Chapter 22: Life in the Industrial Age

Chapter 22:Chapter 22:Life in the Industrial AgeLife in the Industrial Age

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution SpreadsSection 1: The Industrial Revolution SpreadsSection 2: The World of CitiesSection 2: The World of CitiesSection 3: Changing Attitudes and ValuesSection 3: Changing Attitudes and ValuesSection 4: A New CultureSection 4: A New Culture

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution SpreadsSection 1: The Industrial Revolution Spreads

• Britain, with its steam-powered factories, once stood alone as the leader of industry

• However, by the mid-1800s the Industrial Revolution had spread to other nations


• Germany and the U.S. had more coal and iron than Britain

• Both nations (copied) made use of British technology

• By the late 1800s they (the U.S. and Germany) led the world in industrial product


• Political and social problems slowed the growth of industry in the South and East of Europe


• In East Asia, Japan industrialized rapidly after 1868–WHY???–The Treaty of Kanagawa (U.S.)

• This was remarkable because of Japan’s lack of natural resources


• Factories used interchangeable parts and assembly lines to speed up production–This made goods available in greater

quantities than ever before–Question: What effect does an increase

in quantity have demand? Price?


• In the mid1800s, companies hired scientists to improve technology–They developed electricity which

revolutionized the factory system and left its mark on all of society


• New ways of sending messages: the telegraph and then the telephone sped up communication in all aspects of life, but its development was originally marketed to business and government alone


• The transportation of goods, like communication, sped up and linked nations more closely than they had been before


• Economic practices also changed during this time–Buying the new technologies for

business was a must, but these machines were not cheap

–To pay for them, business owners had to find new ways of raising money (capital)


• Capital was raised by selling stock–Stocks are shares of ownership in a

company• The late 18800s brought the rise of:

•BIG business


• Huge corporations, or businesses that are owned by many investors who own stock, soon controlled industry

Section 2: The World of CitiesSection 2: The World of Cities

• The spread of the Industrial Revolution brought change, especially to the world’s cities–Populations grew rapidly in the 1800s

• The population boom came because people were living longer

• New farming methods were also producing more food, and improving people’s diets


• New medical discoveries slowed death rates

• Louis Pasteur proved that germs cause disease

• Joseph Lister (of Listerine fame) found that antiseptics kill germs


• Better health habits and cleaner hospitals brought a drop in disease, infections and death


• As workers moved from farms to factories, cities took on a new look –Department stores and offices lined

streets and public squares–In the late 1800s, American builders put

up very tall steel-framed buildings called skyscrapers


• New sewers made cities healthier places

• First gas and then electric lights made streets safer

• Trolley lines meant people could live miles from their jobs


• The rich moved to fine homes on the edge of town

• The poor crowded into slums near the city center–They lived in run-down tenement

buildings near the factories in which they worked


• In spite of crowds and growing crime rates, people kept moving to the cities


• Many city factories were unsafe and unhealthy–Men, women and children worked long

hours for low pay


• By the late 1800s, labor unions were legal in most western nations–They called for new laws to improve

conditions, limit work hours, and end child labor

Section 3: Changing Attitudes and ValuesSection 3: Changing Attitudes and Values

• In the late 1800s, people of the industrial world developed new ways of thinking and living

• Class systems had always divided western society–The spread of industry changed these

systems


• Wealthy industrial and business families joined nobles and rich land owners as members of a small upper class


• The values and practices of a growing middle class shaped western life–The ideal family was made up of two

parents and their children• They lived together in a house


• The middle class husband worked in an office or a shop–The wife raised the children and

directed the servants


• This ideal never applied to the lower classes–Most working-class women laboured for

low pay in factories or as servants


• Some women called for new rights–They entered schools and professions

that had banned them–By the late 1800s, some countries let

married women control their own property• At the same time, women began asking for

voting rights


• In New Zealand, Australia, and some U.S. territories, women won the vote before 1900

• In Europe, and most of the U.S., suffrage, or the right to vote, came decades later


• Scientific theories of the 1800s challenged beliefs–In 1859, British naturalist Charles

Darwin caused an uproar–He said that humans had developed

their present state over millions of years


• This theory of evolution, as it was called, stirred conflicts between religion and science

Section 4: A New CultureSection 4: A New Culture

• Artists, musicians and writers took new directions during the Industrial Age–From about 1750-1850, a movement

call romanticism thrived• The romantics appealed to emotion rather

than reason


• They aimed to capture the beauty and force of nature–Composers used swelling notes to stir

feelings–Writers set novels in past times and

created a new kind of hero• He was a sad figure, often with a deep

secret


• Artists found romance in days gone by

• Architects copied old buildings

Section 4: A New CultureSection 4: A New Culture• The mid-1800s brought a movement

known as realism to the West–Realism tried to show the world as it

was–They often looked at the harsh sides of

life–They told the stories of women without

rights• Many realists hoped to improve the society they

described


• In the 1840s, a new art form, photography, emerged–At first most photos were stiff portraits–In time, realists took the camera into

factories and slums• Photos captured real life better than

paintings could

Section 4: A New CultureSection 4: A New Culture• So, in the 1870s, some artists took

painting in a new direction• A movement called impressionism

began in Paris–While earlier artists tried to hide brush

strokes, impressionists brushed colors without blending

–They created a fresh view of scenes & objects


•The End•Test on Tuesday (10/2)

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Chapter 22: Life in the Industrial Age