Chapter 22

An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

1850 - 1871

Timeline

The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire

• Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire– National Assembly rejected his call for revision of

constitution to allow him to stand for reelection– Responded by seizing government by force– Restored universal male suffrage and asked that the

empire be restored• How does this call for voting rights seem on the outside like

a call for liberalism but is more a way to solidify power for himself

– Assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852• 7.5 million to 640 thousand won the election

The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire

• The Second Napoleonic Empire– Authoritarian government– Early domestic policies

• Economic prosperity– Used government resources to stimulate the economy– Built Railroads canals and harbors– Tripled France’s iron production– Improved social Welfare-- Free Medicine and Healthcare– Improved Housing

• Reconstruction of Paris– Baron Haussmann

» Took down Medieval Paris and Modernized the streets and buildings

» http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5cvAJcPBlk– Liberalization of the regime in the face of opposition

• Allowed Unions and allowed strikes• Moved away from Laissez-faire

Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure

• Sent troops to Mexico in 1861 to intervene in struggle between Mexican liberals and conservatives

• French forces remained after order had been restored

• Installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor in 1864

• Maximilian overthrown and executed in 1867

New Period After Failed Revolutions

• REALPOLITIK– Governing by practical means

• Achieve goals step by step in logical order– Do what is necessary to achieve its goals– Ending the romantic era

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Russia[claimed

protectorship over the Orthodox

Christians in the Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman EmpireGreat Britain

FrancePiedmont-Sardinia

Foreign policy: Crimean War

• The Ottoman Empire– Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire

• Encroachment of the Russian Empire• Loss of territory

• The War– Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the

French)– Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia– Turks declare war, October 4, 1853– Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854– Destroys the Concert of Europe– War ends in March, 1856– Political effects of the war

Map 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

A romanticized poem of the battle

by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…

Tactics remain the same despite technology changing. Charging into the fire

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzCOL6ewpPw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKchwAWMpDA

Results of the Crimean War

• 1) Russia gives up all claims to land they tried to gain along the Danube River

• 2) The Mouth of the Danube is free for everyone can use it… Gowes a long way into Europe

• 3) Russia had to give up its claim to the protectorship of the Orthodox faith in the Ottoman Empire

• 4) 1841– No War Ship allowed on the Black Sea– Means Russia cant use any

warm water Harbor in the Black Sea– Russia Stuck

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

“The Lady with the Lamp”

Starts Red Cross

Treaty of Paris [1856]

Give up trade on Danube River No Russian or Ottoman naval

forces on the Black Sea. Claims to Moldavia and

Wallachia (later known as Romania)

All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Black Sea Neutral (no military ships)

Quick and Dirty Crimean War

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1yrAVPALxw

Review

• Who is included in the Concert of Europe• Which empire was on decline and the other

powers wanted to get the pieces• What was Russia’s pretext for moving in?• Why did France and Britain intervene?• What women helped lead to better sanitary

care for wounded

Crimean WarPolitical effects of the war

• Russia Defeat sends them into decades of isolation

• Russia and Austria have tensions over their unwillingness to side with Russia

• Britain disillusioned by the war withdraws from continental issues

• Austria left without friends• Helps lead to unification in Italy and

Germany

National Unification: Italy• Kingdom of Piedmont

– Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) of Kingdom of Piedmont– Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)– Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858– War with Austria, 1859– Northern states join Piedmont

• Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)– The Red Shirts– Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicily's, 1860

• Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861• Annexation of Venetia, 1866• Annexation of Rome, 1870

Realpolitik

• Political Movement after 1848• The idea that you can accomplish your

political goals via practical means rather than having idealism drive political decisions

• Came from ideas of Machiavellian – not romantics

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

IIGiuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist Leaders

Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy

Cavour and Napoleon III

Cavour• Piedmont would extend into

the kingdom of upper Italy• Add Lombard, Venetia,

Parma, Modena and Part of the Papal States

Napoleon III• Would alley with Piedmont

to drive out Austrians from Italy

• Receive Nice and Savoy• Kingdom of Central Italy

would go to Napoleon III’s cousin who would marry King Emmanuel’s daughter

•

Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy

The War begins

• Piedmont provokes Austria• French win battles against Austria and then

declare a peace “prematurely” and without consulting Cavour– Why

• The War seemed more difficult than anticipated• Prussians were likely to aid Austria

• Turns out OKAY as other Italian states join the unification movement and the Piedmont

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

Garabaldi

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the

French, (April 30, 1849)

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Italian unification movement:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence

”]

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821

“Coalmen.”

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops

to the Crimea

What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria loses control of Venetia.Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 to go to the Franco-

Prussian War

Italy is united!

A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

National Unification: Germany• William I, 1861-1888• Wanted military reforms• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

– Reorganization of the army– Realpolitik

• The Danish War (1864)• Schleswig and Holstein• Joint administration with Austria• Austro-Prussian War (1866)• Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866• North German Confederation• Military agreements with Prussia

German Unifcation

• Unifs under the Hohzollerns• During period fter 1815 Prussia emerged as an

alternative to a Habsburg-based Germany

Zollverein

• German Customs union• Created in 1834-leads to signidicant industrial

growth• Biggest source of tension between Prussia and

Austria• It excluded Austria• 1853– all German states except Austria are part of

Zollverein• Created a basis for a German state without Austria

Zollverein, 1834

Prussia/Austria Rivalry

Question is how to Unite the German Principalities?

• Kleinsdeutch vs. Grossdeutch– Grossdeutch

• Failed plan for unifed Germany which included Prussia and Austria

– Kleinsdeutch• A unified Germany without Austria

Kaiser Wilhelm I• “Gap theory” gained Bismarck’s favor with the

king.– Army Bill Crises cretaed stalemate between king and

legislature over reforms of the army– Bismarck insisted Prussian Constution contained a

“gap”• Constitution doesn’t say what should happen if there is a

stalemates• Since the king had granted the consitution, • Bismarck insisted if its not stated the • legislature should follow the king’s will

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r”

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

TheGerman

Confederation

Step #1:

The Prussian-

Danish War[1864]

The Peace ofVienna

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866Prussia

Austria

Disputes over Schleswig - Holstein

Peru

Why Only 7 Weeks?• Prussia had already been building up their army and had not

been fighting in other areas• Austria had divided military units multination state (didn’t trust

each other) and not centralized like Prussian Army• Prussian breach loading rifle 5 per minute versus 1 per 2 min• Prussia developed Railroads to transport troops sooner• Prussians have 450,000 versus Austria 260,000 soldiers

How to Settle the conflict1. No Reparations 2. Austria-- only lost Venetia to Italy as prommised

Northern German Confederation

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.France protested & his name was withdrawn.The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

• Dispute with France over the throne of Spain• French declaration of war, July 15, 1870• Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870• Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871• Southern German states join Northern German

Confederation• William I proclaimed Kaiser, January 8, 1871,

of the Second German Empire

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany

German Imperial

Flag

German for “Empire.”

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

Map 22.4: Europe in 1871

The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy

• Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 – Creates a dual monarchy– German and Magyars dominate minorities– Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary– Some things in held in common– Other minorities

Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Imperial Russia

• Alexander II, 1855-1881– Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861– Problems with emancipation– Zemstvos (local assemblies)– Growing dissatisfaction– Assassination of Alexander II (1881)– Alexander III (1881-1894)

• Return to traditional methods of repression

Russian Imperial Flag

Russian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]

Defeat in the Crimean War.

Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification” program.

Jews forced migration to the Pale

Russian Expansion

The

Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

Great Britain: The Victorian Age• Did not experience revolts in 1848

– Reforms– Economic growth

• Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age• Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)

– Extension of voting rights– Reform Act, 1867

• William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874)– Liberal reforms– Education Act of 1870

Britain: 1850-1870s* The most prosperous period in

British history. Unprecedented economic growth. Heyday of free trade. New fields of expansion

shipbuilding from wood to iron. By 1870, Britain’s carrying trade

enjoyed a virtual monopoly. Br. engineers were building RRs

all over the world. Br.’s foreign holdings nearly

doubled.

* BUT, Britain’s prosperity didn't’t do away with political discontent!

The “Victorian Compromise”

* Both Tories and Whigs had considered the 1832 Reform Bill as the FINAL political reform.

* Therefore, the aims of the two political parties seemed indistinguishable.

* But, by the 1860s, the middle class and working class had grown they wanted the franchise expanded!

* This era saw the realignment of political parties in the House of Commons:

Tory Party Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli.

Whig Party Liberal Party under William Gladstone.

The Two “Great Men”

* William Gladstone, Liberal

Prime Minister 1868-1874 1880-1885

1886 1892-1894

* Benjamin Disraeli,

Conservative Prime Minister 1868

1874-1880

The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

* In 1866, Gladstone introduced a moderate reform bill that was defeated by the Conservatives.

* A more radical reform bill was introduced by Disraeli in 1867, passed largely with some Liberal support.

* Disraeli’s Goals: Give the Conservative Party control

over the reform process. Labor would be grateful and vote

Conservative.* Components of the Bill:

Extended the franchise by 938,427 an increase of 88%.

Vote given to male householders and male lodgers paying at least £10 for room.

Eliminated rotten boroughs with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants.

Extra representation in Parliament to larger cities like Liverpool & Manchester.

* This ended the “Victorian Compromise.”

The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867

Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)

* A dandy and a romance novelist.

* A brilliant debater.* Baptized by his

father into the Anglican Church.

* BUT, he was the first & only Prime Minister of Jewish parentage.

* A strong imperialist.

“Greater England” foreign policy.

* Respected by Queen Victoria.

William Gladstone (1809-1898)

* An active legislator and reformer.

* Known for his populist speeches.

* Could be preachy.

* Queen Victoria couldn't’t stand him.

* Tried to deal with the “Irish Question.”

* Supported a “Little England” foreign policy.

Gladstone’s 1st Ministry Goals: [“Gladstonianism”]

1. Decrease public spending.2. Reform laws that prevented

people from acting freely to improve themselves.

He’s against privilege & supports a meritocracy.

Protect democracy through education.

3. Promote peace abroad to help reduce spending and taxation, and to help enhance trade.

Low tariffs. All political questions are

moral questions!

Gladstone’s 1st Ministry Accomplishments:

1868: Army reform peacetime flogging was illegal.

1869: Disestablishment Act Irish Catholics did not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican Church in Ireland.

1870: Education Act elementary education made available to Welsh & English children between 5-13 years.

1870: Irish Land Act curtailed absentee Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish Catholic tenants without compensation.

1871: University Test Act non-Anglicans could attend Br. universities.

Gladstone’s 1st Ministry Accomplishments (con’t.):

1872: Ballot Act secret ballot for local and general elections.

1872: The settlement of the CSS Alabama claims [from the American Civil War] in America’s favor.

1873: Legislation was passed that restructured the High Courts.

Civil service exams introduced for many government positions.

Disraeli’s 2nd MinistryAccomplishments:

Domestic Policy 1875: Artisans Dwelling Act

govt. would define minimum housing standards.

1875: Public Health Act govt. to create a modern sewer system in the big cities & establish a sanitary code.

1875: Pure Food & Drug Act. 1875: Climbing Boys Act

licenses only given to adult chimney sweeps.

1875: Conspiracy & Protection of Property Act allowed peaceful picketing.

Disraeli’s 2nd MinistryAccomplishments:

Domestic Policy 1876: Education Act 1878: Employers & Workmen Act

allowed workers to sue employers in civil courts if they broke legal contracts.

Gladstone’s 2nd MinistryAccomplishments:

Domestic Policy 1884 Reform Bill

Extended the franchise to agricultural laborers.

Gave the counties the same franchise as the boroughs.

Added 6,000,000 to the total number who could vote in parliamentary elections.

1885: Redistribution of Seats Act changes M.P. seats in Commons to reflect new demographic changes.

Gladstone’s Last Ministries

3rd Ministry: 1886 First introduced an Irish Home

Rule Bill. This issue split the Liberal Party. Gladstone lost his position in a

few months.

4th Ministry: 1892-1894 1893: Reintroduced a Home

Rule Bill. Provided for an Irish Parliament. Did NOT offer Ireland

independence! Passed by the Commons, but

rejected in the House of Lords.

Women’s Social & Political Union

[W.S.P.U.]

The Foreign Policy Debate

“Big England”

Policy

“Little England”

Policy

* Disraeli* Conservative

Party* England must

be the greatest colonial power.

* Spend £ on supporting the empire.

* Gladstone.* Liberal Party.* England must

invest in her own people at home.

* Try negotiations, rather than costly military solutions.

Industrialization on the Continent

• Continental industrialization comes of age (1850 – 1871)

• Mechanization of textile and cotton industries• Growth of iron industries• Elimination of trade barriers• Government support and financing

Marx and Marxism

• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto, 1848– History is the history of class struggle– Stages of history– End result of history is a classless society

• After 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to London– Marx, Das Kapital

• International Working Men’s Association, 1864– Internal problems

The Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

A New Age of Science

• Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy

• Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease• Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights • Michael Faraday – generator• Science and Materialism

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution

• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)– On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural

Selection, 1859• All plants and animals have evolved over a long period

of time• Those who survived had adapted to the environment

– The Descent of Man, 1871– Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

A Revolution in Health Care

• Pasteur and Germs• New Surgical Practices

– Joseph Lister• New Public Health Care Measures

– Public hygiene• New Medical Schools• Women and Medical Schools

– Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)

Science and the Study of Society

• Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857)– System of Positive Philosophy – Positive knowledge– Primacy of sociology

Realism in Literature and Art

• The Realistic Novel– Rejected Romanticism– Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857– William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848– Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

• Realism in Art– Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

• Portrayal of everyday life– Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)

• Scenes from rural life

Music: The Twilight of Romanticism

• Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886)– New German School

• Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883)– Development of a national opera– Ring of the Nibelung

Discussion Questions

• How did the Crimean War differ from previous European wars?

• What role did liberalism play in the unification of Italy?

• How did Bismarck use war as a tool of national unification?

• What were the goals the realist writers? Why did they reject Romanticism?

• How did nationalism shape the music of Liszt and Wagner?

Web Links

• France: Second Republic • Crimean War Society • Italian Unification: Primary Sources • German Unification: Primary Sources • Atlas of the German Empire • The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities i

n the American Civil War