Chapter 2.1 Production Method

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CHAPTER 2.1

PRODUCTION METHODS


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Outline

Type of production methods

Job production

Mass production

Batch production


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Learning Objectives

Explain the strategic importance of processselection.

Explain the influence that process selection hason an organization.

Describe the basic processing types.


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Production method1.Jobbing

! type of process used to ma"e a one at a time product exactly tocustomer specification#.Mass

! type of process that operates continually to produce a high$olume of a fully standardized product%.Batch

! type of process used to produce a small &uantity of products ingroups or batches based on customer order or specifications


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Job production- involves producing a one-off product for a specific customer.

- Job production is most often associated with small firms (making railingsfor a specific house, building/repairing a computer for a specific customer,

making flower arrangements for a specific wedding etc. but large firms use

!ob production too.

"#amples include$

%&esigning and implementing an advertising campaign%'uditing the accounts of a large public limited compan%)uilding a new factor%*nstalling machiner in a factor

There are a number of features that should be implemented in a jobproduction environment, they include:i. Clear denitions of objectivesshould be set.ii. Clearly outlined decision making process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company


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Benefits and disadvantages

'ey benefits of (ob production include)i. *or" is generally of a high &ualityii.a high le$el of customisation is possible to meet the customer+s exact

re&uirementsiii. significant flexibility is possible, especially *hen compared tomass productioni$.*or"ers can be easily moti$ated due to the s"illed nature of the *or" theyare

performing

Disad$antages include)i. higher cost of productionii. re&uires the use of specialist labour -compare *ith the repetiti$e, lo*s"illed (obs

in mass productioniii. slo* compared to other methods -batch productionand mass production
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_productionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production


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- also called fow production, repetitive fow production,series production, or

serial production)- is the production of large amounts of standardized products,including and

especially on assembly lines.

- The concepts of mass production are applied to various inds ofproducts, from !uids and particulates handled in bul "such as food,fuel, chemicals, and mined minerals) to discrete solid parts "such asfasteners) to assemblies of such parts "such as householdappliances and automobiles).- capital intensive and energy intensive, as it uses a highproportion of machinery and energy in relation to #orers.-typically uses electric-motor-po#ered moving tracs or conveyorbelts to move partially complete products to #orers, #ho performsimple repetitive tass. $t improves on earlier high-throughput,continuous-!o# mass production made possible by the steamengine.-$t is also usually automated to the highest e%tent possible. &ith

Mass Production


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Advantages

i.each *or"er repeats one or a fe* related tas"s that use the same tool toperform identical or nearidentical operations on a stream of products-impro$e producti$ityii.The exact tool and parts are al*ays at hand, ha$ing been mo$ed do*n theassembly line consecuti$ely. The *or"er spends little or no time retrie$ing

and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time ta"en to manufacture aproduct using mass production is shorter than *hen using traditionalmethods.iii.probability of human error and $ariation is also reduced, as tas"s arepredominantly carried out by machinery.i$.! reduction in labour costs, as *ell as an increased rate of production,

enables a company to produce a larger &uantity of one product at a lo*er costthan using traditional, nonlinear methods.


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Disadvantages

i.inflexible because it is difficult to alter a design or production process after aproduction line is implemented.ii.all products produced on one production line *ill be identical or $erysimilar, and introducing $ariety to satisfy indi$idual tastes is not easy.0o*e$er, some $ariety can be achie$ed by applying different finishes and

decorations at the end of the production line if necessary.


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Batch productionThe primary characteristic ofbatch productionis that all components arecompleted at a *or"station before they mo$e to the next one.

Examples)

1.Batch production is popular in ba"eries and in the manufacture of sportsshoes, pharmaceutical ingredients, in"s, paints and adhesi$es.#.n the manufacture of in"s and paints, a techni&ue called a colourrun is used.! colourrun is *here one manufactures the lightest colour first, such as lightyello* follo*ed by the next increasingly dar"er colour such as orange, then redand so on until reaching blac" and then starts o$er again. This minimizes thecleanup and reconfiguring of the machinery bet*een each batch. 2hite -by*hich is meant opa&ue paint, not transparent in" is the only colour that cannotbe used in a colourrun due to the fact that a small amount of *hite pigment canad$ersely affect the medium colours.


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-There are ine'ciencies associated #ith batch production. Theproduction e(uipment must be stopped, re-congured, and its output

tested before the ne%t batch can be produced. Time bet#een batchesis no#n as do#n time.

-*atch production is useful for a factory that maes seasonal items orproducts for #hich it is di'cult to forecast demand.

-*atch production are products that are made, very similar and #ithouttoo much detail, for e%ample, cars-all cars #ould have the same bodyshape and therefore, all can be made at the same time and #ith noe%tra cost.


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Advantages1.it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single production line can be used

to produce se$eral products.#.can be useful for small businesses *ho cannot afford to run continuousproduction lines. !lso, companies can use batch production as a trial run. f aretailer buys a batch of a product that does not sell then the producer can ceaseproduction *ithout ha$ing to sustain huge losses.


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Types of Processing


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Process Tpe

Job S!op 'ppliance repair"mergenc room

*neffective

"#tc! +ommercial

baking+lassroom

lecture

Repetiti$e 'utomotiveassembl

'utomatic

carwash

Continuous%&'o()

*neffective teel productionater purification

Product and Service Processes

*o( +o'u,e Hi-!

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Chapter 2.1 Production Method