CHAPTER 22— East Asia Under Challenge

The Decline of the Qing Dynasty

Revolution in China

Rise of Modern Japan

East Asia Under Challenge, 1800-1914

Saturday, March 10, 12

The Decline of the Qing Dynasty


Objectives:

1. Explain that the Qing dynasty declined because of internal and external pressures

2. Summarize how Western nations increased their economic involvement with China


Causes of Decline

In 1800, the Qing dynasty of the Manchus was at the

height of its powerWithin a century, the Qing dynasty collapsed due to

Western power and authority

Intense internal corruption and peasant revolts led to a

modernization of China


The Opium War

European merchants encroached on Chinese

territory and traded in the outlet of *Guangzhou

Unfavorable trade balance in China led the British to turn to opium, grown in

northern India

Though made illegal, the British were unrelenting


The British refused to halt their activity resulting in Chinese blockades and

outright war

The Opium War (1839-1842)

The Treaty of Nanjing in 1842—five coastal ports and the

island of *Hong Kong

*extraterritoriality—Europeans lived in their own sections and

were subject not to Chinese laws but to their own laws


The Tai Ping Rebellion Peasant revolts known as the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864)

*Hong Xiuquan, the destruction of the Qing and

the creation of the “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”

Social reforms: land to all peasants; women as equals to

men

Outlawed alcohol and tobacco and eliminated the

practice of footbindingSaturday, March 10, 12

Efforts at Reform By the late 1870s, the Qing dynasty was in decline

Reformers called for a new policy called *”self-

strengthening”

China should adopt Western technology while keeping its

Confucian values and institutions; Some reformers

wanted democracy—but was far too radical

Railroads, weapons factories, and shipyards


The Advance of Imperialism

In the north and northeast, Russia took advantage of

the Qing dynasty’s weakness to force China to

give up territories

European states began to create *spheres of influence—areas where the imperial

powers had exclusive trading rights

Japan and German forcesSaturday, March 10, 12

Internal Crisis Scramble for territory took place at a time of

internal crisis in CHina

*Guang Xu launched a massive reform program

based on changes in Japan—modernized

government bureaucracy following

western models, educational systems,

and Western-style schools and fighting

techniquesSaturday, March 10, 12

The Boxer Rebellion Shadowboxing and the Society of Harmonious Fists

“destroy the foreigner”

They disliked Christian missionaries and Chinese

converts to Christianity who seemed to threaten Chinese

traditions

An allied army of Europeans, the US, and Japan restored order and demanded more

concessions from the Chinese government


Objectives:

1. Explain that the Qing dynasty declined because of internal and external pressures

2. Summarize how Western nations increased their economic involvement with China


To improve their balance of trade with China, the British sold the Chinese

1.porcelain2.opium3.tea4.silk


To improve their balance of trade with China, the British sold the Chinese

1.porcelain2.opium3.tea4.silk


As a result of China losing the first Opium War to Britain, all of the following happened except

1.Britain received Hong Kong2.Five ports were opened to British trade3.the British in China accepted Chinese laws4.China paid for the cost of the war


As a result of China losing the first Opium War to Britain, all of the following happened except

1.Britain received Hong Kong2.Five ports were opened to British trade3.the British in China accepted Chinese laws4.China paid for the cost of the war


The Qing dynasty’s “self strengthening” reforms included

1.ending trade2.adopting Western technology3.moving toward democracy4.eliminating Confucian ideals


The Qing dynasty’s “self strengthening” reforms included

1.ending trade2.adopting Western technology3.moving toward democracy4.eliminating Confucian ideals


The Qing dynasty was weakened by all of the following except

1. war with Japan2. disputes with Russia3. warlords independence4. a changing value system


The Qing dynasty was weakened by all of the following except

1. war with Japan2. disputes with Russia3. warlords independence4. a changing value system


Revolution in China


Objectives:

1.Identify Sun Yat-sen and his reforms, which led to a revolution in China

2. Discuss how the arrival of Westerners brought changes to the Chinese economy and culture


The Fall of the Qing

The Qing dynasty in China tried desperately to reform

itself

New educational systems were created based on the

Western model

Legislative assemblies were formed at the *provincial

(local) level


The emerging new elite, composed of merchants,

professionals, and reform-minded gentry

grew impatient with the pace of reform

The previous reforms had done nothing for peasants and artisans;

Unrest grew in the countryside


The Rise of Sun Yat-Sen *Sun Yat-sen formed the Revive China Society

Unless the Chinese were inited under a strong government, they

would remain at the mercy of other countries

three-stage reform process: (1) a military takeover (2) a transitional

phase to prepare for democratic rule (2) constitutional democracy

He formed the Revolutionary Alliance, which eventually became

the Nationalist Party


The Revolution of 1911 The throne was now occupied by China’s “last

emperor,” the infant Henry Pu Yi

Still uprisings in central China still erupted

The Party had neither the military nor the political strength to form a new government and gave

power to *General Yuan Shigai, who controlled the

armySaturday, March 10, 12

General Yuan agreed to serve as president of a new Chinese republic

and to allow the election of a legislature

The “glorious revolution” ended two

thousand years of imperial rule—however,

no new political or social order emerged,

though based on Western liberal

democratic principlesSaturday, March 10, 12

An Era of Civil Waryuan’s dictatorial efforts

rapidly led to clashes with Sun’s party, now renamed

the Guomindang, or National Party. Yuan dissolved the

new parliament, the Nationalists launched a

rebellion, and Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan

China slipped into civil war

military warlords seized power in the provinces


Chinese Society in Transition

The growth of industry and trade—oil, copper, salt, tea, and porcelain made more profitable due to reliable transportation and a new

money economy

The coming of Westerners to China affected the

Chinese economy in three ways: (1) modern

transportation (2) export market (3) Chinese market

integrated into world economy


Western influences forced

the Chinese to adopt new ways of thinking and

acting

local industry was largely destroyed


China’s Changing Culture

Most Chinese culture never changed: farmers, villages,

domestic life

Confucian social ideals were declining rapidly in influence

and those of Europe and North America were on the

rise

Radical reformers wanted to eliminate traditional culture


Intellectuals began to introduce Western books, paintings,

music, and ideas to China

By the first quarter of the twentieth century, China was flooded by

Western culture

Literature in particular was influenced by

foreign ideas


Objectives:

1.Identify Sun Yat-sen and his reforms, which led to a revolution in China

2. Discuss how the arrival of Westerners brought changes to the Chinese economy and culture


The coming of Westerners did not affect the Chinese economy in one of the following ways. Which one?

A. introducing modern means of transportationB. creating an export marketC. integrating the Chinese market into the world economyD. building a large middle class


The coming of Westerners did not affect the Chinese economy in one of the following ways. Which one?

A. introducing modern means of transportationB. creating an export marketC. integrating the Chinese market into the world economyD. building a large middle class


Yuan tried to rule China without

A. an armyB. understanding the influence of new Western ideasC. dictating his viewsD. the use of terror


Yuan tried to rule China without

A. an armyB. understanding the influence of new Western ideasC. dictating his viewsD. the use of terror


When the Nationalists’ rebellion failed,

A. Sun Yat-sen fled to JapanB. Sun Yat-sen surrenderedC. the Qing emperor was restoredD. Yuan turned back history to 1800


When the Nationalists’ rebellion failed,

A. Sun Yat-sen fled to JapanB. Sun Yat-sen surrenderedC. the Qing emperor was restoredD. Yuan turned back history to 1800


When General Yuan Shigai died in 1916

A. the warlords surrenderedB. soldiers assisted the peopleC. civil war eruptedD. the Nationalists seized power


When General Yuan Shigai died in 1916

A. the warlords surrenderedB. soldiers assisted the peopleC. civil war eruptedD. the Nationalists seized power


By 1925, many urban, middle-class Chinese people

A. embraced Western art and literatureB. rejected all Western influenceC. celebrated the pastD. wrote their own novels


By 1925, many urban, middle-class Chinese people

A. embraced Western art and literatureB. rejected all Western influenceC. celebrated the pastD. wrote their own novels


Rise of Modern Japan


Objectives:

1.Describe how Western intervention opened Japan, an island that had been isolated for 200 years, to trade

2. Discuss the interaction between Japan and Western nations that gave birth to a modern industrial society


Documents

CHAPTER 22— East Asia Under Challenge