
fat or oil
glycerol
methyl estersbiodiesel
OCH3-O-C-R =
OCH3-O-C-R’=
OCH3-O-C-R”=
+
+
+
Mr. Watson HST
Triglycerides – Fats, SaturatedTriglycerides – Fats, Saturated
O
CH2-O-C-C7H15
O
CH -O-C-C7H15
O
CH2-O-C-C7H15=
==
saturated – fat - solid
Mr. Watson HST
Triglycerides – Oils, UnsaturatedTriglycerides – Oils, Unsaturated O
CH2-O-C-(CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
OCH -O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
OCH2-O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
==
=
unsaturated – oil - liquid
Mr. Watson HST
NitroglycerinNitroglycerin
CH2-O-HCH -O-HCH2-O-H-
- HNO3
CH2-NO2
CH –NO2
CH2-NO2--
Mr. Watson HST
CholesterolCholesterol
Mr. Watson HST
AlcoholsAlcohols
Methanol – CH3OH
Ethanol – CH3CH2OH
Mr. Watson HST
EthanolEthanol
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2
ethanol catalyst ethylene
Important in 1970-1990s for plastic production
Mr. Watson HST
SugarsSugars
Mr. Watson HST
EthanolEthanol
C6H12O6 3 CH3CH2OH
glucose enzyme ethanol
unbalanced
Mr. Watson HST
StarchStarch(C6H12O6)n 3n CH3CH2OH
starch enzyme ethanol
corn
unbalancedImportant in 21st century as source of fuel
Mr. Watson HST
Synthetic RubberSynthetic Rubber
1,3-Butadiene
= =n ( )n=
butadiene rubber
Mr. Watson HST
Synthetic RubberSynthetic Rubber
vulcanization
Mr. Watson HST
Neoprene RubberNeoprene Rubber
SCl2
n
= =
= =
sss
s
sss
s
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
ss
s
s
Cl
Cl